Service Contract No 2007 / 147-446 Strategic ... - Swaziland

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The Figures below show the toxicity levels, leaching potential and human risk for herbicidescommonly used in sugar cane farming.Figure 23:Toxicity, leaching potential and human risk for herbicides commonlyused in sugar cane farmingSource: South African Sugar cane Research Institute, Herbicide Guide, July 2008.RDMU (Strategic Environmental Assessment of the National Adaptation Strategy) - Page 94
The legal responsibilities for the monitoring of water quality are not clearly defined. Accordingto the Water Act (2003 – Art. 33(7)(g)) the River Basin Authorities (RBAs) are responsible “tomonitor and control water quality and enforce effluent regulations”. However, these dutiesand functions of the RBAs are yet to be established by the minister.Before the RBAs become fully functional, it is the Water Resources Branch in theDepartment of Water Affairs (Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy) that has theresponsibility for the monitoring of water quality. Unfortunately no publicly available waterquality reports have been produced, and the StrEA team was not able to identify the waterquality monitoring data produced by the DWA. The State of the Environment Report forSwaziland (2001) points out to water pollution from industrial activities, although with noreference to agricultural runoff or the sugar industry.Under the Water Pollution Control Regulations (2010) - which fall under the EnvironmentManagement Act (2002) – every “water authority that has a duty to monitor water quality” hasto advise the “Authority” (i.e. the SEA) in case of non-compliance with the water qualityobjectives (Art. 3.2); as well, they have to produce an annual report to the Authorityconcerning the quality of water bodies under their jurisdiction (Art. 3.4). A “water authority” isdefined as “an authority which is legally responsible for monitoring or controlling water qualityand without limitation, includes the Water Apportionment Board, the National WaterAuthority, River Basin Authorities and the Geological Survey and Mines Department of theMinistry of Natural Resources”.In this context the RBAs will have to start engaging in monitoring of water quality andreporting findings. This has not yet occurred and there is a gap on water quality data forSwaziland.Some sources of information on water contamination from agricultural run-off can begathered from other sources, such as a study carried out by RSSC (Mhlanga et al, 2006) andthe monitoring carried out by SWADE for LUSIP according to the CMP.The water quality in the rivers that traverse the sugar cane areas (i.e. Usuthu, Mbuluzi andKomati) has been decreasing at an alarming rate, according to various independentstudies 54 . The above study, which looks into the impacts of irrigation return flows from RSSCon the quality of receiving waters in the Mbuluzi River Basin, concludes that “return flowsfrom sugar cane irrigated fields at RSSC discharges into the Mbuluzi River contribute toelevated pollution levels as observed in the water quality status of the field drainagestreams”, and that the effect of return flows on water quality is influenced by the amount ofwater flow. The main contaminants include Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), sodium,Suspended Solids (SS), electroconductivity, magnesium, calcium and sodium adsorptionratio (SAR). Nevertheless pollution in the Mbuluzi River would only occur during low flows, asotherwise the River has a large dilution capacity.5.7.2 Expected impacts in absence of the NASThe main factor influencing water contamination associated to the sugar industry is theexpansion of lands under sugar cane, which is already taking place and will continue. Thus itdoes not make sense to consider a hypothetical case where no expansion takes place.54 Dlamini, MN (2004) An investigation on the quality, pre-treatment and impacts of effluent from Sappi-Usuthu Pulp Mill inthe great Usuthu River, Unpublished MSc Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe; JTKAssociates and Knight Piesold Consulting Engineers (2002) Water availability in the Mbuluzi River Basin, Mbabane,Swaziland; and Muthimkhulu, S (2004) Biological assessment of the state of the water quality using the South AfricanScoring System (SASS); a case of the Mbuluzi River, Swaziland. All cited in Mhlanga et al, 2006.RDMU (Strategic Environmental Assessment of the National Adaptation Strategy) - Page 95
Page 1 and 2:
Restructuring and DiversificationMa
Page 3 and 4:
DISCLAIMERThe contents of this repo
Page 5 and 6:
5.7.2 Expected impacts in absence o
Page 7 and 8:
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
Page 9 and 10:
HIVHPIIAIAIDIPCCIPPISOITFIWRMJWCKDD
Page 11 and 12:
PSIRBARDMUREASWARMFRPDPRSARSSCSS&MS
Page 13 and 14:
UNEPUNFCCCUNICEFUNISWAUSUS$VACVCTWF
Page 15 and 16:
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARYSwaziland has be
Page 17 and 18:
- In spite of the above water-stora
Page 19 and 20:
to keep the same quality), destruct
Page 21 and 22:
ooooMust be based on a basin-wide h
Page 23 and 24:
ooooMust address the socio-economic
Page 25 and 26:
- Optimal use should be made of thi
Page 27 and 28:
2 BACKGROUND2.1 The EU sugar reform
Page 29 and 30:
eing implemented directly by the in
Page 31 and 32:
for implementation. For future StrE
Page 33 and 34:
operating in Swaziland, one in Simu
Page 35 and 36:
4.2 Climate and climate changeSwazi
Page 37 and 38:
4.4 Land and land tenureLand tenure
Page 39 and 40:
Most of the water in Swaziland (96%
Page 41 and 42:
−−−Decline in biodiversity (m
Page 43 and 44:
Figure 6: Cause-effect relationship
Page 45 and 46:
Figure 8:Cause-effect relationships
Page 47 and 48:
Figure 10:Cause-effect relationship
Page 49 and 50:
economic and social welfare in an e
Page 51 and 52:
5.2.1.3 Water usage and demand in S
Page 53 and 54:
Table 7:Capacity, use, types and ch
Page 55 and 56:
5.2.1.5 The Komati Downstream Devel
Page 57 and 58: Table 8: Industry area (ha) by irri
Page 59 and 60: 5.2.2 Expected impacts in absence o
Page 61 and 62: ipening period. Presence of pests a
Page 63 and 64: 5.2.2.5 Effects of future water sho
Page 65 and 66: As was noted in the scoping report,
Page 67 and 68: contribute to poverty alleviation.
Page 69 and 70: sufficient to cover all the farmers
Page 71 and 72: which revealed that 66% of the popu
Page 73 and 74: funds, and they then have to mark u
Page 75 and 76: contracts; in practical terms there
Page 77 and 78: The United Nations Conference on Tr
Page 79 and 80: safety net would alleviate fears ar
Page 81 and 82: Table 11:Species diversity by ecosy
Page 83 and 84: Figure 19:Distribution of endemic p
Page 85 and 86: mostly on paper, are not cross-sect
Page 87 and 88: particularly true where mitigation
Page 89 and 90: Enforcement of legislation is key t
Page 91 and 92: In general, however, the HIV preval
Page 93 and 94: The HAPAC Programme applied two imp
Page 95 and 96: The company implements an HIV/AIDS
Page 97 and 98: improving co-ordination; to have a
Page 99 and 100: measures of the NAS, the RDMU indic
Page 101 and 102: sustainable business. Based on ISO
Page 103 and 104: Table 15:Synthesis of advantages an
Page 105 and 106: Considering an approximate total of
Page 107: Many factors intervene in determini
Page 111 and 112: 5.8 Key aspect 7: Regulation of eff
Page 113 and 114: effluent standards. Otherwise there
Page 115 and 116: 5.9.4 Options to address the key as
Page 117 and 118: Table 17:NAS logframe indicators ne
Page 119 and 120: IndicatorObjective 1a: Positive and
Page 121 and 122: IndicatorObjective 1a: Positive and
Page 123 and 124: 6.2 Proposed StrEA performance indi
Page 125 and 126: Indicator Measurement ObservationsL
Page 127 and 128: Indicator Measurement ObservationsR
Page 129 and 130: 7.1 Addressing High Priority aspect
Page 131 and 132: RECOMMENDATION INVOLVED INSTITUTION
Page 137 and 138: H. REGULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC EMISSI
Page 141 and 142: NAS Area Description Proposed measu
Page 149 and 150: Figure 29:Environmental and socio-e
Page 151 and 152: NAS ACTIONSWater balanceCont. of gr
Page 153 and 154: NAS ACTIONSWater balanceCont. of gr
Page 155 and 156: Annex 3: Key stakeholdersTable 19:M
Page 157 and 158: Institutional ActorMinistry of Natu
Page 159 and 160:
Institutional ActorSwaziland SugarA
Page 161 and 162:
Institutional ActorDepartment of Wa
Page 163 and 164:
Table 20:Other key stakeholders rel
Page 165 and 166:
StakeholderRiver BasinAuthorities (
Page 167 and 168:
StakeholderWorld VisionWorld FoodPr
Page 169 and 170:
Annex 4: Main policy documents and
Page 171 and 172:
Policy, Plan orProgrammeNational Re
Page 173 and 174:
Policy, Plan orProgrammeComprehensi
Page 175 and 176:
Policy, Plan orProgrammeNational En
Page 177 and 178:
Policy, Plan orProgrammeDraft Natio
Page 179 and 180:
Piece of legislationNational TrustC
Page 181 and 182:
Piece of legislationThe Public Heal
Page 183 and 184:
Piece of legislationTreaty on devel
Page 185 and 186:
Piece of legislationUnited NationsF
Page 187 and 188:
Annex 5: Stakeholder engagement met
Page 189 and 190:
Date Time Place Name Organisation P
Page 191 and 192:
StrEA STUDY PHASEDate Time Place Na
Page 193 and 194:
Annex 7: List of participants to th
Page 195 and 196:
Annex 8: Agenda for the stakeholder
Page 197 and 198:
Cortez, LAB and Brossard Pérez, LE
Page 199 and 200:
Matsebula, M (2009) EC Accompanying
Page 201 and 202:
Seebaluck, V.; Leal, MRLV; Rosillo-
Page 203 and 204:
Annex 10: Terms of ReferenceTERMS O
Page 205 and 206:
2.2. Requested services for the fir
Page 207 and 208:
under consideration. The consultant
Page 209 and 210:
2.5.4. Analysis of performance indi
Page 211 and 212:
• Fluency in both written and spo
show all

Service Contract No 2007 / 147-446 Strategic ... - Swaziland

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?