Service Contract No 2007 / 147-446 Strategic ... - Swaziland

Table of Contents1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................. 12 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................ 132.1 THE EU SUGAR REFORM .......................................................................................................... 132.2 THE SWAZILAND NATIONAL ADAPTATION STRATEGY (NAS) ....................................................... 142.3 THE EC MULTI-ANNUAL ADAPTATION STRATEGY....................................................................... 152.4 METHODOLOGY AND TOOLS ...................................................................................................... 162.5 ASSUMPTIONS, UNCERTAINTIES AND CONSTRAINTS OF THE SEA ................................................ 163 THE SUGAR SECTOR IN SWAZILAND ...................................................................................... 184 STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN SWAZILAND...................................................................... 204.1 LOCATION AND DEMOGRAPHY ................................................................................................... 204.2 CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE ................................................................................................ 214.3 ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY .................................................................................................... 214.4 LAND AND LAND TENURE ........................................................................................................... 234.5 WATER RESOURCES AND WATER QUALITY ................................................................................. 234.6 AIR QUALITY ............................................................................................................................ 254.7 ENERGY .................................................................................................................................. 254.8 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS .................................................................................................... 265 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE NAS ............................................................................... 285.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 285.2 KEY ASPECT 1: WATER AVAILABILITY / CLIMATE CHANGE (HIGH PRIORITY) .................................. 345.2.1 Current state ...................................................................................................................... 345.2.2 Expected impacts in absence of the NAS ......................................................................... 455.2.3 Expected impacts with implementation of the NAS ........................................................... 495.2.4 Options to address the key aspect .................................................................................... 515.3 KEY ASPECT 2: LONG-TERM SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY OF SMALL-CANEGROWERS (HIGH PRIORITY) .................................................................................................................. 525.3.1 Current state ...................................................................................................................... 525.3.2 Expected impacts in absence of the NAS ......................................................................... 565.3.3 Expected impacts with implementation of the NAS ........................................................... 575.3.4 Options to address the key aspect .................................................................................... 645.4 KEY ASPECT 3: LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY DUE TO LAND-TAKE FOR SUGAR CANE EXPANSION (HIGHPRIORITY) ........................................................................................................................................... 655.4.1 Current state ...................................................................................................................... 655.4.2 Endemism .......................................................................................................................... 685.4.3 Expected impacts in absence of the NAS ......................................................................... 705.4.4 Expected impacts with implementation of the NAS ........................................................... 715.4.5 Options to address the key aspect .................................................................................... 745.5 KEY ASPECT 4: RISK OF HIV/AIDS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SUGAR CANE INDUSTRY,PARTICULARLY IN RELATION TO SMALLHOLDER IRRIGATION SCHEMES (HIGH PRIORITY) .............................755.5.1 Current state ...................................................................................................................... 755.5.2 Expected impacts in absence of the NAS ......................................................................... 835.5.3 Expected impacts with implementation of the NAS ........................................................... 845.5.4 Options to address the key aspect .................................................................................... 855.6 KEY ASPECT 5: EMISSION OF POPS FROM SUGAR CANE BURNING AND SOCIO-ECONOMICIMPLICATIONS OF GREEN CANE HARVESTING (MEDIUM PRIORITY) ........................................................... 875.6.1 Current state ...................................................................................................................... 875.6.2 Expected impacts in absence of the NAS ......................................................................... 895.6.3 Expected impacts with implementation of the NAS ........................................................... 905.6.4 Options to address the key aspect .................................................................................... 915.7 KEY ASPECT 6: WATER POLLUTION FROM AGRICULTURAL RUN-OFF / MONITORING OF WATERQUALITY (MEDIUM PRIORITY) ................................................................................................................ 925.7.1 Current state ...................................................................................................................... 92i