Service Contract No 2007 / 147-446 Strategic ... - Swaziland

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Figure 3:Swaziland river networkGroundwater resources have been poorly studied and exploited in Swaziland. A surveycarried out between 1986 and 1991 by the Department of Geological Surveys and Minesconcluded that the groundwater potential was equivalent to a sustained flow of 21 m 3 /s, ofwhich 1,400 boreholes had tapped only 6% by 1992. To date there are over 2,000 boreholesin Swaziland, most of them (over 1,340) in the Swaziland portion of the Maputo River basin.It is estimated that the groundwater recharge rates range between 2 and 10% of averageannual rainfall.RDMU (Strategic Environmental Assessment of the National Adaptation Strategy) - Page 24
Most of the water in Swaziland (96%) is used for irrigation, of which sugar cane is the maincrop. More details on the water balance and water use by the sugar sector is provided in thebaseline for Key Aspect 1 on water availability below.There is little information in Swaziland on water quality. Information that is available shows ageneral deterioration due to chemical pollution from commercialised agriculture and industrialpollution (Simelane, 2007). Some of the sources of pollution cited include leachate fromimproperly managed solid waste disposal sites, and “accidental” spillages of toxicsubstances like phenol. Industrial pollution seems to occur mainly in the Usuthu Basin, inMatsapha and upstream. The contribution of sugar cane farming to water pollution is poorlystudied, in part due to a lack of appropriate regulations.4.6 Air qualitySwaziland enjoys good air quality, and there are no major air pollution concerns, either frompoint- or non-point sources.4.7 EnergyThere are four major sources of energy in use in Swaziland: electricity, petroleum products,wood fuel and new and renewable energy sources. The only ones available locally are coaland renewable energy sources.Swaziland has reportedly large reserves of low volatile and low sulphur anthracite of mediumto high quality. This coal is less environmentally harmful but does not ignite easily and ismore expensive.The two main renewable sources of energy in Swaziland are biomass and hydroelectricpower. Biomass fuels are available from the sugar and forestry industries. Bagasse from theindustrial forestry sector is reported to be landfilled. As for the sugar industry bagasse isburnt by the sugar mills to produce electricity to satisfy a portion of their energyrequirements, and initiatives are on the way to use cane trash and tops as fuel for cogenerationof electricity.Swaziland also produces hydroelectric power through four hydroelectric schemes,contributing about 23% of energy supply in the country.Figures 4 and 5 illustrate the Swaziland energy supply in 1995 and 2005.RDMU (Strategic Environmental Assessment of the National Adaptation Strategy) - Page 25
Page 1 and 2: Restructuring and DiversificationMa
Page 3 and 4: DISCLAIMERThe contents of this repo
Page 5 and 6: 5.7.2 Expected impacts in absence o
Page 7 and 8: List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
Page 9 and 10: HIVHPIIAIAIDIPCCIPPISOITFIWRMJWCKDD
Page 11 and 12: PSIRBARDMUREASWARMFRPDPRSARSSCSS&MS
Page 13 and 14: UNEPUNFCCCUNICEFUNISWAUSUS$VACVCTWF
Page 15 and 16: 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARYSwaziland has be
Page 17 and 18: - In spite of the above water-stora
Page 19 and 20: to keep the same quality), destruct
Page 21 and 22: ooooMust be based on a basin-wide h
Page 23 and 24: ooooMust address the socio-economic
Page 25 and 26: - Optimal use should be made of thi
Page 27 and 28: 2 BACKGROUND2.1 The EU sugar reform
Page 29 and 30: eing implemented directly by the in
Page 31 and 32: for implementation. For future StrE
Page 33 and 34: operating in Swaziland, one in Simu
Page 35 and 36: 4.2 Climate and climate changeSwazi
Page 37: 4.4 Land and land tenureLand tenure
Page 41 and 42: −−−Decline in biodiversity (m
Page 43 and 44: Figure 6: Cause-effect relationship
Page 45 and 46: Figure 8:Cause-effect relationships
Page 47 and 48: Figure 10:Cause-effect relationship
Page 49 and 50: economic and social welfare in an e
Page 51 and 52: 5.2.1.3 Water usage and demand in S
Page 53 and 54: Table 7:Capacity, use, types and ch
Page 55 and 56: 5.2.1.5 The Komati Downstream Devel
Page 57 and 58: Table 8: Industry area (ha) by irri
Page 59 and 60: 5.2.2 Expected impacts in absence o
Page 61 and 62: ipening period. Presence of pests a
Page 63 and 64: 5.2.2.5 Effects of future water sho
Page 65 and 66: As was noted in the scoping report,
Page 67 and 68: contribute to poverty alleviation.
Page 69 and 70: sufficient to cover all the farmers
Page 71 and 72: which revealed that 66% of the popu
Page 73 and 74: funds, and they then have to mark u
Page 75 and 76: contracts; in practical terms there
Page 77 and 78: The United Nations Conference on Tr
Page 79 and 80: safety net would alleviate fears ar
Page 81 and 82: Table 11:Species diversity by ecosy
Page 83 and 84: Figure 19:Distribution of endemic p
Page 85 and 86: mostly on paper, are not cross-sect
Page 87 and 88: particularly true where mitigation
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Enforcement of legislation is key t
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In general, however, the HIV preval
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The HAPAC Programme applied two imp
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The company implements an HIV/AIDS
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improving co-ordination; to have a
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measures of the NAS, the RDMU indic
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sustainable business. Based on ISO
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Table 15:Synthesis of advantages an
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Considering an approximate total of
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Many factors intervene in determini
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The legal responsibilities for the
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5.8 Key aspect 7: Regulation of eff
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effluent standards. Otherwise there
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5.9.4 Options to address the key as
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Table 17:NAS logframe indicators ne
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IndicatorObjective 1a: Positive and
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IndicatorObjective 1a: Positive and
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6.2 Proposed StrEA performance indi
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Indicator Measurement ObservationsL
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Indicator Measurement ObservationsR
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7.1 Addressing High Priority aspect
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RECOMMENDATION INVOLVED INSTITUTION
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H. REGULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC EMISSI
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NAS Area Description Proposed measu
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Figure 29:Environmental and socio-e
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NAS ACTIONSWater balanceCont. of gr
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NAS ACTIONSWater balanceCont. of gr
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Annex 3: Key stakeholdersTable 19:M
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Institutional ActorMinistry of Natu
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Institutional ActorSwaziland SugarA
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Institutional ActorDepartment of Wa
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Table 20:Other key stakeholders rel
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StakeholderRiver BasinAuthorities (
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StakeholderWorld VisionWorld FoodPr
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Annex 4: Main policy documents and
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Policy, Plan orProgrammeNational Re
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Policy, Plan orProgrammeComprehensi
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Policy, Plan orProgrammeNational En
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Policy, Plan orProgrammeDraft Natio
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Piece of legislationNational TrustC
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Piece of legislationThe Public Heal
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Piece of legislationTreaty on devel
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Piece of legislationUnited NationsF
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Annex 5: Stakeholder engagement met
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Date Time Place Name Organisation P
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StrEA STUDY PHASEDate Time Place Na
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Annex 7: List of participants to th
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Annex 8: Agenda for the stakeholder
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Cortez, LAB and Brossard Pérez, LE
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Matsebula, M (2009) EC Accompanying
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Seebaluck, V.; Leal, MRLV; Rosillo-
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Annex 10: Terms of ReferenceTERMS O
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2.2. Requested services for the fir
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under consideration. The consultant
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2.5.4. Analysis of performance indi
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• Fluency in both written and spo
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Service Contract No 2007 / 147-446 Strategic ... - Swaziland

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