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10Pronzato R, Bavestrello G, Manconi R (eds). Sponge science in thenew millennium. Boll Mus Ist Biol Univ Genova 68: 647-644Wulff JL (1995) Hurricane effects on survival and orientation oflarge erect coral reef sponges. Coral Reefs 14: 55-61Wulff JL (1997) Parrotfish predation on cryptic sponges of Caribbeancoral reefs. Mar Biol 129(1): 41-52Wulff JL (2006) Ecological interactions of marine sponges. Can JZool 84(2): 146-166Zea S (1994) Patterns of coral and sponge abundance in degradedversus still healthy coral reefs at Santa Marta ColombianCaribbean. In: van Soest RWM, van Kempen TMG, Braekman JC(eds). Sponges in time and space: biology, chemistry, paleontology.Balkema, Rotterdam. pp. 257-264
Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability - 200711Fossil sponges of Argentina: a reviewMatilde Sylvia BeresiCONICET-CRICYT: Ianigla, Dto. de Geología y Paleontología, Avda Ruiz Leal s/n, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina.mberesi@lab.cricyt.edu.arAbstract: This is a review on fossil sponges and sponge spicules reported from several regions in Argentina and in strataranging in age from Early Cambrian to Tertiary. Sponges have been collected from marine sediments of the Puna, CordilleraOriental and Sierras Subandinas basins, northern Argentina; Famatina Range; Precordillera terrane, San Rafael block,Neuquén basin and from lacustrine deposits of the North Patagonian Massif. Knowledge of the sponge fossil record is basedon whole relatively rigid skeletons, fragments of skeletal nets and spicules seen in thin sections or recovered from acetic acidresidues. Early to Middle Cambrian Porifera and Chancelloriids are known from the carbonate platform and slope faciesof the Precordillera terrane. Specimens with body preservation of Protospongia, Diagoniella, Kiwetinokia, fragments ofhexactinellid, and anthaspidellid sponges and sclerites of Chancelloria had been reported from Cambrian of the Precordillera.Remains of hexactinellid sponges, Pelicaspongiidae and Protospongiidae, have been found in Ordovician rocks of the Punaand of the Famatina System, western margin of Gondwana. Protospongia sp. and hexactinellid mesh were reported from UpperCambrian-Lower Ordovician siliciclastic sediments in the Cordillera Oriental and Sierras Subandinas. The most significantfossil record of Lower-Middle Ordovician sponge faunas is from the carbonate platform of the San Juan Precordillera. Spongefaunas are dominated by orchoclad lithistid demosponge genera, although hexactinellids are known from loose spicules androot tufts, and calcareous heteractinid sponges are known from isolated octactine spicules and only one genus. Hexactinellid,calcarean and demosponge spicules were reported from diverse localities of the Precordillera. A Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)carbonate complex of the Neuquén Basin, west-central Argentina, contains siliceous sponges dominated by hexactinellids(Hexactinosa and Lyssakinosa). Palaeospongilla chubutensis, a fresh water sponge, was described from lacustrine Cretaceousdeposits of the Chubut River valley. Oxeas and strongyles, belonging to the Family Spongillidae, have been mentioned fromTertiary sediments of the Paraná basin, northeastern Argentina.Keywords: biostratigraphy, fossil sponges, Argentina.IntroductionThe actual knowledge of the record fossil in Argentinais based on relatively rigid whole skeletons, fragments ofskeletal nets and spicules seen in thin sections or recoveredfrom acid residues for obtaining conodonts. The fossilrecord of sponges comes from several geological provincesof Argentina with different lithologic, paleontologic andenvironmental characteristics.Sponge faunas were collected from marine sediments ofthe Puna, Cordillera Oriental, Sierras Subandinas basins ofnorthern Argentina; Famatina Range, Precordillera Terrane,San Rafael Block, Neuquén Basin (western Argentina), fromlacustrine deposits of the North Patagonian Massif, and fromthe Chaco-Paranaense Basin. Occurrences of sponge faunashave been reported from the Lower Paleozoic (upper-LowerCambrian) to the Cenozoic (Tertiary). Only a few publicationshave dealt with sponge and sponge spicules in Argentina.Most of them concern the fauna from the Cambrian andOrdovician rocks of the Precordillera terrane.Associated with protospongiid spicules, well-preservedchancelloriid sclerites occur in the Cambrian carbonateplatform of the Precordillera. Chancelloriids are Cambrianenigmatic organisms constituting the monophyletic taxonCoeloscleritophora (Bengtson and Missarzhevsky 1981).Sclerites of chancelloriids (Family Chancelloridae) were firstdescribed from the Burgess Shale by Walcott (1920), whointerpreted them as heteractinid sponges. This traditionalview of the fossil group as sponges was accepted for morethan 50 years.In the Precordillera, chancelloriid sclerites associatedwith spicules are a common and distinguishing features ofthe Lower to Middle Cambrian fossil fauna. Protospongiaand Chancelloria crucensis (Rusconi, 1955) were the firstCambrian species of the Mendoza Precordillera.Cambrian Protospongia Salter, 1864 and hexactinellidspicules were mentioned by Pernas (1964), Devizia (1973),Bordonaro and Martos (1985), Heredia et al. (1987) andBeresi and Heredia (1995) from the San Isidro area inthe Precordillera of Mendoza. Afterwards, assemblagestentatively identified as Kiwetinokia utahensis Walcott, 1920,protospongiid skeletal nets and Chancelloria eros Walcott,1920 were reported from early-Middle Cambrian carbonatesblocks of San Juan and Mendoza, Precordillera, by Beresiand Rigby (1994). Two small associated specimens assignedto Protospongia sp. occur in the western Precordillera of San
Page 2 and 3: Universidade Federal do Rio de Jane
Page 4: Borojevic, Roberto Berlinck and Sol
Page 10 and 11: viHeinz C. Schröder, Anatoli Krask
Page 13 and 14: Porifera Research: Biodiversity, In
Page 15: Fig. 1: Relative abundances ofpoten
Page 18 and 19: Fig. 4: Example of meta-analysis as
Page 22 and 23: 12Juan (Beresi and Banchig 1997). A
Page 24 and 25: 14Precordillera (Cuyania) Terrane,
Page 26 and 27: 16The greatest generic and specific
Page 28 and 29: 18Fig. 4: Ordovician spongespicules
Page 31: 21Beresi MS, Esteban SB (2003) Spon
Page 34 and 35: 24Fig. 1: A. Polymastia harmelinisp
Page 36 and 37: 26Fig. 4: Polymastia harmelini sp.
Page 38 and 39: 28Fig. 7: Polymastia harmelini sp.n
Page 40 and 41: 30no description in the paper and i
Page 42 and 43: 32Table 1: Sponge species with cyan
Page 44: 34Table 1 (cont.)Aplysinidae 10 Apl
Page 47 and 48: 37Fig. 2: SEM photomicrographs of s
Page 49: ReferencesCox GC, Hiller RG, Larkum
Page 52 and 53: 42Fig. 1: Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919)
Page 54 and 55: 44Fig. 4: Yves Delage (1854-1920) a
Page 56 and 57: 46Fig. 7: The trend in sponge embry
Page 58 and 59: 48Fig. 10: The basal-apical andpost
Page 60 and 61: 50For example, parenchymella may or
Page 62 and 63: 52Mukhina YI, Kumeiko VV, Podgornay
Page 64 and 65: 54Propagated contractions in sponge
Page 66 and 67: 56TissuesUnder the hypothesis of sp
Page 68 and 69: 58Boury-Esnault N, Ereskovsky A, Be
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Porifera Research: Biodiversity, In
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64Table 1 (cont.)Heteromeyenia Pott
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66Table 1 (cont.)Pachydictyum Weltn
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68Fig. 2: Schematic reconstructiono
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70Fig. 5: Gemmular structurein diff
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72pneumatic layer is absent (Figs 6
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74Fig. 9: Corvospongillamesopotamic
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76Harrison FW, Gleason PJ, Stone PA
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81Fig. 1: The fist panel shows EM,
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83Fig. 3: Schematic presentation of
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85pair could hold the weight of 160
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References87Fig. 7: Electrophoretic
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localized on the cell periphery. Th
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93Fig. 3: Phylogenetic position of
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Also the iron concentration, as Fe
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97major enzyme involved in the deto
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99identified in S. domuncula whose
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101Fig. 7: A. Wnt signaling pathway
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103Fig. 8: Schematic view of patter
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106Rasmont R (1979) Les éponge: de
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108Biodiversity of carnivorous spon
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110Table 1: Characters of the gener
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112All the presumed carnivorous spo
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114with Esperiopsidae and of Euchel
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119(Berroa Belén 1968). The South
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121Tavares MCM, Volkmer-Ribeiro C,
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124The pitfalls and conceptual weak
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126Fig. 2: The structure of the Spo
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128revision. The database currently
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ResultsSponges comprised more than
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135Fig. 3: Linear regression betwee
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137Gasparini JL, Floeter S R (2001)
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140Initially five sponges were sele
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142Fig. 3: Growth rate of A. vastus
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144Fig. 6: Living A. vastus sponge
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149Fig. 1: Sampling localities(lett
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151Fig. 3: A. Chalinula nematifera
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153et al. 2006). However, we do not
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ReferencesAerts LAM (1998) Sponge/c
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158the Università Politecnica dell
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160data but based on field observat
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162BiogeographyTwenty-three species
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164Pile AJ, Grant A, Hinde R, Borow
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166nitrifying microorganisms. First
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168weight day -1 (Fig. 3C) respecti
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170Fig. 5: Schematic diagram showin
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176Table 1A-C: Three compound group
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178Curvularia lunata and Cladospori
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180group of sponges as documented t
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182Fig. 2: Phylogenetic relationshi
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184Fig. 4: Spicules and axial filam
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186Fig. 6: A. Comparison of the int
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188demosponges (example Suberites d
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190Class Demospongiae Sollas, 1885O
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192Fig. 3: A. Specimen ofPseudosube
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194Fig. 5: A. Stelodoryx argentinae
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196Fig. 7: A. Fragments of Tedania(
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198Fig. 9: A. Tedania armata.Sarà,
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200Fig. 11: A. Specimen of Guitarra
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205Fig. 2: Dissolution rates ofClio
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207Fig. 5: Macroscopic boring patte
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209
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Fig. 2: Schematic representation of
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215Fig. 7: Sperman Rank correlation
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217Jackson J, Winston JE (1982) Eco
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220Spicules: Megascleres: styles I:
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222Fig. 3: Artemisina apollinis(Rid
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224Fig. 5: Mycale (Oxymycale)acerat
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226Fig. 7: Haliclona (Gellius) rudi
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228Fig. 9: Haliclonissa verrucosaBu
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230Fig. 11: Microxina phakelloides(
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232Sollas WJ (1888) Report on the T
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234Fig. 1: Map showing the location
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236Table 1: Occurrence and semi-qua
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Fig. 1: Examples from soft-bottoms
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243
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245and coarse sediments. Fine sedim
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249Fig. 2: Underwater photographs o
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251death. In relatively narrow band
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253de Laubenfels 1950 (see Rützler
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Table 1: Survey sampling effort and
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259Fig. 2: A. Mean (+ 1 SE) density
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261Fig. 3: Relationships between me
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263Lidz BH, Reich CD, Peterson RL,
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266Fig. 1: Cored primary fibres and
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268Fig. 9: Cored primary fibre fasc
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270Fig. 16: Heavily armoured dermis
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2727. Fenestrate or ridged surface;
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274Schmitt et al. (2005), based on
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276Fig. 1: Map of Todos os SantosBa
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27812.7-31.8-53.8 (SD=11.2) (N=30)
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280Forschungsreise nach Westindien.
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282this definition gastrulation wou
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284that delamination in hexactinell
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286Even a simple cover layer of cel
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288endoderm by an extracellular mat
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290The Drosophila 93DE homeobox gen
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292Bekkum DWV (2004) Phylogenetic a
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294a developmental gene in the lowe
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299farming treatments for Coscinode
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301Fig. 5: Final survival and growt
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X-ray analysisX-ray diffraction mea
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307Fig. 2: SEM images: A. E. asperg
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309Fig. 4: A. TEM micrograph of dem
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311Fig. 6: Schematic view:biomimeti
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eader (Multimode Detector DTX 880,
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317enough, normal cells were not af
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Table 1: Sites in the coastal Georg
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Table 2: List of sponge species obs
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ReferencesAlcolado PM (1990) Genera
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328Fig. 1: Map of the study area. F
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330Fig. 4: Reproductive elementsof
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332to be gonochoristic (Witte and B
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337on 13 July 2006 for analyses of
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339Fig. 2: Non-metric multi-dimensi
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341tolerant of high turbidity than
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343Monteiro LC, Muricy G (2004) Pat
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346Fig. 1: Schematic diagram of the
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348only say that it varies. In the
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350Fig. 5: Diagram of the basal app
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355Table 1 (cont.)56 Halicometes mi
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357Family Tedaniidae Ridley and Den
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359Lerner C, Hajdu E (2002) Two new
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362RNA genes are preferably used fo
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364Fig. 2: Map showing the localiti
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366
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368Table 3: Amino acid exchanges (u
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370AcknowledgementsWe would like to
Page 383 and 384:
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375Fig. 1: Cytochrome oxidase subun
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377des Übereinkommens über die bi
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380Fig. 2: Sampling site in the Fra
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382Max Planck Society. F.H. and O.S
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384and Palaeospongillidae (fossil f
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386Table 1: List of species followi
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388Fig. 1: Neighbour-joining phylog
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390is also the only species within
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Page 405 and 406:
395Fig. 1: New Zealand and the sout
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397Table 2: Checklist and geographi
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DiscussionLithistid demosponges are
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401Fig. 3: Modern-day circulationpa
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403Pub Carnegie Inst 467, Papers fr
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407clones. The insert size ranged f
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409Table 1 (cont.)89-4 2.8 1234 mit
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411could be evolutionarily closer t
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415Fig. 2: Reproduction effort of P
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417Fig. 6: Reproductive period ofdi
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Page 431 and 432:
421Mutation Detection System was us
Page 433 and 434:
423
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425Olson JB, McCarthy PJ (2005) Ass
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428commercially important molluscs
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430Fig. 3: Histogram representing t
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432trials in association with two u
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434ethanol were used as developers.
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436Table 1: In vitro cytotoxicity a
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Page 451 and 452:
441Table 1: Species of Foraminifera
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Page 455 and 456:
Table 2: Associations of sponges an
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447Fig. 3: Overgrowth of a Gorgonia
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451of Isla Margarita), 3422-3464 m.
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453Fig. 3: Spicules of the holotype
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455Fig. 4: Spicules of Lophocalyxbi
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457The largest pentactines located
Page 469 and 470:
459Table 5: Some measures of spicul
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Fig. 9: Lophocalyx reiswigi sp. nov
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463Table 8: Some measures of spicul
Page 475:
465is a monotypic genus known from
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468we agree with van Soest and Sten
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470
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472Table 1: Spicular characteristic
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4743B. Dichotriaenes with long rhab
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479
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481Fig. 5: Streptasters. A. SEM mic
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485of flagellated cells (AB S, fina
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487
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oth internal and surface cells in j
Page 501 and 502:
Page 503 and 504:
493Table 1: Presence of haloperoxid
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495Fig. 4: UV-visible spectrum of t
Page 507 and 508:
Page 509 and 510:
499outer appearance; all explants o
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501Table 1: Concentrations of iron
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Page 515 and 516:
505depth 8.5 m) and have complex, l
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507Fig. 9: Mean elongation after 24
Page 519 and 520:
Page 521 and 522:
511Fig. 3: Acanthotetilla rocasensi
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513Fig. 5: Acanthotetilla walteri s
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515two southwestern Atlantic specie
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518sections on slides. For surface
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520Styles intermediate in size also
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522722 x 778 μm, and lie loosely i
Page 535 and 536:
Page 537 and 538:
527Table 1: List of Antarctic stati
Page 539 and 540:
529Fig. 3: Myxilla (Myxilla) elonga
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531Fig. 5: Myxilla (Burtonanchora)a
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533Fig. 7: Myxilla (Burtonanchora)m
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535Fig. 8: Myxilla (Burtonanchora)m
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537Fig. 10: Myxilla (Burtonanchora)
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543Fig. 16: Myxilla (Ectyomyxilla)h
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545Figure 18: Map of localities and
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
549Fig. 1: Area studied by the Proj
Page 561 and 562:
551Fig. 3: Skeletal characters ofCi
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553Muricy G, Hajdu E (2006) Porifer
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556Material and methodsCollection,
Page 568 and 569:
558Fig. 4: DNA quality statedetermi
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560Janeiro (FAPERJ) and Conselho Na
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562in embryos and larvae of several
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564Fig. 1: Transmission electron mi
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566Fig. 3: A. 16S rDNA-DGGE gelof I
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568Maldonado M, Cortadellas N, Tril
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570sponge communities on severely h
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572Fig. 2: Sample location CoralGar
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574Table 1: Summary of results on d
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576Fig. 4: Minimum light-adapted or
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578Fig. 6: Relative chlorophyll aco
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580Schönberg CHL, Loh WK (2005) Mo
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582Fig. 1: A. Spicules, oxeae and t
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584Fig. 5: 3-Dimensional modeling o
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586Fig. 10: Galectin-2. The two S.
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588Fig. 13: Formation of spicules i
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590Fig. 15: Sponge spicules as opti
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592Molecular cloning of silicatein
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594poriferans recorded for Brazil,
Page 606 and 607:
596Table 1: Comparative data on spi
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598Fig. 3: Skeletal arrangement of
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600Fig. 5: Microscleres of Geodia g
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602Silva CM, Mothes B, Lyrio-Olivei
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604description and discovery. But f
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606units (ESUs) sampled (through th
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608Fig. 1: The “Spiculometer”.
Page 620 and 621:
610The “gold nugget” of DNA bar
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612Thalmann O, Hebler J, Poinar HN,
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614Material and methodsThe sampling
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616Fig. 3: Spermatogenesis in Geodi
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618
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620sponges releases their eggs and
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622symbionts, molecular phylogeneti
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624species and symbiont type (unice
Page 636 and 637:
626ReferencesCheshire AC, Wilkinson
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628in polar regions (Wright et al.
Page 640 and 641:
630Similar synergistic effects have
Page 642 and 643:
632show considerable quantitative a
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634innate immune reactions in spong
Page 646 and 647:
636Müller WEG, Müller IM (2003) O
Page 649 and 650:
Page 651 and 652:
641Fig. 2: Number of spicules forme
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643Braekman JC (eds). Sponges in ti
Page 656 and 657:
646Position and depth of all collec
Page 658 and 659:
648observed in a ‘Hopper Camera
Page 660 and 661:
650Fig. 3: Rossella nodastrellaTops
Page 662 and 663:
652Schulze FE (1887) Report on the
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654Table 1: Chemical differences am
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656Fig. 2: Agarose gel electrophore
Page 668 and 669:
658analyses have some advantages ov
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661Authors IndexAAlbano, Rodolpho M
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663Rutten, Leanne M................
Page 676 and 677:
666Aplysina fistularis 4, 34, 314-3
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668Cladorhiza thomsoni 522Cladorhiz
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670Ephydatia fortis 63Ephydatia jap
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672Heterorotula contraversa 64Heter
Page 684 and 685:
674Mycale fibrexilis 321, 323, 324,
Page 686 and 687:
676Polluted sites 03-05, 341Polluti
Page 688 and 689:
678Spongia irregularis 159, 160, 16
Page 690 and 691:
680
Page 692 and 693:
682Participants ListAAdams, Charles
Page 694:
684RRaleigh, Jean (206)Rangel, Mari
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