Jawbone Marine Sanctuary Management Plan 2007 - Parks Victoria

For more information contact the Parks Victoria Information Centre on 13 1963, or visit www.parkweb.vic.gov.auJawbone Marine SanctuaryManagement Plan June 2007

This Management Plan for Jawbone Marine Sanctuary isapproved for implementation. Its purpose is to direct allaspects of management of the sanctuary until the plan isreviewed.A Draft Management Plan for the area was publishedin June 2006. Twelve submissions were received. Allsubmissions have been considered in preparing thisapproved Management Plan.InformationFor further information on this plan, please contact:Chief RangerPort Phillip DistrictParks VictoriaPO Box 543Newport VIC 3015Phone: (03) 9393 9222CopiesThis plan may be downloaded from the Parks Victoriawebsite (www.parkweb.vic.gov.au). Copies of the plan maybe purchased for $8.80 including GST from:Parks Victoria Information CentreLevel 10, 535 Bourke StreetMELBOURNE VIC 3000Phone: 13 1963Parks VictoriaWilliamstown Office82 Nelson PlaceWilliamstown VIC 3016Phone: (03) 9393 9222

JAWBONE MARINE SANCTUARYMANAGEMENT PLANJune 2007

Published in June 2007 by Parks VictoriaLevel 10, 535 Bourke Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000Cover: Blue-blubber Sea Jelly Catostylus mosaicus (Photo: Peter Johnstone)Parks Victoria 2007, Jawbone Marine Sanctuary Management Plan, Parks Victoria, MelbourneJawbone Marine Sanctuary management plan.ISBN 9780731183692 .1. Marine parks and reserves - Victoria - Management. 2.Marine resources conservation - Victoria. 3. JawboneMarine Sanctuary (Vic.) - Management. I. Parks Victoria.333.916416AcknowledgementsAcknowledgement of Country. In their rich culture, Indigenous Australians are intrinsically connected to thecontinent, including the area now known as Victoria. Parks Victoria recognises that the sanctuary is part ofCountry of the Traditional Owners.Parks Victoria is grateful to all those organisations and individuals who have contributed to this DraftManagement Plan. Special thanks go to members of the Point Cooke Marine Sanctuary and Jawbone MarineSanctuary Management Plan Advisory Group, Doug Evers-Buckland, Clare Johnston, Richard Leppitt, JohnMcElvaney, Doug Osborn, Steve Riley, Kara Spence, Fiona Stevens, Dan Wade, Jeanette Watson, Bob Wintersand Kevin Wood.Note:Technical terms used in this plan are explained in the Glossary at the end of the plan.Disclaimers:This plan is prepared without prejudice to any negotiated or litigated outcome of any native title determinationapplications covering land or waters within the plan’s area. It is acknowledged that any future outcomes ofnative title determination applications may necessitate amendment of this plan; and the implementation of thisplan may require further notifications under the procedures in Division 3 of Part 2 of the Native Title Act 1993(Cwlth).The plan is also prepared without prejudice to any future negotiated outcomes between the Government/s andVictorian Indigenous communities. It is acknowledged that such negotiated outcomes may necessitateamendment of this plan.Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this plan is accurate. Parks Victoria does notguarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, lossor other consequence that may arise from you relying on any information in the publication.Text printed on 100% recycled paper to help save our natural environment

FOREWORDJawbone Marine Sanctuary protects a uniquecommunity of mangroves and saltmarshconsidered unusual for their growth amongstbasalt rocks. The marine flora and fauna aresignificant as a scientific reference area andhave been protected for 110 years during theoperation of the Merrett Rifle Range. Theintertidal areas and coastal vegetation provideimportant habitat for migratory and localseabirds and shorebirds.The sanctuary’s tranquillity and wide varietyof coastal habitats are enjoyed and cherishedby the local community and visitors. Thestrong maritime history of Williamstown isevident through remnant shipwrecks in thesanctuary waters.The care of Jawbone Marine Sanctuary is not atask for the government alone, nor only forthose who live on the coast. It is a task for thewhole Victorian community. ThisManagement Plan sets out the ways in whichwe can work together to learn about, protectand sustain an important part of our marineenvironment.I thank the Point Cooke and Jawbone MarineSanctuaries Management Plan Advisory Groupfor its valuable contribution to the plan, andalso those individuals and organisations whomade submissions on the draft plan, and I lookforward to the community's ongoing supportfor the management of Jawbone MarineSanctuary.JOHN THWAITES MPMinister for Environment, Water andClimate ChangeJawbone Marine Sanctuaryiii

APPROVED MANAGEMENT PLANThis Management Plan has been preparedunder section 17D of the National Parks Act1975 (Vic.) and is approved forimplementation.The plan provides the basis for the futuremanagement of Jawbone Marine Sanctuary. Itwas finalised following consideration of the 12submissions received on the DraftManagement Plan.PETER HARRISSecretary to theDepartment of Sustainability and EnvironmentMARK STONEChief ExecutiveParks VictoriaivJawbone Marine Sanctuary

INTRODUCTION TO THE MARINE ENVIRONMENTVictorians are custodians of some of the mostremarkable, diverse and culturally importantmarine environments on Earth. These includedeep open water, shallow embayments, rockyreefs, canyons, seagrass meadows, tidalsandflats and mudflats, and estuaries, and theysupport more than 12 000 known species offlora and fauna. Around 90% of these marinespecies are found only in the waters ofsouthern Australia.Broadly speaking, Victoria has responsibilityfor the waters that extend offshore to threenautical miles and cover around 70 000 squarekilometres. Marine National Parks and MarineSanctuaries make up about 5% of this area, butprotect a range of significant species andimportant habitats, as well as maritimeartefacts and evidence of past Indigenousoccupation and use.The vast three-dimensional marineenvironment has characteristics that are verydifferent from those of the land andatmosphere. The fundamental physicalproperties – pressure, temperature, salinity,density and availability of nutrients and gases– are all very different. There are also greatdifferences in the types of substrates, and thephysical and biological processes that occur,such as tides, currents, light penetration,erosion, sedimentation, oxygen uptake, lifecycles and even the food chains.The organisms that occupy the marineenvironment are different as well. On landvascular plants dominate, but in marinehabitats there are a small number of species,occurring only in shallow water on shelteredcoastlines. In most marine environments theirecological roles in photosynthesis and oxygenproduction are undertaken by algae, whichrange in size from giant kelps to minute singlecelledspecies. Other single-celled organismssuch as diatoms, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellatesand forams, together with invertebrate larvaeand marine fungi, make up most of theabundant marine plankton that is the basis ofall marine food chains.As on land, invertebrates, including molluscs(e.g. octopus, abalone, snails), crustaceans (e.g.crabs, lobsters, tiny amphipods) andechinoderms (e.g. sea cucumbers, sea stars, seaurchins), dominate the marine fauna, butinsects – the most abundant invertebrates onland – are almost absent. The dominantvertebrates are fish, although mammals andreptiles also inhabit the marine environmentand many birds inhabit both realms.Although they are very different physically andbiologically, the land, atmosphere and marineenvironments are interconnected. Water andgases are transferred between oceans and theatmosphere. There are animals with bothmarine and freshwater life stages, and somespecies breed in estuaries where fresh waterfrom the land mixes with oceanic salt water.Fresh water and sediments from catchments farinland are dispersed into coastal waters,bringing with them nutrients needed tomaintain inshore marine ecosystems but alsopollution from human activities.The sea interconnects marine habitats overgreat distances. Tides and currents movesediments, plankton and organic matter intoand through habitats, along with flotsam,jetsam, ballast water and oils from catchmentsor inshore waters, released from ships on theopen seas or washed from the shores of othercountries. Many marine animals migrate longdistances, passing freely into and out ofVictorian waters and spending much of theirlives in the open ocean.A vision for Victoria’s system of MarineNational Parks and Marine Sanctuaries‘A world-class system of Marine NationalParks and Marine Sanctuaries that conservesthe diversity of Victoria’s marineenvironments, protected and enjoyed byVictorians and visitors, forever.’This vision is detailed in the Marine NationalParks and Marine Sanctuaries ManagementStrategy 2003–2010 (Parks Victoria 2003b). Itis described in the following extract:‘The vision for Victoria’s system of MarineNational Parks and Marine Sanctuaries is tomaintain marine ecosystems in their naturalstate, enjoyed by visitors and protected fromthe effects of inappropriate activities. Thesystem will safeguard representative examplesof undisturbed natural marine habitats, respectcultural heritage values, and be a place ofJawbone Marine Sanctuaryv

Introduction to the marine environmentinspiration, enjoyment and renewal for allpeople. The system will complement ourworld-class national parks system on land.This vision aims to preserve the diversity ofour marine environment, its flora and fauna, itsnatural beauty, and the diversity of activitiesthat may be enjoyed there. It is a vision thatinvites all Victorians to become involved, totake pride in our Marine National Parks andMarine Sanctuaries, and to share in theirstewardship.’Contribution of Jawbone Marine Sanctuaryto the statewide systemJawbone Marine Sanctuary is significant in thestatewide system for its contribution to therepresentation of Port Phillip Bayenvironments and for its significance as ascientific reference area.Implications for managementThe differences and connections in the marineenvironment mean that Victoria’s MarineNational Parks and Marine Sanctuaries must bemanaged somewhat differently from landenvironments. Natural, recreational andcultural values may be affected by the use ofboth land and marine areas some distanceaway, over which sanctuary managers have nodirect control. Impacts on one marine habitatcan quickly affect another, and humanactivities and natural events on land and in theatmosphere can have widespread consequencesfor the marine environment. Boundaries in theocean can be difficult to define, and the effectsof human activities can be hidden from view.Like the atmosphere, but in contrast to land,the marine environment is a common resourcethat is rarely in private ownership, and thereare few natural or artificial barriers tomovement. Many of the strategies used toconcentrate the impacts of recreationalactivities in terrestrial parks (e.g. the creationof walking tracks and picnic areas) are notfeasible in the marine context.Conserving historic and cultural places andobjects is also a challenge because it is difficultto identify an underwater place or monitoractivities that take place on the open sea orunder water. Sea Country and culturalassociation to, or past use of, underwaterplaces that were exposed before the sea levelrose must also be considered.The long-term protection of the MarineNational Parks and Marine Sanctuaries relieson the support and goodwill of the community,together with the help of coastal managers andgovernment agencies. The plan seeks to fostera strong sense of custodianship of JawboneMarine Sanctuary and to strengthen itsprotection while respecting cultural andcommunity associations with the area..viJawbone Marine Sanctuary

SUMMARYJawbone Marine Sanctuary (30 ha), namedafter a small promontory known as ‘TheJawbone’, protects a variety of coastal andmarine habitats.The mangrove community among the basaltrocks is one of the few stands of mangroves inPort Phillip and is of State significance. Alongwith intertidal saltmarsh, mudflats andseagrass beds, the mangroves provideimportant habitat for many species includingseabirds and shorebirds. Intertidal and subtidalbasalt reefs support dense and diverse algaecommunities, numerous fish and invertebratespecies.The marine flora and fauna and coastalvegetation along with important habitat formigratory and local seabirds and shorebirdshave largely been protected from humandisturbance because public access wasrestricted for 110 years during the operation ofthe Merrett Rifle Range.The sanctuary also provides opportunities forvisitors to enjoy and appreciate natural andcultural values. The strong maritime history ofWilliamstown is evident through severalremnant shipwrecks in the sanctuary waters.Indigenous tradition indicates that thesanctuary is part of the Country ofBoonwurrung 1 people.Jawbone Marine Sanctuary was recommendedby the former Environment ConservationCouncil for its ecological values, itscontribution to representation of Port PhillipBay environments, and for its significance as ascientific reference area.Future management aims to protect sanctuaryvalues while providing for limited butsustainable opportunities for visitor enjoymentand appreciation of the sanctuary.1 This management plan adopts the spellings usedby the Native Title Unit, Department of Justice.Boonwurrung may also be spelt in a number ofdifferent ways, including ‘Boonerwrung’ and‘Bunurong’.Major management directions for the sanctuaryinclude the following:• The intertidal reef, mudflat, mangrove,saltmarsh and seagrass communities willbe protected as a scientific reference areaby focusing shore-based access andeducational use at Jawbone Bay.• Protect natural processes to ensure anoverall benefit to biodiversity and marineecological communities.• Undertake and encourage scientificresearch to improve the scientific basis formanagement.• Minimise negative impacts of changes towater quality by seeking improvement tostormwater and waterway dischargequality through cooperation withstormwater and waterway managers.• Minimise other identified threats to thesanctuary through ongoing risk assessmentand complementary adjacent, coastal andcatchment management.• Reflect the Traditional Owners’knowledge and interests in the area andaspirations for the sanctuary in theplanning and management.• Respect, promote and interpret Indigenousknowledge relating to Country inaccordance with the views of theTraditional Owners.• Manage recreational and educationalactivities in Jawbone Bay sustainably andwith minimal impact on the sanctuary.• Interpret and promote the sanctuary’snatural and cultural values and itsrecreational opportunities and fostercommunity appreciation and awareness.• Support and encourage Friends andvolunteer groups and promoteopportunities for the community to worktogether and with Parks Victoria to achievecommon goals for the sanctuary.• Work collaboratively with agencies, thecommunity and other stakeholders to assistin the sanctuary’s management.Jawbone Marine Sanctuaryvii

CONTENTSFOREWORDAPPROVED MANAGEMENT PLANINTRODUCTION TO THE MARINE ENVIRONMENTSUMMARYiiiivvvii1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 Location and planning area 11.2 Creation of the sanctuary 11.3 Plan development 12 BASIS 32.1 Regional context 32.2 Sanctuary significance and values 42.3 Evidence of past use 52.4 The sanctuary visitor 52.5 Legislation and ECC recommendations 52.6 Policies and guidelines 63 STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS 83.1 Sanctuary vision 83.2 Zoning 83.3 Management directions 84 STRATEGIES FOR NATURAL VALUES CONSERVATION 124.1 Geological and geomorphological features 124.2 Catchment and water quality 134.3 Hydrodynamics 164.4 Habitats and communities 174.5 Landscape and seascape 214.6 Marine and other pests 225 STRATEGIES FOR CULTURAL VALUES CONSERVATION 245.1 Indigenous cultural heritage 245.2 Maritime and other cultural heritage 256 STRATEGIES FOR VISITORS 276.1 Information, interpretation and education 276.2 Access 286.3 Recreational boating and surface water sports 296.4 Diving and snorkelling 316.5 Swimming and shore-based activities 326.6 Dogs and horses 336.7 Tourism services 346.8 Public safety 34viiiJawbone Marine Sanctuary

Contents7 STRATEGIES FOR AUTHORISED AND ADJACENT USES 377.1 Authorised uses 377.2 Boundaries and adjacent uses 378 STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNITY AWARENESS AND INVOLVEMENT 408.1 Community awareness 408.2 Community participation 408.3 Agency partnerships 429 PLAN IMPLEMENTATION 449.1 Delivery and reporting 449.2 Plan amendment 449.3 Evaluation and review 45REFERENCES 46GLOSSARY 50APPENDICES1 Management objectives for marine sanctuaries 552 Submissions on the Draft Management Plan 563 Shipwrecks 57TABLESFIGURES1 Management overlay 92 Summary of recreational opportunities 101 Location End of plan2 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary "Jawbone Marine Sanctuaryix

xJawbone Marine Sanctuary

1 INTRODUCTION1.1 Location and planning areaJawbone Marine Sanctuary is in northern PortPhillip at Williamstown, about 10 km southwestof the Melbourne CBD (figure 1).The sanctuary (30 ha) begins at the onshoresign west of the fishing clubs in Bayview St,and runs west 1.9 km along the foreshorearound the Jawbone to the onshore sign on thewader beach south of McGuire Crescent. Thesanctuary extends from the high water markseaward to a series of in-water boundarymarkers along the seaward boundary (section6.1).In this draft plan, the expression ‘JawboneBay’ refers to the bay east of the Jawbonepromontory and ‘Compass Hill’ refers to theelevated area north of the board walk, pendingthe establishment of official names.1.2 Creation of the sanctuaryJawbone Marine Sanctuary forms part of thesystem of 13 Marine National Parks and 11Marine Sanctuaries in Victorian waters.Selection of these areas was based on morethan 10 years of research, investigation andcommunity consultation by the former LandConservation Council (LCC) and EnvironmentConservation Council (ECC), summarised inthe Marine, Coastal and EstuarineInvestigation Final Report (ECC 2000). Therecommendations of the ECC accepted bygovernment (Government of Victoria 2002)included reservation of the new parks andsanctuaries under the National Parks Act 1975(Vic.). Jawbone Marine Sanctuary wasincluded on Schedule 8 of the National ParksAct on 16 November 2002 (appendix 1).When created, much stronger penalties wereapplied for all forms of fishing, includingshellfish collection in Marine National Parksor Marine Sanctuaries, than apply for taking ordamaging fauna, plants or objects from theseareas.The sanctuary includes areas to high watermark that were formerly part of Jawbone Floraand Fauna Reserve. Jawbone Flora and FaunaReserve was created in 1990 after the MerrettRifle Range was decommissioned in 1986. Forthe 110 years during the operation of the riflerange, public coastal access was prohibited forsafety reasons, and the marine flora and faunaand coastal vegetation along with importanthabitat for migratory and local seabirds andshorebirds were fortuitously protected fromhuman disturbance. Public access has beenlimited to walking tracks and the boardwalksince Jawbone Flora and Fauna Reserve wascreated. The Jawbone Flora and FaunaReserve Draft Management Plan (CFL 1989)proposed the addition of the intertidal andmuch of the offshore area that is now thesanctuary to the reserve (section 7.2).1.3 Plan developmentThis first management plan for the sanctuarywas prepared by Parks Victoria, withsignificant input from the Point Cooke andJawbone Marine Sanctuaries ManagementPlan Advisory Group and other stakeholders. Ittakes into account existing information, reportsand research findings that relate to thesanctuary and is informed and supported by arange of best practice management systems.The strategies outlined in this plan have beenguided by the statewide Marine NationalParks and Marine Sanctuaries ManagementStrategy 2003–2010 (Parks Victoria 2003d).The plan is a strategic guide for futuremanagement of the sanctuary. As a publicdocument, the plan establishes how ParksVictoria will protect the natural and culturalvalues of the sanctuary, and describes theservices and facilities that will be provided tohelp visitors to enjoy, appreciate andunderstand the sanctuary in ways that areconsistent with this. The plan also serves toinform and encourage cooperative landmanagement and participation in communitybasedprograms between Parks Victoria andthe managers of areas adjacent to thesanctuary.As a working document for the sanctuary, theplan informs Parks Victoria’s development ofCorporate Plans, serves as a framework forsubsequent detailed planning and governsmanagement activities.This plan was published as a Draft Plan forpublic comment in 2006, and 12 submissionswere received (appendix 2). Where necessary,Jawbone Marine Sanctuary 1

Introductionfurther consultation with the community andstakeholders was undertaken.Key changes made to the Draft Plan inpreparing this Final Management Planincluded:• clarification of the types of vessels thatmay be launched by hand in the sanctuary(i.e. canoes, kayaks), and inclusion ofinformation about better launchingopportunities outside the sanctuary• inclusion of detection of marine pests aspart of community monitoring programsand friends group activities• use of a more generic name for the bayeast of the Jawbone promontory, andclarification of purpose of the name.This final management plan will direct futuremanagement of the Jawbone MarineSanctuary, until reviewed.2 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

2 BASIS2.1 Regional contextJawbone Marine Sanctuary forms part of arepresentative system of 13 Marine NationalParks and 11 Marine Sanctuaries in Victoria,established within the broader context of aNational Representative System of MarineProtected Areas (NRSMPA). Theestablishment of an NRSMPA contributes tothe establishment of a global representativesystem of marine protected areas (ANZECCTFMPA 1999).Jawbone Marine Sanctuary is one of eightMarine National Parks and Marine Sanctuariesin the Victorian Embayments marinebioregion, as identified by the Interim Marineand Coastal Regionalisation for Australia(IMCRA). This regionalisation identified 60marine bioregions, five of which apply toVictorian waters (IMCRA Technical Group1998). Jawbone Marine Sanctuary protectsapproximately 0.01% of the VictorianEmbayments marine bioregion.The bioregion encompasses the larger bays andinlets of Port Phillip, Western Port, CornerInlet–Nooramunga, Gippsland Lakes andMallacoota Inlet. The bioregion ischaracterised by sheltered waters withextensive areas of subtidal and intertidalsediments.Indigenous tradition indicates that thesanctuary is part of Country of Boonwurrung(section 5.1).Jawbone Marine Sanctuary is within theWerribee Basin of the Werribee Catchment ofthe Port Phillip and Western Port CatchmentRegion. The sanctuary is strongly influencedby activities within the catchment, within thePort Phillip and Western Port CatchmentManagement Authority’s area ofresponsibility. The area abutting JawboneMarine Sanctuary is typified by coastalvegetation, wetlands and open grasslands.The catchment is highly urbanised along thecoast and is significant for farming inlandsupporting over 100 000 ha of mainly broadacre cropping and grazing. Irrigated areasaround Bacchus Marsh and Werribee supportintensive farming including market gardensand orchards. Indigenous vegetation covers25% of the catchment and is protected by anumber of State and Regional Parks. KororoitCreek, Laverton Creek, Skeleton Creek,Werribee River, and Little River are the majorrivers and creeks that flow through thecatchment into Port Phillip.The foreshore adjacent to Jawbone MarineSanctuary is within the City of Hobsons Bay(section 7.2). The sanctuary is in TourismVictoria’s Melbourne product region. TheMelbourne product region receives 40% of alltourist visits to Victoria, comprising 6.7million domestic overnight visitors, 15 milliondomestic day visitors, and 1.1 millioninternational overnight visitors (TourismVictoria 2003).Port Phillip is Melbourne’s most importantrecreational area and also provides shippingaccess to one of Australia’s busiest seaports. Inan area of metropolitan Melbourne that isalmost entirely urbanised, and where coastalrecreation is popular, the sanctuary issignificant for its capacity to protect a range ofhabitats and associated flora and fauna.Jawbone Marine Sanctuary protects 1.9 km ofthe coastline and adjacent waters from west ofBayview St to south of McGuire Cr. Thesanctuary is adjoined by Jawbone Flora andFauna Reserve and is complemented byJawbone Reserve (figure 2) and other reservesand Marine Sanctuaries in Port Phillip (figure1), including:• Jawbone Flora and Fauna Reserve,adjoining the sanctuary, protects opengrasslands, wetland, and saltmarsh areasthat provide habitat for water birds andother wildlife.• Jawbone Reserve, adjoining the JawboneFlora and Fauna Reserve, provides opengrasslands and pathways for recreation.• Point Cooke Marine Sanctuary,approximately 15 km west of Melbourne,represents and protects typical examples ofthe western shoreline and marineenvironments of Port Phillip.• Point Cook Coastal Park, located 20 kmsouth-west of Melbourne, is a populardestination for birdwatchers, nature loversJawbone Marine Sanctuary 3

Basisand family groups. The park protectsabundant birdlife, a historic bluestonehomestead and forms part of the PortPhillip Bay (Western Shoreline) andBellarine Peninsula Ramsar Site.• Cheetham Wetlands adjacent to PointCook Coastal Park consists of saltmarshlagoons of varying salinity levels, whichare an important habitat for wader birdsand other wildlife. The wetlands also formpart of the Port Phillip Bay (WesternShoreline) and Bellarine Peninsula RamsarSite.• Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary atBeaumaris, 20 km south of the centre ofMelbourne, represents and protects typicalexamples of the eastern shoreline andmarine environments of Port Phillip Bay.2.2 Sanctuary significance andvaluesJawbone Marine Sanctuary makes a valuablecontribution to Victoria’s parks system, whichaims to protect viable representative samplesof the State’s natural marine and terrestrialenvironments. Parks also provide opportunitiesfor visitors to enjoy and appreciate natural andcultural values, and many make importantcontributions to tourism.The sanctuary is assigned the InternationalUnion for the Conservation of Nature andNatural Resources (IUCN) Category III(Natural Monument) of the United Nation’sList of National Parks and Protected Areas.Category III areas are managed primarily forconservation of specific natural features.The area included in the sanctuary issignificant to many people in the community,especially the Traditional Owners. A numberof local environmental groups, includingFriends of Williamstown Wetlands, othercommunity groups, individuals, residents ofthe Williamstown area and the education andresearch community, have strong historicalassociations with the sanctuary area. ParksVictoria respects the community’s traditionaland historical associations with the sanctuaryarea.The sanctuary is a significant feature on thewestern shoreline of Port Phillip andconstitutes an important natural attractionencompassing diverse and unusual habitats andassociated flora and fauna in a highlyurbanised setting.Important values of the sanctuary are listedbelow.Natural• Remnant mangrove communities, whichare unique for their growth among basaltboulders and are one of the few stands ofmangrove in Port Phillip.• Dynamic coastal landforms and saltmarshcommunities, which provide habitat forlocal and migratory seabirds andshorebirds and are of State significance.• Basalt reefs, shallow inshore waters,mudflats and seagrass beds that provideforaging and roosting area for local andmigratory seabirds and shorebirds.• Seagrass beds that provide habitat forinvertebrates and a nursery for juvenilefish species.• Intertidal and subtidal basalt reef systemthat supports diverse algae, invertebrateand fish communities.• Ecological values that have been protectedfrom human disturbance for over 110years, which are of value for scientificreference.Cultural• Coastal area of high significance toIndigenous people.• Five shipwrecks listed on the VictorianHeritage Register and a ship scuttlingground.• Remnants of a slaughterhouse at thesanctuary’s western end.• Remnants of an adjacent rifle range used inthe 1956 Olympics.Recreational• Leisure opportunities such as swimming,bird watching and nature observation.• Snorkelling and diving at easily accessiblesubtidal reefs.• Recreational boating opportunitiesparticularly for kayaking and canoeing.4 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

Basis• Opportunities for guided marine educationand nature-based tourism.• Scenic landscapes that provide forphotography and artistic pursuits.2.3 Evidence of past useIndigenous communities have been associatedwith the Port Phillip region for around 40 000years. Middens along the coast indicate that theKulin Nation have inhabited the area for atleast 6000 years.The ancestors of the Boonwurrung andWoiwurrung frequented the coastal area ofWilliamstown to catch fish and gather shellfishfrom the reefs. A midden on the Jawboneindicates that the area was an important site.In the 1850s, the intertidal area of thesanctuary was used to offload livestock fromships directly into the adjacent slaughterhouseyards. This use continued until 1877 when theland was sold to the government to be used asa rifle range. For more than 100 years while inoperation, public access to the coastline andwaters surrounding the rifle range wasprohibited. After the rifle range wasdecommissioned in 1986, important baselinestudies of the intertidal marine environmentwere undertaken.During the mid-1900s, the sanctuary was usedas a scuttling ground for ships that hadoutlived their usefulness. Fishing has been apopular pastime in the sanctuary, bothcommercially and recreationally, in particularthe collection of abalone.In recent times the sanctuary was used forrecreational activities including snorkelling,diving, canoeing, marine education and birdwatching.2.4 The sanctuary visitorThe mudflats, thick coastal vegetation andadjacent wetlands seclude and separate thesanctuary from the adjacent urban area.Shore-based activities within the sanctuary arelimited due to the nature of the sensitiveintertidal vegetation and rocky bouldersubstrate. Residents enjoy walking andswimming from the beach in Jawbone Bay.Local school children also visit Jawbone Bayto learn about the marine environment and itsconservation.Visitors can enjoy the sanctuary’s shallowwaters by canoe and the subtidal reefs withinthe sanctuary are explored by snorkellers anddivers.The remote feel of the sanctuary attractsvisitors interested in observing nature and birdwatching or sightseeing via the adjacentboardwalk and reserves. The adjacent reservesare also popular with local residents forwalking, cycling and outdoor recreation.There are no visitor services other than rangerpatrols within the sanctuary and facilitiesconsist only of boundary markers (section 7.2)and signage (section 6.1). The sanctuary isaccessible from Williamstown by private andpublic transport and is close to theMelbourne’s western suburbs.2.5 Legislation and ECCrecommendationsLegislationJawbone Marine Sanctuary is reserved andmanaged under the provisions of the NationalParks Act. The Act requires the Secretary tothe Department of Sustainability andEnvironment to preserve and protect thenatural condition of the sanctuary and itsnatural and other features and, subject to this,to provide for the use of the sanctuary by thepublic for enjoyment, recreation, andeducation. Appropriate research activities arealso provided for under the Act.The National Parks (Park) Regulations 2003apply to the sanctuary. All forms of extraction,including recreational and commercial fishingand shellfish collection are prohibited withinthe sanctuary under the National Parks Act. AStatewide Compliance Strategy and a RegionalCompliance Plan (Parks Victoria 2003a) havebeen developed in partnership withDepartment of Primary Industries (DPI) –Fisheries Victoria to manage compliance withthe no-fishing provisions within the sanctuary(section 8.3).The objects and provisions of the NationalParks Act set the framework for themanagement of Jawbone Marine Sanctuary(appendix 1). Specific legislation and ECCrecommendations accepted by government alsogovern particular aspects of the management ofthe sanctuary, as described below and insubsequent sections of the plan.Jawbone Marine Sanctuary 5

BasisThe Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 (Vic.)applies to the sanctuary and protects allAboriginal places, objects and Aboriginalhuman remains (section 5.1).The Coastal Management Act 1995 (Vic.)applies to use and any development of thewhole of the sanctuary.The Environment Protection and BiodiversityConservation Act 1999 (Cwlth) applies to thewhole of the sanctuary with respect to actionsthat have, will have, or are likely to have, asignificant impact on matters of nationalenvironmental significance, including listedthreatened species and communities and listedmigratory species in the sanctuary.The Native Title Act 1993 (Cwlth) applies tothe management of the sanctuary.The Parks Victoria Act 1998 (Vic.) enablesmanagement services for Jawbone MarineSanctuary to be provided by Parks Victoria onbehalf of the Secretary to DSE.Other legislation, and policies and guidelines(section 2.6) at both the Commonwealth andState levels apply to management of thesanctuary and specific activities and uses.ECC recommendationsThe former Environment ConservationCouncil (ECC) in its Marine, Coastal andEstuarine Investigation Final Report (ECC2000), recommended the creation of JawboneMarine Sanctuary for its ecological values, itscontribution to the representation of PortPhillip Bay environments, and for itssignificance as a scientific reference area (ECC2000).The ECC recommended that existing landaccess restrictions be maintained to reduce thesignificant damage to sensitive mangrove andsaltmarsh areas that has occurred since theopening of the area after the decommissioningof the Merrett Rifle Range.The ECC also made a number ofrecommendations that relate to the sanctuary.The recommendations included:B8 Use of Jawbone Marine Sanctuary inaccordance with the generalrecommendations for Marine Sanctuaries.R3 Planning and management relating totraditional interests and uses in coastalmarine areas to be based on recognitionand respect for the traditional relationshipof Aboriginal people with the land andsea.R13 Further research to be undertaken onbiological community composition andstructure, both within and external tomarine protected areas, with an emphasison assessing the impacts of harvestingmarine fauna.R14 Assessments to be made and strategiesdeveloped for protection of vulnerable orthreatened marine species andcommunities, using the provisions of theFlora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988(Vic.) (FFG) as appropriate.R18 Measures to be implemented byresponsible agencies to reduce the risk ofmarine pest species arriving in Victoria,and to ensure a rapid and effectiveresponse in the event of an introduction.R26 Public land and waters continue to beavailable for a wide range of tourism andrecreational uses. Development should notpreclude public access to foreshore andoffshore areas, other than to meet safetyand security requirements that cannot beachieved in other ways.R34 Priority will be given to establishingmonitoring programs for Marine NationalParks to determine the extent to whichthese areas are meeting their objectives.All of these recommendations were acceptedby the State Government in 2002 (Governmentof Victoria 2002).2.6 Policies and guidelinesThe sanctuary is managed in accordance withParks Victoria’s operational policies and asappropriate with other relevant policies andguidelines, including:• Victoria’s System of Marine NationalParks and Marine SanctuariesManagement Strategy 2003–2010 (ParksVictoria 2003b)• Indigenous Partnerships Strategy andAction Plan (Parks Victoria 2005a)• Guidelines for Working with AboriginalCommunities and Protection of CulturalSites (Parks Victoria 2002)6 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

Basis• Victoria’s Biodiversity Strategy (NRE1997b)• National Strategy for the Conservation ofAustralia’s Biological Diversity (ANZECC2001)• Heritage Management Strategy (ParksVictoria 2003c)• Victoria’s Heritage — Strengthening ourCommunities (Heritage Victoria 2006).• National Strategy for EcologicallySustainable Development (COAG 1992).Jawbone Marine Sanctuary is also managedwithin a broader context of a number of otherplans and strategies, including:• Nature Based Tourism – Directions andOpportunities for Victoria 2000–2003(Tourism Victoria 2000)• Policy for Sustainable Recreation andTourism on Victoria’s Public Land (NRE2002a)• Port Phillip and Western Port RegionalCatchment Strategy 2004–2009(PPWPCMA 2004)• Port Phillip Bay EnvironmentalManagement Plan (NRE 2002b)• Port Phillip Coastal and Marine PlanningProgram 2000 (ABM 2000)• State Environment Protection Policy(Waters of Victoria)• Victorian Coastal Strategy (VCC 2002).Jawbone Marine Sanctuary 7

3 STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS3.1 Sanctuary visionA future visitor to Jawbone Marine Sanctuaryfinds a highly protected sanctuary renownedfor its biodiversity and picturesque scenery.The flourishing saltmarsh and mangrovecommunity and intertidal mudflats supportnumerous local and migratory, sea andshorebirds. The intertidal and subtidal basaltreefs are covered with an abundance of floraand fauna.The sanctuary is a reference for biodiversity innorthern Port Phillip. Research has highlightedthe benefits of conservation of the sanctuary’snatural values.The local community take pleasure in visitingthe sanctuary, which provides a tranquil settingfor watching birds and observing nature. Thesanctuary’s protected waters are a favouritespot for canoeists and a treasured destinationamong divers and snorkellers.The sanctuary’s natural values, andIndigenous, European and maritime culturalhistory are communicated to visitors byinformative interpretive signage. Marineeducation is conveyed to the communitythrough sustainable guided tours and activities.The community plays an active role in anintegrated management approach inclusive ofthe adjacent reserves. The sanctuary ischerished and respected by the community andis protected from catchment activities, marinepests and poaching, and the negative impactsof pollution have been reduced.The sanctuary is a prized example ofbiodiversity in the highly urbanised northernPort Phillip area.3.2 ZoningA park management zoning scheme isnormally used to define areas where varioustypes and levels of use are appropriate.However, management zones do not need to bedefined in Marine National Parks and MarineSanctuaries because the management aims forthese areas are clearly outlined in the NationalParks Act and are consistent across all MarineNational Parks and Marine Sanctuaries(section 2.5 and appendix 1).In this sanctuary an overlay is used to identifyareas with special management requirements.These requirements are summarised in table 1,and the boundaries are shown in figure 2.3.3 Management directionsThe Traditional Owners’ knowledge andinterests in the area and aspirations forCountry, will be reflected in planning andmanagement, in accordance with legislationand policies (Parks Victoria 2005).Other major management directions for thesanctuary are outlined below.Natural values conservation• The intertidal reef, mudflat, mangrove,saltmarsh and seagrass communities willbe protected as a scientific reference areaby focusing shore-based access andeducational use at Jawbone Bay.• Natural processes, including competition,predation, recruitment and disturbance,will be protected to ensure an overallbenefit to biodiversity and variety ofmarine ecological communities in thesanctuary.• Compliance with legislated provisions thatprohibit all extractive activities, includingfishing, and shellfish collection, will beensured though education, information,community support, and improvedsurveillance and enforcement.• Research and monitoring to improve thescientific basis for management, includingbaseline data collection, marine habitatmapping and threat assessment, will beundertaken as outlined in the statewideManagement Strategy (Parks Victoria2003b) and through collaborative researchlinks.• Negative impacts of changes to waterquality will be minimised by seekingimprovement to stormwater and waterwaydischarge quality through cooperation withstormwater and waterway managers.8 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

Strategic directionsTABLE 1MANAGEMENT OVERLAYOVERLAYS AREA/LOCATION VALUES GENERALMANAGEMENT AIMACCESSSpecial ProtectionArea – NaturalValues7 ha, 24% of thesanctuary. The intertidalarea from the westernboundary to fence lineeast of Compass Hill,extending 50 m seawardfrom high water mark(figure 2)Sensitive intertidalreef, mangrove,saltmarsh andseagrass areas ofvalue for scientificreference and feedingareas for wading birdsProtect thesanctuary’ssensitivecommunities fromphysical disturbancefrom visitors andvessels and protectsensitive habitatsProhibit the landing andlaunching of vessels on,shore-based publicaccess to, and walkingin, the intertidal area ofthe sanctuary to thehigh water mark• Identified threats to the sanctuary will beminimised through addressing theoutcomes of ongoing monitoring, riskassessment and, where feasible,complementary adjacent, coastal andcatchment management.Cultural values conservation• Aboriginal places and objects will beprotected from interference or damagingactivities.• Indigenous cultural obligations relating toCountry will be respected, and theTraditional Owners’ knowledge will bepromoted and interpreted in accordancewith their views.• Research into the Indigenous and historiccultural heritage of the sanctuary will beencouraged and supported as appropriate,in consultation with the Indigenous andwider communities.• Shipwrecks, historic relics and places willbe conserved by protecting them fromdamaging or inappropriate activities.The sanctuary visit• Sustainable use by school and communitygroups for education about the sanctuaryand marine values will be promoted atJawbone Bay.• Visitor enjoyment will be enhanced byappropriate management of recreationalactivities in accordance with table 2.• Visitor understanding and appreciation ofthe sanctuary’s natural and cultural valueswill be enhanced by the implementation ofinformation, interpretation and educationprograms.• Visitors will be encouraged to adoptminimal impact techniques and to adhereto industry-developed standardsappropriate to their activity.• Visitors will have opportunities to observemarine life, enjoy water sports andparticipate in other recreational activitiescompatible with management objectives.Community awareness and involvement• Strong collaborative partnerships will bedeveloped with the relevant RegisteredAboriginal Party to facilitate the reflectionof Indigenous knowledge, and interestsand aspirations in the sanctuary’s planningand management.• Friends, volunteers, Indigenous and othercommunity groups will be encouraged andsupported to participate in areas ofsanctuary management that relate to theirinterests.• An awareness and understanding of thesanctuary and its management, and a senseof custodianship, will be encouragedamong neighbours, local communities andvisitors.• Strong relationships will be furtherdeveloped and maintained with people,groups and communities with strongconnections with or interests in thesanctuary, to encourage their participationin the sanctuary’s management.• Collaborative partnerships will beestablished with relevant agencies andlocal schools to progress areas of mutualinterest that strengthen protection of thesanctuary.Jawbone Marine Sanctuary 9

Strategic directionsTABLE 2SUMMARY OF RECREATIONAL OPPORTUNITIESACTIVITYOVERLAYSANCTUARYSPECIAL PROTECTION AREA(PERCENTAGE OF SANCTUARY) (100%) (24%)Aircraft landing / launching (including sea planes, hanggliding, paragliding)Beachcombing (no collecting) Y NBait collection N NBird watching Y NBoating (section 6.3)Hovercraft N NKite-boarding / wind-surfing NA NAMotorised boating Y YNon-motorised boating (canoe, kayak, surf-ski) Y YPersonal watercraft (PWC) Y YSailing Y YBoat operation (sections 6.2 & 6.3)Anchoring Y YLanding Y NLaunching motorised vessels (no facilities) N NLaunching non-motorised vessels (no facilities, notrailers)YNMooring (private) N NCamping N NCollection of animals, seaweed, shells and driftwood N NCycling N NDiving and snorkelling (sections 6.2 & 6.4) Y YDog walking (section 6.6) N NDriving on beaches N NEducational / guided activities (sections 6.1 & 6.7) Y NFeeding wildlife N NFilming & photography Y NFires on beaches N NFishing (all forms) N NFossil / artefact collection N NHorse riding (section 6.6) N NLicensed tours (section 6.7) Y NNature photography, painting, Y NPicnicking (excludes on a vessel) Y NProspecting and metal detecting N NNN10 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

Strategic directionsTable 2 (cont’d.)ACTIVITYOVERLAYSANCTUARYSPECIAL PROTECTION AREA(PERCENTAGE OF SANCTUARY) (100%) (24%)Rock climbing / abseiling NA NARockpool rambling Y NScenic viewing Y NShell collecting N NSurfing / boogie boarding NA NASwimming (section 6.5) Y YWake boarding / water skiing (section 6.3) NA NAWalking (intertidal zone – soft) Y NWalking (intertidal zone – rocky) Y NWhale / dolphin / seal watching (section 4.4) Y NWreck diving (sections 6.2 & 6.4) Y YNote: The use of chainsaws and generators is prohibited within the sanctuary.Key:YNNAPermitted, subject to overlay prescriptions and conditions prescribed by legislation, permits or elsewhere in the planas indicated.Not permitted.Not applicable.Jawbone Marine Sanctuary 11

4 STRATEGIES FOR NATURAL VALUES CONSERVATION4.1 Geological andgeomorphological featuresFluctuating sea levels associated with glacialand interglacial phases have altered thecoastline of Port Phillip during different timesin geological history. During the lastinterglacial phase about 4000 years ago, thesea was 1 to 2 m above its present level.Evidence that suggests a shoreline from ahigher sea level around 4000 years ago can beseen in an inland break eroded into shelldeposits in the Jawbone area. The break (1.5m) is parallel to the current shoreline andadjacent to the sanctuary behind the Jawboneplatform (Rosengren 1988).The ‘Jawbone’ is a shore platform of NewerVolcanics basalt that has been jointed andbroken through weathering and wave actioninto a series of large blocks. The large blocksover 2 m in diameter are attached to the basaltbase. Among the large blocks are looseboulders and the occasional patch of gravel.Although the surface of the platform is unevenit has a distinct upper level approximately 1 mabove the present high water mark. This upperlevel slopes landward where it is buried bysand, silt and shells. It is covered in some areasby an irregular area of White Mangroves(Avicennia marina), which extends around intoa shallow lagoon behind the platform. Many ofthese mangroves have established their roots inpockets of sediment lodged in fissures in thefractured basalt. The formation of the basaltplatform, emerged upper platform andmangrove growth backed by featuressuggestive of higher sea levels are highlyunusual and of State significance.West of the Jawbone, hummocks of circularmounds of saltmarsh (Sarcocorniaquinqueflora) exist in the intertidal area.Sediment accreted around the hummocks andbegan enclosing a former open intertidal areagradually stabilising and prograding the coast.Coastal accretion through saltmarsh vegetationis unusual. Altered coastal processes arethought to have eroded most of the hummocks.The only beach within the sanctuary is atJawbone Bay. Seasonal wave conditions,current patterns, and storm energy create adynamic environment in which there is naturalaccretion and attrition of beaches, causing sandto cover and uncover the reefs and otherhabitats. Events such as storms and regularsand accretion and attrition are considered tobe ongoing natural processes.The mouth of the Kororoit Creek, to the westof the sanctuary, has changed significantly dueto siltation. The siltation is thought to becaused by prolonged low flows in KororoitCreek along with coastal sand movement fromcoastal erosion in Kororoit Bay and thebuilding of a tyre groyne at the mouth ofKororoit Creek (WMB Oceanics Australia1997) (sections 4.2 and 7.2).Coastal modification, including theconstruction of harbours, sea walls andgroynes and beach renourishment and dredgingin or near the sanctuary, has the potential toadversely affect the geological values of thesanctuary through longshore drift, depositionand erosion (section 7.2). There are remnantsof a stone wall from the former Merrett RifleRange along the shoreline of Jawbone Bay.Aim• Protect features of geological andgeomorphological significance fromimpacts of human activity.Management strategies• Minimise visitor and management impactson the mudflats, basalt platform andassociated mangrove and saltmarshcommunities.• Protect geological and landform featuresby prohibiting beach renourishment andthe construction of sea walls and groyneswithin the sanctuary.• Assess remnant sea walls for culturalheritage and coastal function beforeauthorising maintenance works on seawalls in the sanctuary.• Encourage research into changes to themouth of the Kororoit Creek and coastalerosion in Kororoit Bay to protectgeological and landform features withinthe sanctuary.12 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

Strategies for natural values conservation• Encourage research into the causes of theloss of saltmarsh hummocks andgeological and landform features withinthe sanctuary.• Encourage research to identifygeomorphological features of specialsignificance to the Traditional Owners andprotect them from damaging orinappropriate activities (sections 5.1 and8.2).• Consider the significance of landforms toin interpreting the sanctuary andimplementing management actions(sections 4.5, 5.1, 6.1 and 8.2).4.2 Catchment and water qualityThe sanctuary is within the Werribee basin ofthe Werribee Catchment of the Port Phillip andWestern Port Catchment Region under thejurisdiction of the Port Phillip and WesternportCatchment Management Authority (section8.3). The catchment is 270 000 ha with apopulation of approximately 315 000 people.The Werribee catchment landscape ischaracteristically flat and has low rainfall.Rainfall varies from 1000 mm annually in theforested hills to 500 mm annually in thesouthern plains and coastal areas. Thecatchment is significant for farming andsupports over 100 000 ha of mainly broad acrecropping and grazing. Irrigated areas aroundBacchus Marsh and Werribee support intensivefarming including market gardens andorchards. The Wombat State Forest providestimber for the construction industry and pulpwood for the manufacture of paper.Remnant indigenous vegetation covers 25% ofthe catchment and much is protected in anumber of parks including Brisbane RangesNational Park, You Yangs Regional Park,Point Cook Coastal Park, and Lerderderg StatePark, and Wombat State Forest. The LavertonNorth and Derrimut Grassland reserves are twoof the largest areas of protected nativegrasslands in the State. The coastal wetlandsand mudflats of the catchment support coastalnative plant communities and an extensiverange of migratory bird species including theendangered Orange-bellied Parrot. The coastalwetlands and mudflats of Cheetham Wetlands,Point Cooke Marine Sanctuary and Point CookCoastal Park to the south-west of SkeletonCreek are Ramsar listed.The major rivers and creeks in the catchmentthat flow into Port Phillip are Kororoit Creek,Laverton Creek, Skeleton Creek, WerribeeRiver, and Little River. Port Phillip alsoreceives water from a number of significantrivers, including the Yarra and MaribyrnongRivers, which drain agricultural, urban, andindustrial land uses in the Yarra andMaribyrnong Catchments. Melbourne Watermanages all of the major rivers and creeks inthese catchments.The catchment has been vastly altered throughthe clearing of large sections of the catchmentand the use of land for agriculture andsubsequent increasing urbanisation. Theseactivities have resulted in erosion, increases innutrient and salinity levels and loss of habitat,lowering the quality of waterway dischargeinto the northern section of Port Phillip and,consequently, the natural values of thesanctuary.Fifty per cent of nitrogen loads in the PortPhillip are from catchment-based sources. PortPhillip also receives water from the WesternTreatment Plant (WTP) which is managed byMelbourne Water. The Western TreatmentPlant treats a flow of approximately 485million litres a day (52% of Melbourne'ssewage). Increased nitrogen loads from thiswater may affect the sanctuary, although theWTP was upgraded in 2005 to reduce nitrogenloads. The Altona Treatment Plant, managedby City West Water, treats a flow ofapproximately 15 million litres a day. Theeffluent from the plant is treated to StateEnvironment Protection Policy (Waters ofVictoria) – Schedule F6 Waters of Port PhillipBay standards before being discharged, by anunderground pipeline, near Laverton Creek toPort Phillip 400 metres offshore.There are no rivers or creeks that flow directlyinto the sanctuary although the sanctuary maybe indirectly affected by discharge fromKororoit Creek, Cherry Creek / MelbourneWater Drainage Easement and Laverton Creek.Potential impacts from Kororoit Creek inparticular are a concern. Although KororoitCreek enters Port Phillip west of the sanctuaryand does not flow directly into the sanctuary itcould have a significant impact on thesanctuary. The upper reaches of KororoitCreek flow through a predominantly ruralcatchment around Gisborne and Bulla into anJawbone Marine Sanctuary 13

Strategies for natural values conservationurban region at Caroline Springs and DeerPark, before passing through industrial areasnear its mouth at Altona. The creek has beenheavily polluted in the past from stormwaterand industrial discharge. Toxic chemicals andheavy metals from the pollution haveaccumulated in the sediments. The sedimentsin Lower Kororoit Creek have a high level ofmercury contamination and petroleumhydrocarbons with elevated levels of otherheavy metals. At some sites cadmium, copperand lead are significantly above backgroundlevels. Mercury is the main contaminant ofconcern with other metals elevated butcomparable to other urban streams (EPA1991). Any disturbance to the sediments wouldrelease the toxicants into the water column andpotentially impact on the sanctuary’s values(section 7.2). Water quality in Lower KororoitCreek is poor with high levels of both totalphosphorous and nitrogen levels recorded(EPA 2000).The condition of Lower Kororoit Creek wasrated as poor with an IRC score of 21(Melbourne Water 2004). Melbourne Waterhas ongoing weed control and maintenanceprograms on Kororoit Creek. Together with theFriends of Lower Kororoit Creek, MelbourneWater supports a proposal by Hobsons BayCity Council to develop a landscape masterplan to direct the rehabilitation of the openspace along the banks of Kororoit Creek intoparkland. DSE and Hobsons Bay City Councilare working together to develop a regionalstrategy for Kororoit Creek to improve waterquality further.Boatsheds at the three fishing clubs, theVictorian Deaf Anglers Club, the BrunswickCity Anglers Club and the Kororoit CreekAnglers Club west of the sanctuary in MaddoxRoad, Williamstown, are un-sewered;untreated sewage has been discharged intoKororoit Creek. Hobsons Bay City Council isformalising occupation arrangements of theboat sheds that will prevent the discharge ofuntreated sewage and grey water into KororoitCreek. Untreated sewage and other potentialpollution from the fishing clubs, includingrubbish, oil and petrol spills from vessels, havethe potential to impact on the sanctuary(section 7.2).State Environment Protection Policy (Watersof Victoria) — Schedule F6 Waters of PortPhillip Bay requires operators of vessels toinstall effective waste-containment facilities onboard the vessel to avoid the disposal of wastesor sewage from vessels. EPA Victoriamonitors water quality in Port Phillip;however, there are no testing sites within thesanctuary. The 2004–05 results, available onits website, suggest that contaminatedstormwater remains the main cause ofbacteriological pollution at Port Phillip Baybeaches (EPA 2005).Urbanised areas are extensively covered byimpervious surfaces, creating an unnaturalamount of runoff. Stormwater systems havebeen developed to channel the runoff intowaterways and the marine environment tominimise the risk of flooding. Stormwater hasthe potential to negatively impact on the waterquality and subsequently the natural values ofthe sanctuary by delivering excess freshwaterand pollutants, including sediments andnutrients, micro-organisms, toxic organics,heavy metals, oils and surfactants, as well aslitter and debris. Pollutants may also enter thesanctuary from onshore and offshore activitiesin and around the sanctuary.One stormwater drain near Bayview Street atthe rear of the Williamstown High Schooldischarges into the eastern end of thesanctuary. The drain managed by the HobsonsBay City Council receives runoff from 14 haincluding residential areas and theWilliamstown Campus of Bayside SecondaryCollege and the Bayview Campus ofWilliamstown High School. Stormwaterentering the sanctuary is untreated; litter orgross pollutant traps are absent. As part of itsredevelopment, the Bayview Campus of theWilliamstown High School is proposing toinstall a stormwater harvesting and reusesystem, which has the potential to recyclestormwater from the school and the adjoiningresidential areas within the catchment andreduce stormwater inputs into the sanctuary.Stormwater from The Range Estate, a nearbyresidential area (60 ha), discharges into a twinlake system in Jawbone Reserve. Runoff fromadjacent parklands (5 ha) and JawboneReserve (25 ha) also discharges into the lakes.The two lakes, which were completed in 1995at the foot of Rifle Range Drive, are designedto filter the stormwater from the residentialestate through gross pollutant traps, oil and14 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

Strategies for natural values conservationgrease separators and reed beds or ‘swales’ toimprove its water quality before evaporatingback into the atmosphere or discharging asoverflow into Port Phillip west of thesanctuary. Water quality in the lakes systemcan be influenced by a number of factorsincluding rainfall, bird droppings, and a highlevel of pollutants in stormwater inputs. Waterqualitytesting of the lakes has indicatedgenerally good water quality in the lakesalthough nutrient levels can exceed SEPPguideline values (Condina and Associates2001). Discharge of poor quality water fromthe lakes has the potential to impact on thenatural values of the sanctuary.Further west of the sanctuary the Challis andPaisley stormwater drains dischargestormwater into the Paisley Challis Wetlands.These stormwater drains are managed byMelbourne Water and drain a catchment areaof 855 ha from the Altona and WilliamstownNorth areas. The Paisley Challis Wetlands is aseries of wetland ponds designed to filter thestormwater of the Challis and Paisley drains toimprove its water quality before it enters PortPhillip. The Paisley Challis Wetlands aremanaged by Hobsons Bay City Council forMelbourne Water under a 10-year agreement.Hobsons Bay Stormwater Management Plan(HBCC 2006b) sets out the implementation ofthe environmental objectives outlined in theSEPP for the waters of Port Phillip.Under the Environment Protection Act 1970(Vic.), littering and the discharge of wastesfrom a vessel are illegal. Litter in the sanctuarymay originate from urban areas and betransported through stormwater systems andwaterways, discarded from vessels within ornear the sanctuary, discarded by visitors tobeaches and adjacent areas, or discarded byrecreational fishers from vessels or piersnearby. Volumes of litter accumulate at WaderBeach within the sanctuary and the adjoiningintertidal area. Stormwater carrying litter isdischarged into Kororoit Creek just west ofWader Beach at the western end of thesanctuary and is contributing to the volumes oflitter accumulating at Wader Beach. Moreinformation about the sources of litter isrequired to develop targeted preventativeprograms. Litter accumulating in the sanctuarymay injure visitors and recirculate into themarine environment.The health of local environments can beimproved through the implementation ofNeighbourhood Environment ImprovementPlans (NEIPs). NEIPs are action plansdeveloped in partnership by all parts of thecommunity and administered by EPA Victoriaunder the Environment Protection Act and aredesigned to address environmental issues ofimportance to the community at a local scaleand build on and support other efforts toprotect Victoria's environment (section 8.3).The sanctuary is close to Mobil’s Altonarefinery on Kororoit Creek. There is potentialfor oil and chemical leakages from the refineryto impact on the sanctuary throughcontaminated ground water and direct oil andchemical spills (section 7.2).The proximity of the sanctuary to shippinglanes for commercial vessels that access thePort of Melbourne make it vulnerable topotential impacts from channel dredging andoil or chemical spills. Responses to marinepollution incidents often require a diverserange of skills and resources involvingcoordination between multiple agencies.As the manager of 70% of Victoria’s coastalareas, Parks Victoria plays a significantsupport role in responses to marine pollutionincidents. The responsibilities for respondingto emergency incidents in Victoria andVictorian waters is outlined in the EmergencyManagement Act 1986 (Vic.). In Victorianwaters the Victorian Marine PollutionContingency Plan (VICPLAN) (MSV 2002)outlines broad response arrangements to apotential oil or chemical spill (section 8.3).Aims• Minimise the negative impacts of changesto water quality on sanctuary values.• Minimise the impact of threateningprocesses from catchment-sourcedactivities.Management strategies• Liaise with Hobsons Bay City Council,Melbourne Water and EPA Victoria tominimise the impacts of stormwater fromthe Paisley Challis Wetlands, the RangeEstate Lakes and other stormwater drainsto achieve water quality levels consistentwith SEPP objectives.Jawbone Marine Sanctuary 15

Strategies for natural values conservation• Liaise with Hobsons Bay City Council,Melbourne Water and EPA Victoria toseek removal of the stormwater drainemptying into the sanctuary and, in theinterim, ensure that there is no increase instormwater inputs and the installation of alitter trap.• Support proposals to reduce stormwaterinputs into the sanctuary such as theinstallation of a stormwater harvestingand reuse system at the Bayview Campusof Williamstown High School.• Seek amendment to Hobsons Bay CityCouncil’s and Melbourne Water’sstormwater management plans toacknowledge the sanctuary andincorporate strategies to protect sanctuaryvalues.• Liaise with Hobsons Bay City Council tominimise litter within the sanctuary.• Seek the installation of litter and oil trapson nearby stormwater drains andstormwater drains entering KororoitCreek.• Remove accumulated litter from accessibleintertidal areas within the sanctuary wherenecessary to ensure public safety and toprotect sanctuary values or as part of anemergency response such as to oil orchemical spills (section 7.1).• Investigate the sources of litter affectingthe sanctuary and encourage theinvolvement of community groups.Implement education and collectionprograms in the sanctuary, includingparticipation in Clean Up Australia Daysubject to safety considerations.• Liaise with the Port Phillip andWesternport CMA, Melbourne Water andother relevant organisations on themanagement of Kororoit Creek, CherryCreek/Melbourne Water DrainageEasement and Laverton Creek andcatchment issues that may indirectlyinfluence the water quality of thesanctuary.• Support Hobsons Bay City Council,Melbourne Water and DSE to eliminatethe discharge of untreated sewage fromnearby fishing clubs into Port Phillip.• Incorporate water quality and catchmentissues in interpretation and educationprograms and liaise with relevant agenciesto communicate benefits to the sanctuaryin wider community education programs.• Support the development of aNeighbourhood Environment ImprovementPlan for Kororoit Creek and adjacentneighbourhood.• Respond to marine incidents within thesanctuary in accordance with theEmergency Management Act and theVictorian Marine Pollution ContingencyPlan (VICPLAN) (MSV 2002).4.3 HydrodynamicsPort Phillip is a very shallow embayment(maximum depth 24 m); the circulation ofwater is dominated by wind and tidal forces.Despite having a maximum depth of only 2–3 m, Jawbone Marine Sanctuary is exposed tothe active and fluctuating hydrodynamicprocesses of the northern end of Port Phillip.There is little background swell in this part ofPort Phillip; the water is calm when the wind isstill. In moderate winds the waves are choppyand under 0.5 m, but in strong westerlyconditions waves can reach heights of 2 m.Wave energy is driven by westerly winds,coming from the north-west in summer andsouth-west in winter. Wind and wave actionalso influence the beaches, affecting grain size,deposition and erosion. Natural hydrodynamicevents such as storm surges displace seaweedand kelp communities, erode beaches anddeposit sand over the reefs. The sanctuary hasan unequal semidiurnal tidal pattern, with ahigher and lower flooding and ebbing eventdaily. The tidal range is less than 1 m and thewater in the sanctuary is exchanged every 28–50 tidal cycles.Although Port Phillip is very shallow thetemperature is very constant, with very littleday-to-day variation. The average surfacewater temperature in the bay is 21°C insummer and 11°C in winter (Harris et al.1996).Potentially threatening processes to thehydrodynamic of the sanctuary include sealevelrise and altered current flows. Becausehuman-induced changes to local hydrodynamic16 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

Strategies for natural values conservationprocesses could affect the values of thesanctuary, any proposals for newinfrastructure, including artificial reefs, willgenerally be inappropriate in Marine NationalParks or Marine Sanctuaries. Naturalhydrodynamic events such as storm surges andregular sand erosion or deposition areconsidered to be ongoing natural processes(section 4.1).Aim• Minimise impacts on sanctuary valuesfrom human-induced changes to localhydrodynamic processes.Management strategies• Provide advice on planning applicationsfor developments that could affectsanctuary hydrodynamic processes, whereappropriate (section 7.2).• Encourage research into natural andunnatural hydrodynamic processes toincrease knowledge and understandingand direct future management of thesanctuary.4.4 Habitats and communitiesVictoria’s system of Marine National Parksand Marine Sanctuaries has been established toprotect a representative example of marinehabitats within Victorian waters. AlthoughJawbone Marine Sanctuary is small, it supportsa considerable diversity of communities andhabitats including extensive rocky basalt reef,seagrass beds, intertidal flats, sandy beaches,subtidal soft sediments and one of the fewstands of mangroves occurring in Port PhillipBay (LCC 1987).The biodiversity of marine habitats andassociated communities of the sanctuary andtheir lack of disturbance are considered unique(CFL 1989). The area was protected fromhuman disturbance and urban development bythe existence of the Merrett Rifle Range for110 years until 1987. Since then, public accesshas not been permitted to the coastal andintertidal areas of the western side of JawboneFlora and Fauna Reserve. The benefits of thisprotection are evident in the delicate mangroveand saltmarsh communities living between theboulders. The sanctuary protects one of thefew stands of mangroves remaining in PortPhillip and the only example of mangrovesliving between the boulders in Victoria.This extended period of protection has madethe sanctuary a valuable reference area formarine ecologists studying correlationsbetween human disturbance and intertidalinvertebrate populations.Indigenous people recognise natural values asan intrinsic element of Country. The diversityand abundance of birds and marine species inthe sanctuary provided an important foodsource for the Traditional Owners.Sandy beach communitiesThe only intertidal sandy beach in thesanctuary is at Jawbone Bay. In addition to itsrecreational and scenic values, the intertidalsandy beach is an important habitat formeiofauna, invertebrates such as amphipods,isopods, molluscs and polychaetes, and is alsofeeding ground for fish and seabirds (Plummeret al. 2003). Physical factors greatly affect thedistribution and composition of organismsfound in sandy beaches. The beach has naturalsea wrack, in the form of seaweed, and otherorganic material, which is a habitat forinvertebrates and a food source for seabirds. Itis an intrinsic part of the beach ecosystem, andshould not be disturbed or removed in thenecessary and desirable process of removingartificial litter or waste from the beach. Beachcleaning that removes kelp and invertebratesfrom intertidal sandy beach areas can affectecological processes and biodiversity (Brown& Lachlan 2002) (section 4.2).Key threatening processes for sandy beachesinclude bait collection, litter, pollution, oil andchemical spills, beach cleaning and removal ofvegetation and wrack, and unnaturalhydrodynamic changes.Soft sediment communitiesThe subtidal and intertidal soft sediments ofthe sanctuary comprise approximately 7 ha ofthe sanctuary. The intertidal soft sediments areat the western end of the sanctuary, and areinhabited by micro-algae, polychaete worms,bivalves and amphipods. The mudflats arefeeding areas for fish including stingarees,globefish, flounder, flathead and whiting.Subtidal soft sediments are diverse andnutrient-rich habitats. Species compositionJawbone Marine Sanctuary 17

Strategies for natural values conservationoften depends on the grain size and physicalstructure of the sediment. The spaces betweenthe sand grains provide a habitat for numerousspecies of small organisms such as nematodesand copepods. Invertebrates such as bivalvemolluscs, amphipods, echinoderms andpolychaetes are associated with the upperlayers of the sediment, while large animalssuch as benthic fish, crabs and seastars areassociated with the sediment surface.Key threatening processes for intertidal andsubtidal soft sediments include mechanicaldisturbance, changes in sediment depositionpatterns including sedimentation fromdredging, pollution, stormwater and changes towater quality and flow.The subtidal and intertidal soft sediments ofthe sanctuary also support two hectares ofseagrass beds mainly in Jawbone Bay andWader Beach. The seagrass beds are composedof Zostera and Heterozostera spp. (Blake &Ball 2001; Plumber et al. 2003). Seagrass bedsare complex and productive environments thatprovide habitat, nursery and feeding groundsfor a wide range of organisms including somecommercially important species. They providehabitat for epiphytic algae and diatoms,grazing invertebrates such as gastropodmolluscs and amphipod crustaceans, and otheranimals such as juvenile fish, pipefish andcrabs.Visitors may be unaware of and unable torecognise exposed seagrass beds as vulnerablehabitat. Key threatening processes for seagrasscommunities are trampling and disturbance byvisitors, dogs and boats, and anchoring,propeller scour, changes in sedimentdeposition patterns including sedimentationfrom dredging, pollution, and changes to waterquality and flow.Mangrove and saltmarsh communitiesThe intertidal reefs of the sanctuary along theJawbone promontory support a unique WhiteMangrove (Avicennia marina) community, oneof the few stands of mangrove in Port Phillip.The mangroves have established their roots inpockets of sediment lodged in fissures in thefractured basalt rather than on mudflats. This isunique in Victoria and combined with theassociated saltmarsh vegetation is consideredto be of State significance. The mangroves arebehind a wide band of intertidal boulders andprovide important habitat for a number of birdand fish species as well as crustaceans andmolluscs. They are highly productiveenvironments that provide a good food sourcefor many species while the ‘peg roots’ orpneumatophores provide shelter. Mangrovesare sensitive to disturbance includingtrampling and take a long time to recover.Mangroves at the mouth of Kororoit Creekwere almost completely destroyed in 1950 byoil discharged by a vessel in the bay (Willis1951; Fawcett 1951). Visitors may be unawareof the sensitivity of this habitat (section 6.5).Saltmarsh plant communities are generallyfound landward of mangroves above andaround the mean high water mark, preferringto be occasionally submerged. The saltmarshcommunity within the sanctuary is foundamong the basalt boulders and soft sedimentand occasionally seaward of the mangroves.The upper saltmarsh area is characterised byglasswort and the lower or intertidal saltmarsharea is characterised by austral seablite, beadedand shrubby glasswort. The fauna of thesaltmarsh community is characterised by airbreathinggastropods and the littorinidBembicium melanostomum. The saltmarsh isalso potential habitat for the endangeredOrange-bellied Parrot.Key threatening processes for mangrove andsaltmarsh communities include changes in tidalpatterns, freshwater inputs, pollution (section4.2) and trampling (section 6.1).Rocky reef communitiesExtensive intertidal and subtidal reefs in thesanctuary occupy half of the sanctuary (15 ha)and are formed by a wide band of fracturedbasalt and boulders up to 30 m wide, extendingfor several hundred metres along the shoreline.Resident species are adapted to environmentalextremes and high wave energy. Thecomposition of species depends on thedynamic processes of competition, predation,recruitment, disturbance and frequency of tidalsubmergence. Macro-algae are generallyabsent from the upper intertidal area; the algalassemblage on the lower intertidal reef iscomposed principally of turfing algae,coralline algae and Ulva spp. The intertidalreef is characterised by molluscs, in particularherbivorous gastropods including theVariegated Limpet, Blue Mussel, Scaled18 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

Strategies for natural values conservationNerite, Striped-mouth Conniwink, Ribbed andZebra top shells (Hart et al. 2003). Carnivorousmolluscs, including Wine-mouthed Lepsiella,and the encrusting tubeworm Galeolaria,occur in the lower intertidal area.Key threatening processes for the intertidalreefs and associated communities includechanges in tidal patterns, marine pests (section4.6), pollution (section 4.2), trampling (section6.1), and illegal removal of biota, in particularshellfish for food or bait (Keough & Quinn2000).The subtidal reef consists of large basaltboulders providing a complex habitat. Thealgal assemblage is characterised by lowabundance of large algal species and is insteaddominated by low turfs of the filamentousbrown algae Ectocarpales spp. The presence ofEctocarpales spp. in high abundance is oftenan indicator of high nutrient concentrationsand may reflect a large estuarine influence ofnearby Kororoit Creek (Hart et al. 2003)(section 4.2). A variety of other algal speciescover the reef including the iridescent Dictyotadichotoma, Ulva spp. and red algal species.The subtidal reef is also covered by sponges,encrusting coralline algae and large areas ofthe temperate hard coral Plesiastrea versipora(Hart et al. 2003). These provide habitat formany sessile invertebrates, including the veryabundant Common Sea Urchin and Black-lipAbalone as well as many crustaceans, seastars,molluscs and nudibranchs (Riley & Riley2003). Common fish species include theSouthern Hulafish, Zebra Fish, DuskyMorwong and Six-spined Leatherjacket(Plumber et al. 2003, R. Leppitt pers. comm.).Key threatening processes for the subtidalreefs and associated communities includealtered tidal patterns (section 4.3), marine pests(section 4.6), pollution and stormwater (section4.2), sedimentation from dredging, diverdamage (section 6.2), and illegal removal ofbiota for collection, bait or food.Water column communitiesThe water column of the sanctuary has bothplanktonic and free-swimming species.Planktonic species are poor swimmers and arelargely dependent on currents for movement,nutrients and food. Plankton primarily consistsof microscopic animals, such as copepods, andplants, such as diatoms. Larger animals, suchas jellyfish and ctenophores, also form part ofthe plankton. Many organisms spend the earlystage of their life in the plankton beforereturning as recruits to the adult habitat.Common free-swimming animals includesquid, sharks, rays and bony fish such aswhiting, garfish and mullet.Marine mammals such as Bottlenose Dolphinsand seals are commonly seen in Port Phillipand potentially use the sanctuary or nearbywaters; other large mammals may pass close tothe sanctuary. All whales and dolphins areprotected under the Wildlife Act 1975 (Vic.)and the Wildlife (Whale) Regulations 1998(Vic.). Under this legislation the minimumapproach distances for whales and dolphins are30 m for swimmers and divers, 50 m forsurfers and 100 m for recreational andcommercial vessels, including personal watercraft and motorised swimming aids.The Victorian Cetacean Contingency Plan(NRE 1999c) specifies arrangements fordealing with marine mammals that becomestranded, entrapped, entangled or wounded.The Wildlife Response Plan for Oil Spills(NRE 1997a) guides the rescue and treatmentof injured or oiled wildlife.Seabirds and shorebirdsThe sanctuary encompasses the eastern end ofa nationally significant shorebird feeding areathat extends from Williamstown to Altona(Garnett et al. 1986; Plummer et al. 2003). ThePort Phillip Bay (Western Shoreline) andBellarine Peninsula Ramsar Site extends southfrom Altona to Limeburners Bay. Thecombination of the geomorphologicallandform and vegetation of the rocky reef,mangroves and saltmarsh as well as the otherdiverse intertidal habitats including seagrassbeds, mudflats, and sandy beach of thesanctuary form an important feeding androosting area for local and migratory seabirdsand shorebirds.Over 120 bird species were recorded within theJawbone area in 1989 (CFL 1989) and over140 by the Friends of Williamstown Wetlandsin 2003 (R. Leppitt pers. comm.). Many ofthese birds are migratory waders includingRed-necked Stint, Curlew, and Sharp-tailedSandpiper, which feed on the intertidalmudflats at Wader Beach and roost on thebeach or nearby rocks. The large basaltJawbone Marine Sanctuary 19

Strategies for natural values conservationboulders have many horizontal and verticalfaces, which are important intertidal roostingsites for a large numbers of seabirds andshorebirds including cormorants, pelicans,gulls and terns.The endangered Orange-bellied Parrot, listedunder the EPBC and FFG Acts, migratesannually to coastal Victoria between Marchand October. The most recent sighting of anOrange-bellied Parrot in the Jawbone area wasin the intertidal saltmarsh in 1988. The speciesis threatened by loss of habitat, in particularsaltmarsh feeding grounds, urbandevelopment, agricultural practices andrecreation.Birds are vulnerable to habitat loss anddisturbance from human activities, includingannoyance from dogs (section 6.6), wanderingdomestic cats (section 4.6), boating activities(section 6.3) and rockpool rambling (section6.5). Disturbance to birds can result in speciesno longer visiting a site, a decline in speciesnumbers and low body weight in migratorybirds.All species that are recorded within thesanctuary listed as threatened or protected byinternational agreements or other legislation(e.g. JAMBA, CAMBA) are either birds orlarge marine mammals. This reflects thecurrent vertebrate focus of threatened speciesmanagement. Environmental managementwithin the sanctuary takes a habitat-basedrather than a species-based approach.Management of marine ecologicalcommunities within the sanctuary, rather thanthreatened species, is also likely to protect andenhance threatened species populations.Whole-of-habitat management may also resultin the protection of species not yet identifiedbecause of their rarity, cryptic nature, or lackof search effort.All forms of extraction, including shellfishremoval, recreational and commercial fishing,are prohibited within the sanctuary.Aquaculture and the feeding of animals,including fish and birds, are also not permittedin the sanctuary.The access restrictions associated with theoperation of Merrett Rifle Range may havelimited opportunities for research of the marineand coastal areas of the Jawbone but alsoprevented disturbance. Its lack of disturbancemakes the sanctuary a valuable scientificreference area for marine ecologists studyingthe correlation between human disturbance andintertidal invertebrate populations (Sharpe &Keough 1998; Keough et al. 1993),interactions and competition between limpets(Marshall & Keough 1994; Keough et al.1997) and competition and variation in algalcommunities (O’Brien 1975).Current research and ongoing monitoring isdirected by the Statewide Strategy (ParksVictoria 2003b) and is targeted at collectingbaseline biological information for thesanctuary that will be used to build knowledge,identify threats, understand long-term changesin population abundances, communitystructure and ecological processes in the life ofthis plan. Long-term intertidal and subtidal reefmonitoring sites are established within thesanctuary (Hart et al. 2003; Edmunds et al.2004; Hart et al. 2005). To understand thesanctuary within a broader context, monitoringcompares these with sites outside the sanctuaryboundaries. This work will assist in identifyingindicator species and habitats. The results,available on Parks Victoria’s website, willenable an assessment of the ecologicalcondition of the sanctuary to be made.Volunteers and community groups can make avaluable contribution to the monitoring of thesanctuary and other management programs(section 8.2).Aims• Protect marine ecological communities andindigenous flora and fauna, and allownatural processes to continue.• Improve knowledge of marine ecologicalcommunities, flora and fauna andthreatening processes to improvemanagement, protection and appreciation.Management strategies• Maintain the sanctuary’s value as ascientific reference area and a migratoryseabird and shorebird roosting andfeeding habitat by continuing to restrictpublic access to the sensitive intertidalareas (sections 3.2, 6.2, 6.3 and 6.5).• Focus visitor activities, including boatingactivities and shore-based activities, atJawbone Bay to minimise impacts on flora20 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

Strategies for natural values conservationand fauna and communities, particularlyin relation to impacts from trampling andnon-compliance with no-fishing provisions(sections 6.1, 6.3, 6.5 and 8.3).• Implement priority actions from approvedaction statements or recovery plans toaddress threats to the Orange-belliedParrot and other listed species.• Ensure sightings of marine flora and faunaare recorded on the Parks VictoriaEnvironmental Information System and,DSE statewide databases (section 8.3).• Identify and support research into keythreatening processes and majorknowledge gaps.• Map habitats at scales suitable formanagement purposes and maintain andsupport appropriate long-term habitatmonitoring program as part of relevantstatewide marine habitat mapping andmonitoring programs.• Work with seabird and shorebirdconservation organisations to support birdmonitoring programs within the sanctuary.• Undertake regular risk assessment andassess the major threats to habitats andcommunities, and review managementprograms as appropriate.• Promote and support opportunities forcommunity participation in monitoringprograms within the sanctuary (section8.2).• Encourage research to identify Indigenousknowledge relating to communities andspecies (sections 5.1 and 8.2).• Reflect Indigenous knowledge of marinelife in management practices asappropriate.• Reflect Indigenous knowledge ofcommunities and species in managementpractices as appropriate, and ensure thattheir significance to the TraditionalOwners is respected in all managementand visitor activities.• Respond to cetacean incidents inaccordance with the Victorian CetaceanContingency Plan (section 8.3).4.5 Landscape and seascapeThe seascape of Jawbone Marine Sanctuaryhas been protected by the Merrett Rifle Rangeand is largely unaltered. The landscape aroundthe sanctuary features grassy plains, gentlysloping towards saltmarsh and shallow sandyflats and a low rocky basalt platform. Whilethe landscape has been modified, there remainimportant geological features that illustrate thenatural terrain features and processes (section4.1).The seascape from the sanctuary and theadjacent lookout at Compass Hill includesPoint Cook, Altona and the You Yangs, and asfar as Arthurs Seat and the Bellarine Peninsulaon clear days.The landscape and seascape of the sanctuaryare an intrinsic element of Country of theTraditional Owners. The natural beauty of thisprotected area and surrounds are the basis of atreasured lifestyle for local residents and anintegral part of its attraction for visitors.Landscape character types are used to broadlycharacterise different landscape types outsideurban settlements (DSE 2006). The landscapecharacter of the urban area around thesanctuary was not assessed. Details aboutlandscape management objectives andguidelines are provided in the MunicipalReference Document for the area.Siting and Design Guidelines for the VictorianCoast (VCC 1998) provides guidelines toassist in the protection of coastal landscapevalues (section 7.2).Hobsons Bay Planning Scheme (HBCC 2006a)regulates developments on the adjacentforeshore to protect the sanctuary’s landscapes(section 7.2). Coastal developments on theadjacent Jawbone Reserve also requirepermission under the Coastal Management Act(section 8.3).Aims• Protect landscape and seascape valueswithin the sanctuary including the naturalbeauty and character.• Minimise visual impacts on the seascapeand landscape of management activitiesand any future developments.Jawbone Marine Sanctuary 21

Strategies for natural values conservationManagement strategies• Ensure that external agencies that havepotential to affect the sanctuary’slandscape values consider theirimportance in planning and managingtheir activities (section 7.2).• Consider the significance of landscape tothe Traditional Owners in planning andimplementing management activities,interpretation and education programs(sections 4.1, 5.1, 6.1 and 8.2).4.6 Marine and other pestsOver 100 exotic marine species are known tohave become established in Victorian marinewaters (Hewitt et al. 1999). Some have becomemarine pests. Those recorded within thesanctuary include the Northern Pacific Seastar,European Fan Worm, Japanese Seaweed(Undaria) and European Green Crab. Thepotential for further invasions is high.Marine pests can have a devastating impact onMarine National Parks and MarineSanctuaries. The introduction of marine pestsinto Victorian waters is listed as a potentiallythreatening process on Schedule 3 of the Floraand Fauna Guarantee Act (FFG). Victoria’smanagement priorities in relation to marinepests are set out in an FFG Action Statement(NRE 1999a).Prevention of marine pest invasions is the mosteffective management option. Preventioninvolves reducing the risk that a pest will beintroduced to the sanctuary. In a very limitednumber of cases, with specific criteria, controlmeasures may be attempted for establishedpest populations generally as part of acoordinated regional or national response.However, experience elsewhere has shown thatproposals to control established marine pestsneed to consider fully their likelyeffectiveness.The interconnectedness of the marineenvironment and the ability of many marinepests to migrate over long distances mean thatcontrol measures may be feasible only inlimited circumstances. For example, usingtechniques that are successful on land, such asphysical removal by hand, might make thesituation worse, as some marine pestsregenerate fully from fragments dislodgedduring removal. Where implemented, controlmeasures will meet national guidelines formanaging marine pests. Because of thepossibility of misidentifications orexacerbation of the pest problem, controlmeasures will need to be part of authorisedprograms. In some cases, further nationallycoordinated research is required into controlmeasures.Victorian marine pest emergency managementarrangements (Interim Victorian Protocol forManaging Exotic Marine OrganismIncursions) (NRE 1999b) will form the basisfor responding to new introductions andexisting incursions of marine pests. Adoptingthe Waste Management Policy (Ships’ BallastWater) (EPA 2004) for Victorian waters willhelp reduce the risk of marine pest incursionsfrom ships’ ballast water. Emergencyresponses to marine pest outbreaks in Victoriaare managed as part of agreed nationalarrangements for marine pest emergencies.The Consultative Committee for IntroducedMarine Pest Emergencies provides nationaloversight. Parks Victoria actively supports theprotocol by adopting best practice within theorganisation and educating and informing thecommunity about prevention measures.Vessel cleaning and maintenance guidelines tohelp prevent the spread of marine pests (DSE2004) aim to reduce the risk of spreadingmarine introduced pests by providing practicalsolutions for vessel operators for cleaning gearand hulls. Supporting initiatives includeCleaner Marinas: EPA Guidelines forProtecting Victoria’s Marinas (EPA 1998).Parks Victoria Rangers, Fisheries VictoriaOfficers, community-based organisations (e.g.dive clubs), and visitors play an important rolein the monitoring and early detection of marineintroduced pests in the planning area (section8.2).Wandering domestic cats and dogs (section6.6) from residential properties near thesanctuary, and feral cats can kill birds andother native animals that use the intertidalareas.Aims• Minimise the risk of introduction ofmarine and other pests by human activities,and their subsequent establishment in thesanctuary.22 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

Strategies for natural values conservation• Establish arrangements for the detection ofnew incursions within the sanctuary insupport of Victorian marine pestmanagement arrangements.• Implement national or Victoria-wide pestspecies control arrangements as they relateto the sanctuary.Management strategies• Support DSE in educating Parks Victoriastaff, Fisheries Victoria Officers and thecommunity to identify marine pests andmethods of preventing their spread.• Encourage and support the Friends andcommunity groups such as Reef Watch,researchers, licensed tour operators andcontractors to integrate the identificationof marine pests into their activities and tomonitor for and report marine pests in thesanctuary.• Ensure that the detection of marine pests isreported in accordance with Victorian pestmanagement arrangements and recordedon Parks Victoria’s EnvironmentalInformation System and other relevantdatabases.• Manage all pest incursions in accordancewith the Interim Victorian Protocol (NRE1999b) (section 8.3).• Establish an ongoing program to minimisethe risk of marine pest introduction andsubsequent spread that addressesimproving the understanding of thepotential means of introduction and spreadand formalising arrangements forprevention, reporting, monitoring andresponse.• Undertake pest programs only whereresearch indicates that control oreradication is feasible and likely to beeffective or as part of a coordinatedregional or national response.• Avoid translocation or new introductionsby promoting boat-cleaning protocols forall recreational boats and contractors(section 6.3) in accordance with the DSEbrochure ‘Aquatic Pests: Treat ’em mean– keep your boat clean’.• Ensure that management vessels operatingin the sanctuary are maintained accordingto Victorian Government boat-cleaningprotocols (DSE 2004).• Include boat-cleaning protocols incontracts, licences or permits ofcontracted vessels, research vessels, andlicensed tour operator vessels operating inthe sanctuary.• Encourage recreational divers to adoptprotocols to ensure that diving equipmentis clean (section 6.4).• Ensure that any new marine infrastructurewithin the sanctuary is treated to removeany marine pests.• Work with Hobsons Bay City Council toseek the introduction of cat curfew by-lawsin residential areas near by the sanctuary.Jawbone Marine Sanctuary 23

5 STRATEGIES FOR CULTURAL VALUES CONSERVATION5.1 Indigenous cultural heritageThe coast and sea are culturally significant toIndigenous communities, which have a longassociation with the Williamstown coastline.Indigenous people have inhabited the PortPhillip region for around 40 000 years, andmiddens along the coast indicate that the KulinNation have inhabited the area for at least 6000years. At the end of the last glacial phase,about 6000 years ago, the sea level rose toflood the large plains of Port Phillip, whichprovided prosperous grounds for huntingkangaroo and the cultivation of Yam Daisy.The Boonwurrung, Woiwurrung and threeother wurrungs (language groups) form thefederation group, Kulin Nation, whichoccupies an area covering most of centralVictoria. The Kulin people lived as huntersand gatherers for many generations. Seasonalchanges in the weather and availability offoods would determine where campsites werelocated.The Boonwurrung occupied the Port Phillipand Western Port area, from the WerribeeRiver in the west to the Tarwin River in SouthGippsland. The ancestors of the YalukitWillam clan, one of six clans that make up theBoonwurrung language group, wereinhabitants of a small strip of coastline north ofthe Mordialloc Creek following around to theWerribee River. The Yalukit Willam clanfrequented the coastal area around Jawbone tocatch fish and gather shellfish from the reefsand to travel and communicate with otherclans. A midden in the Jawbone Reserve area(Presland 1983) indicates that the area was asignificant site to the Yalukit Willam clan.The ancestors of the Woiwurrung would havealso visited the coastal area around Jawbone totravel and communicate with other clans and tocollect food from the reefs. The Woiwurrung–the Wurundjeri people occupied the area that isnow Melbourne, extending north of the GreatDividing Ranges, east to Mt Baw Baw, southto Mordialloc Creek and west to the WerribeeRiver. European settlement and the resultingconflicts, reduction in food resources andintroduction of new diseases dramaticallyreduced the Boonwurrung and Woiwurrung.Clans found it difficult to maintain their wayof life and in many places were evicted fromtheir land. Nevertheless the Boonwurrung andWoiwurrung have strong connections with thesanctuary area today.Indigenous tradition indicates that thesanctuary is part of Country of Boonwurrung(section 5.1).All Aboriginal places, objects and Aboriginalhuman remains are protected under theAboriginal Heritage Act (section 2.5). It is anoffence to damage, interfere with or endangeran Aboriginal place, object or human remainsexcept in accordance with a Cultural HeritageManagement Plan developed with the relevantRegistered Aboriginal Party(s) or where thereis no Registered Aboriginal Party with theDepartment of Victorian Communities.Issues relating to the protection of Aboriginalcultural heritage are approached in accordancewith this Act. Issues relating to native title aredealt with according to the Native Title Act(section 2.5).There are no known Indigenous places orobjects within the sanctuary but it is yet to besurveyed.Aims• Protect Aboriginal places and objects frominterference or damaging activities.• Support the views of the TraditionalOwners in managing the sanctuary.Management strategies• Protect Aboriginal places and objects fromdisturbance and damage in partnershipwith the relevant Registered AboriginalParty and DVC (section 8.3), and inaccordance with:• relevant legislation including theAboriginal Heritage Act• relevant cooperative managementagreements• Parks Victoria’s Guidelines forWorking with Aboriginal Communitiesand Protection of Cultural Sites (ParksVictoria 2002).24 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

Strategies for cultural values conservation• Respect the views of the TraditionalOwners and the cultural obligations ofIndigenous communities.• Assess annual sanctuary programs tointegrate relevant Indigenous practicesand minimise the potential for impact ofsanctuary management activities onAboriginal cultural heritage, inconsultation relevant RegisteredAboriginal Party.• Maintain confidentiality in respect ofIndigenous cultural obligations,knowledge, places, objects andaspirations, in accordance with the viewsof the relevant Registered AboriginalParty (sections 6.1 and 8.2).• Where appropriate, encourage researchinto the Indigenous cultural heritagerelating to the sanctuary in collaborationwith the relevant Registered AboriginalParty and in liaison with AAV (section8.3). Use results to target protection andother management activities (sections 6.1,6.2, 7.1 and 7.2).• Work with the relevant RegisteredAboriginal Party to assess and identifyIndigenous cultural heritage suitable forpromotion and interpretation (sections 6.1and 8.2).5.2 Maritime and other culturalheritageWhen settled in 1835, Williamstown wasintended to be the main settlement for the PortPhillip region. Named after King William IV,Williamstown prospered as a port because ofthe safe anchorage in Hobsons Bay and itsconvenience as the first point of call forMelbourne. By 1870 Williamstown was themajor cargo port of Victoria.The sanctuary was used as a scuttling groundfor ships that had outlived their usefulness.The exposed location, rocky bottom, proximityto Williamstown and restricted public accessmade it an ideal place to scuttle wrecks. Thelocations of two wrecks, the Macedon andCarmen, have been identified in the sanctuary.Three other wrecks, the Agnes, Baldrock andEster, are known to be in the sanctuary and itis possible that more wrecks will be found(appendix 3).Sheep and cattle were grazed on the areasadjacent to the sanctuary for a short timebefore overstocking led to the failure ofgrazing in Williamstown. In the 1850s, thearea that is now Jawbone Flora and FaunaReserve, Jawbone Reserve and adjacentresidential area was purchased by ThomasWilsmore, a local butcher. Livestock wasoffloaded from ships directly intoslaughterhouse yards established on theproperty adjacent to the western end of thesanctuary. Remnants of the slaughterhousemay remain within the sanctuary.The Wilsmore Estate was purchased by theVictorian Government in 1877 for use as arifle range for metropolitan riflemen.Originally called the Victoria Rangers,ownership of the rifle range was transferred tothe Commonwealth Government in 1904 withthe passage of the Constitution Act atFederation. The Rifle Range was used formilitary training during World War II andrenamed Merrett Rifle Range after ColonelMerrett in 1954. In 1956 it was the venue forthe rifle shooting events of the MelbourneOlympic Games. Remains of the rifle range inthe sanctuary include collapsed markers andnavigation poles, ammunition, and remnants ofa stone wall running east–west along theshoreline of Jawbone Bay (CFL 1989) (figure2).Pressure had been growing to decommissionthe range since the early 1980s and in 1986 theCommonwealth announced that the RifleRange was to be sold. The Williamstown RifleRange Working Group, set up to develop aconcept plan for the development of the site,recommended that the site be used for privateand public housing, conservation, open spaceand recreation.The Urban Land Authority purchased the RifleRange in 1987. However, the Rifle Range wasstill used until 1990 when in accordance withthe contract of sale the Urban Land Authoritytransferred approximately 50 ha of coastal landto the then Department of Conservation,Forests and Land for conservation, recreationand open space purposes and developed theremaining land for housing (CFL 1989).Fishers have had a long association with theJawbone area. The remains of a structurethought to have been built and used by them,can still be found on the Jawbone above theJawbone Marine Sanctuary 25

Strategies for cultural values conservationsanctuary. The sanctuary’s waters were usedfor commercial and recreational fishing, inparticular the collection of abalone. A stonewalledboat harbour abuts the south-easterncorner of the sanctuary. The harbour was builtin the late 1920s and is currently used byfishing clubs. Fishing clubs were alsoestablished at the mouth of the Kororoit Creekat the turn of the twentieth century.Heritage Victoria has primary responsibilityfor the management of shipwrecks and othermaritime artefacts within the sanctuary. ParksVictoria has established a Memorandum ofUnderstanding with Heritage Victoria, whichidentifies respective roles and responsibilitieswith regard to protection and interpretation ofshipwrecks, shipwreck artefacts and otherarchaeological sites within the boundaries ofMarine National Parks and MarineSanctuaries.Aims• Conserve and protect places and values ofhistoric and cultural significance.• Encourage learning and understandingabout maritime and other historic heritageof the sanctuary.Management strategies• Manage places and values of historic andcultural significance in accordance withthe Burra Charter of Australia ICOMOS,the provisions of the Heritage Act 1995(Vic.) and the Historic Shipwrecks Act1976 (Cwlth), Parks Victoria’s HeritageManagement Strategy (Parks Victoria2003b) and Heritage Victoria’sMemorandum of Understanding (MOU).• Encourage documentation of the history ofpast use and activity in the sanctuary andadjoining coastal area by local historicalgroups, and protect any historic placesand objects that may be discovered fromdamaging or inappropriate activities.• In accordance with the MOU, monitorshipwrecks and support HeritageVictoria’s maritime heritage protectionand research programs. Consult HeritageVictoria about management activities thatmight affect known wrecks.• Report concerns of shipwreck or relicdamage by the environment or by humaninterference to Heritage Victoria'sMaritime Heritage Unit.• Support dive clubs in locating,photographing and reporting the conditionof historic shipwrecks, and record this andother information about heritage values inParks Victoria’s Asset ManagementSystem to help monitor shipwrecks.• Include historic heritage information ineducation, information and interpretationprograms for the sanctuary and theadjoining Jawbone Flora and FaunaReserve (section 6.1).26 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

6 STRATEGIES FOR VISITORS6.1 Information, interpretation andeducationProviding information, interpretation andeducation can help orientate and informvisitors, increase visitor enjoyment andsatisfaction, foster an understanding andappreciation of the sanctuary’s special naturaland cultural values, build understanding ofmanagement activities, and help visitors toexperience the sanctuary in a safe andappropriate manner. Parks Victoria deliversinformation, interpretation and education tovisitors by various means, including itswebsite, ranger patrols, Marine Notes, signage,tourism brochures and other publications,displays, and licensed tour operators. Theseservices may be developed and provided incollaboration with other agencies.Having a representative system of MarineNational Parks and Marine Sanctuaries inVictoria presents a unique opportunity toeducate visitors and the broader communityabout the features and benefits of a statewidesystem of protected areas. At the same time, arange of information, interpretation andeducation products that are specific to thesanctuary are or will be provided.Pre-visit information and Park Notes for thesanctuary are available from Parks Victoriaoffices, the Parks Victoria Information Centreand website, and accredited informationcentres.Orientation, information and regulatory signsand interpretation infrastructure, includingregulatory totems, are outside the sanctuary onadjacent foreshore reserves and boat ramps,which are mostly managed by Hobsons BayCity Council (section 7.2). Signs andinterpretation infrastructure outside thesanctuary are located at:• the main access point from Rifle RangeDrive in Jawbone Reserve (figure 2)• local boat ramps at Newport (theWarmies), Werribee and Altona.The small size and geographical prominence ofthe sanctuary make it relatively easy toidentify. Yellow onshore triangles mark wherethe sanctuary boundary intersects with thecoast; the triangles point toward the sanctuary.In-water piles with a yellow cross and yellowbuoys ‘Special Marks’ define the waterboundary of the sanctuary. Special Marks arealso used to indicate a special area or feature,the nature of which may be found byconsulting a navigational chart; some examplesinclude spoil grounds, pipelines and recreation(section 7.2). Sanctuary boundaries can beidentified by using a global positioning system(GPS) (section 7.2).Existing interpretation and education for thesanctuary convey information on the sanctuarylocation, boundaries, natural values,recreational activities, safety and compliance.Key themes for the sanctuary focus on naturalvalues and history of scientific study, culturalheritage, minimal impact practices and visitoraccess, sanctuary health and catchment issues.Providing further information about keythemes for the sanctuary would assist visitorappreciation and an understanding of thesanctuary’s values.The accessible intertidal beach area and theintertidal reefs at low tide in Jawbone Bay areused for walking and nature observationincluding marine education tours by licensedtour operators (section 6.7). Off-siteinterpretation signage at adjacent locations,including the shelter in Jawbone Reserve, theboardwalk in Jawbone Flora and FaunaReserve, and interpretive material help visitorsto enjoy and appreciate the sanctuary andavoid the inaccessible areas (sections 6.2 and6.5).Rangers organise interpretive activities forcommunity and school groups on request.Coast Action / Coastcare offers school holiday,community and summer activity programswithin the sanctuary.Trampling from rockpool rambling andintertidal activities has the potential to threatensensitive intertidal communities and vegetationif visitor numbers, access and activities are notcarefully managed (section 6.5). To minimisevisitor impacts, Parks Victoria (Parks Victoria2003d) has developed minimal impactguidelines (available on the Parks Victoriawebsite, www.parkweb.vic.gov.au) inpartnership with providers of education to helpJawbone Marine Sanctuary 27

Strategies for visitorsmanage these activities. Parks Victoria isworking with the Department of Education toencourage schools to notify Parks Victoria (tel:13 1963) of intended school group visits. Priornotification will allow teachers to obtainrelevant education materials and advice onsuitable sites, and help Parks Victoria tomonitor the number and timing of visits.Aims• Promote and encourage visitors todiscover, enjoy and appreciate thesanctuary’s natural and cultural values in asafe and appropriate manner throughinformation, interpretation and education.• Encourage public support for the sanctuaryand sanctuary management practices.Management strategies• Maintain visitor information,interpretation and educational materialappropriate to the sanctuary and raise theawareness of the significance of thesanctuary among the local and widercommunity (section 8.1).• Liaise with Hobsons Bay City Council inthe development of integrated signage,visitor information, interpretation, andeducational material for the sanctuary andadjacent Jawbone reserves.• Develop and deliver off–site interpretationsignage of the sanctuary’s key themes atCompass Hill and other interpretivematerial to promote protection and fosterappreciation by visitors (sections 4.1, 4.2,4.4, 5.1 and 5.2).• Continue to allow sustainable educationaluse by school and community groups andliaise with schools, educationalorganisations, other agencies, communityand Friends groups and licensed touroperators to:• coordinate educational activities• ensure delivery of coordinated andconsistent messages about keymanagement strategies andinterpretive themes• actively encourage use of areasoutside the sanctuary for off–sitemarine education and interpretation• promote the need for school groups tonotify Parks Victoria on 13 1963) ofintended group visits.• Promote greater public understanding andappreciation of, and respect for,Indigenous culture by incorporatinginformation about Indigenous culture,places and objects in information,interpretation and education programs, incollaboration and accordance with theviews of the Traditional Owners (sections5.1 and 8.2).• Provide appropriate opportunities andencourage and support Indigenouscommunities to participate in theinterpretation of Indigenous culturalheritage relating to the sanctuary with theagreement of the relevant RegisteredAboriginal Party (section 8.2).• Where appropriate, use Indigenouslanguage for natural features, plants andanimals in interpretive material and signs.• Promote opportunities for education andinterpretation programs throughfacilitating partnership arrangements withproviders of marine education programssuch as local schools.• Regularly evaluate information andinterpretive programs and success incommunicating key themes andmanagement practices.6.2 AccessAccess to the sanctuary is via JawboneReserve and Jawbone Flora and FaunaReserve. Jawbone Reserve can be accessedfrom various streets and the Bay Trail.Designated walking tracks and a boardwalk inthe eastern end of Jawbone Flora and FaunaReserve facilitate visitor access from the BayTrail (figure 2). Off-track access is notpermitted. The thick vegetation, mangrovesand rocky areas make the western end of theJawbone Flora and Fauna Reserveinaccessible. Consistent with the former ECCrecommendations the existing land accessrestrictions will be maintained in the sanctuaryto minimise damage to sensitive mangrove andsaltmarsh areas (ECC 2000).The intertidal mangrove and saltmarsh areas ofthe sanctuary are not suitable for walking28 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

Strategies for visitorsbecause of the nature of the vegetation,unstable rocky substrate (section 6.8) androosting bird colonies (section 4.4). Visitoraccess would damage and destroy sensitivesaltmarsh and mangrove vegetation and createunformed tracks and erosion, and disturbroosting bird colonies. Shore-based and waterbasedaccess to the intertidal area of thesanctuary is directed to Jawbone Bay to ensurevisitor safety and to protect the intertidalvegetation in other parts of the reserve andsanctuary. Access to the intertidal reefplatforms in Jawbone Bay is dependent on thetides (section 6.8).The management of access points requires acoordinated approach between the HobsonsBay City Council and Parks Victoria (sections7.2 and 8.3). Limited car parking facilitiesexist at Rifle Range Drive and Crofton Drive,Williamstown, and are managed by HobsonsBay City Council (section 7.2).The sanctuary is accessible by boat; however,its shallow waters and subtidal reef systemslimit access for vessels (section 6.3). Theshallow rocky intertidal shoreline and reefsoutside Jawbone Bay make the landing (andlaunching) of vessels hazardous anddisembarking visitors would damage theintertidal vegetation and disturb shorebirds(figure 2). If conditions are favourable canoesand sea kayaks may be landed on the beach inJawbone Bay.There are no boat-launching facilities withinthe sanctuary. Boat access is from nearby boatramps at Newport (the Warmies), Werribeeand Altona and many other locations on theeastern side of Port Phillip. Canoes and seakayaks may be launched by hand from beachin Jawbone Bay at high tide (figure 2). Thewalk between the carpark and sanctuaryshoreline is around 600 m, easier access forlaunching small vessels by hand andconvenient car parking facilities are nearby atGloucester Reserve.Aim• Ensure that access to the sanctuary isappropriate and safe.Management strategies• Continue to prohibit shore-based publicaccess to, and walking in the SpecialProtection Area (section 3.2 and figure 2).• Promote the need for visitors undertakingshore-based activities in the sanctuary toaccess Jawbone Bay via the designatedtracks (section 6.1).• Prohibit the landing and launching of allvessels, including canoes, across thesensitive intertidal areas included in theSpecial Protection Area and encouragevessel operators to launch vessels atGloucester Reserve (section 3.2 and figure2).• Develop and implement ongoing educationabout the benefits of managing publicaccess to protect the intertidal area ofsanctuary through Marine Notes, rangerpatrols and regulatory signs at the mainentrance and the western end of thesanctuary (section 6.1).• Liaise with Hobsons Bay City Council inthe management of access points and thebay trail in Jawbone Reserve and nearbycar parking areas to integrate access,present consistent messages, and minimisethe impact of access on the natural andcultural values of the sanctuary.• Liaise with the managers of local boatlaunchingfacilities to ensure appropriateaccess to the sanctuary.6.3 Recreational boating andsurface water sportsA number of motorised and non-motorisedboating activities occur within the sanctuary.Sea kayaking and canoeing are becoming morepopular and are seen in the sanctuary in lownumbers. The sanctuary’s waters can be usedfor gentle sailing but are too shallow withsubmerged reefs for fast moving vesselsincluding windsurfing and kite boarding. Moresuitable locations for boating exist outside thesanctuary waters in the Williamstown/Altonaarea. The intertidal area of the sanctuary is toorocky and inaccessible to be suitable formotorised boats and the launching and landingof boats (section 6.2). Scuba diving also bringsmotorised boats into the sanctuary (section6.4).Marine Safety Victoria determines boatingsafety rules to establish speed limits, operatingzones and conditions, which are gazetted in the‘Vessel Operating and Zoning Rules forVictorian Waters’. Parks Victoria isJawbone Marine Sanctuary 29

Strategies for visitorsresponsible for the management of portinfrastructure and recreational boating,including navigational aids in Port Phillip,under the Port Services Act 1995 (Vic.)(section 7.2). All boating activities, includingkayaking and canoeing, are subject to theMarine Act. Although the sanctuary is suitablefor recreational boating, weather conditionscan change quickly and create a safety hazard(section 6.8).Where water depths are suitable for boating,vessels generally have minimal impact on thesanctuary’s values, but vessels operated in thesanctuary’s shallow waters, particularly aroundthe submerged rocks, reef areas and seagrassbeds, can damage the seabed through vesselgroundings and propeller scarring. The shallowreefs of the sanctuary are not indicated bynavigational marks and may pose a hazard torecreational vessel operators (section 6.8).Propeller scarring has the potential to damageencrusting communities on reefs and fragmentseagrass beds, resulting in habitat loss,decreased productivity, and the possibility forfurther erosion and degradation (section 4.4).The speed limit of 5-knots that applies in allVictorian enclosed waters within 200 metres ofthe shoreline (MSV 2005) includes, forpractical purposes, the entire sanctuary.Vessels can also pose risks to, and conflictwith, other users of the sanctuary, includingsnorkellers and divers (section 6.8), andswimmers in the intertidal area (section 6.5).Anchoring also has the potential to damage thereef and other habitats, especially sensitiveintertidal seagrass areas. To minimise damagevessel operators will be encouraged to avoidanchoring over seagrass and reef areas. Privatemoorings within the sanctuary will not bepermitted.Motorised and wind-powered vessels candisturb roosting and feeding birds and marinemammals (section 4.4) through excessivevessel noise and fast movement. Hovercraftsby their design are able to access the shore lineand shallow intertidal areas that areinaccessible to other vessels. When operatingas vessels hovercraft can pose a serious threatto seabirds and shorebirds, especially iftravelling over exposed intertidal flats. On landthey are classed as vehicles that are prohibitedfrom travelling off-road.Boats can introduce marine pests if boatcleaningprotocols are not followed (section4.6), and fuel leaks, oil spills and the disposalof wastes or sewage could have a significantimpact on water quality (section 4.2) and floraand fauna (section 4.4). State EnvironmentProtection Policies (SEPP) prohibit vesseloperators from discharging sewage, oil,garbage, sediment, litter or other wastes tosurface waters in any Victorian State waters.While EPA Victoria has primary responsibilityfor pollution management, Parks Victoriasupports the provision of waste-receiving andpump-out facilities at marinas, ports and othersuitable sites (section 4.2).Parks Victoria, Victoria Police and theFisheries Victoria Officers undertake regularwater-based patrols and have contact withrecreational boat users. Patrols offer anopportunity for boat users to learn about thesanctuary.Aim• Provide for a range of boating and watersport activities while minimising impactson the sanctuary’s natural values.Management strategies• Permit boating and surface water sports inthe sanctuary in accordance with table 2and subject to the 5-knot speed limit.• Promote the need for larger vessels toavoid the Special Protection Area (figure2).• Prohibit the use of hovercraft within thesanctuary.• Encourage vessel operators to avoidanchoring over seagrass and reef areasand in the Special Protection Area in thesanctuary to minimise damage to theseareas.• Monitor impacts of anchoring and ifnecessary take appropriate action toreduce any impacts on natural values.• Do not permit private moorings within thesanctuary.• Monitor boating interactions with sensitivevalues such as bird and seagrasspopulations to ensure that they do notimpact adversely on those values. If30 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

Strategies for visitorsnecessary take appropriate action tominimise impacts.• Investigate the need for navigation aids toprovide for the safe navigation of thesanctuary by all vessels.• Liaise with recreational vessel operators,particularly during patrols, to promotesafe and sustainable use and raiseawareness of boat-cleaning protocols(section 4.6).6.4 Diving and snorkellingSnorkelling and scuba diving enable visitors toexperience the underwater habitats and viewspecies and habitats that are difficult toobserve from above the surface, particularlysmaller or cryptic animals such as seahorses,pipefish, sea urchins, nudibranchs, sponges,octopus and cuttlefish. The subtidal reefs in thesanctuary provide several picturesque divingsites that can be accessed from the shore inJawbone Bay (section 6.2) or by boat. Theintertidal reefs around Jawbone are suitable forsnorkelling at high tide.There is some distance between the carparkand shoreline in the sanctuary for diving andsnorkelling activities from the shore inJawbone Bay. Scuba diving and snorkelling inthe sanctuary is more accessible by boat andcan also be undertaken with licensed touroperators. Scuba diving and snorkelling toursare managed by operator permit conditions thatspecify access, safety regulations, permittedactivities and site-specific restrictions (section6.7).The provision of off-site information can guideand enhance diver experiences (section 6.1).The potential for repetitive long-term damageto sensitive natural values and maintenanceissues make the sanctuary an unsuitable site fordevelopment of an underwater diving orsnorkelling trail.Current levels of diving and snorkelling aremoderate, but are likely to increase as thesanctuary becomes more widely known.Potential impacts from diving include intertidaltrampling, wildlife disturbance and illegalremoval of flora and fauna, and anchor damage(section 6.3). Educating divers and snorkellersabout minimal impact practices andencouraging compliance codes of practice willminimise adverse impacts and assist withsanctuary management.Divers and snorkellers need to be aware ofpotential dangers, particularly from vesselspassing through the sanctuary near dive sites(section 6.8). To ensure diver safety, diversshould refer to the Scuba Divers Federation ofVictoria (SDFV) Codes of Practice, Generaloperating guidelines for recreational scubadiving and related activities (SDFV 2005).Divers and snorkellers need to be aware of theno-take provisions in the sanctuary and canassist in the early detection of marine pests inthe sanctuary (sections 4.6 and 8.2), and thedetection of unrecorded cultural places andobjects (sections 5.1 and 5.2).Aim• Provide opportunities for diving andsnorkelling at dispersed locations in thesanctuary.Management strategies• Permit recreational, educational andlicensed tour operator diving andsnorkelling activities in the sanctuary inaccordance with table 2.• Promote the requirement for snorkellersand divers to use water based-access todive sites in the Special Protection Area(figure 2).• Review impacts from diving andsnorkelling and the effectiveness ofmanagement measures and takeappropriate action to reduce impacts.• Integrate minimal impact messages intoexisting information, interpretation andeducation programs (section 6.1).• Provide off-site information and signage toguide divers and snorkellers to suitableareas/underwater routes in the sanctuary.• Do not install fixed structures that definean underwater trail within the sanctuary.• Promote the use of clean diving equipmentto prevent the translocation of marinepests (section 4.6).• Promote compliance of snorkellers andrecreational scuba divers with relevantJawbone Marine Sanctuary 31

Strategies for visitorscodes of practice and Adventure ActivityStandards.• Support dive clubs and industryrepresentatives to promoteenvironmentally responsible divingpractices.6.5 Swimming and shore-basedactivitiesVisitors enjoy the waters and intertidal area ofJawbone Bay for swimming, walking, artisticactivities and nature observation including birdwatching and marine education tours. At lowtide the intertidal reefs in Jawbone Bay areaccessible for rockpool rambles and generalnature observation. Consistent with the formerECC recommendations, land access to theintertidal area is not permitted elsewhere in thesanctuary to minimise damage to sensitivemangrove and saltmarsh vegetation (ECC2000).Visitors need to be aware of safety risks fromthe natural environment and other users toensure that they enjoy a safe visit. There are nopatrolled swimming areas within the sanctuary;however, nearby Williamstown Beach ispatrolled and is the more suitable swimmingbeach in the vicinity. Visitors need to be awareof any hazardous conditions for swimming(section 6.8).The sanctuary provides opportunities toeducate visitors about the marine environmentand the need for its protection. The intertidalbeaches and rockpools are visited by marineeducation tours independently led by schooland community groups, or by licensed touroperators. Two licensed tour operators offerguided bird-watching activities within theaccessible area of the sanctuary (section 6.7).Intensive trampling of the intertidal areas froma large number of visitors and groups walkingon the rocks and vegetation and undertakingrockpool rambles could lead to significantdamage to fauna and flora, and in some sites areduction in biodiversity and habitat (Povey &Keogh 1991) (section 4.4). Visitors to theintertidal areas also have the potential todisturb roosting and feeding migratory,seabirds and shorebirds (section 6.2).Visitors, groups, schools and educationalmarine tours can help protect the sanctuary byadopting sustainable/minimal impact practiceswhile walking on the intertidal areas and whenundertaking rockpool rambles. Minimal ImpactGuidelines developed by Parks Victoria (ParksVictoria 2003d) (available on its website)provide information on minimal impactpractices for visitors and school groups. Offsiteinterpretation could also help to minimisethe impact of large groups on the sanctuaryvalues.When required the accessible intertidal areas ofthe sanctuary will be cleaned and accumulatedrubbish will be removed (section 4.2). Theintertidal collection of living or deadorganisms, rocks and natural driftwood isprohibited within the sanctuary (section 4.4).The lighting of fires within Marine NationalParks and Marine Sanctuaries, including anybeaches or islands, is not permitted except onboard a vessel that is seaward of the mean highwater mark.Aim• Provide opportunities for appropriateshore-based recreation within thesanctuary while minimising impacts on thenatural values.Management strategies• Permit shore-based recreational activitiesin accordance with table 2. Promote theneed for swimmers to use Jawbone Bay orwater based access in the SpecialProtection Area (figure 2).• Manage shore-based activities to reduceimpacts on the natural values andminimise damage associated withtrampling by:• permitting shore-based access in theintertidal area of the sanctuary only inJawbone Bay• encouraging all visitors to comply withthe Parks Victoria Minimal ImpactGuidelines• voluntary protocols (e.g. bookingsystems) for visitors, educationalinstitutions and other organisedgroups• undertaking regular patrols duringpopular periods and times toencourage appropriate visitor use.32 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

Strategies for visitors• Integrate minimal impact messages forintertidal areas into existing information,interpretation and education programsand promote greater appreciation ofintertidal marine organisms (section 6.1).• Reduce impacts at Jawbone Bay duringeducational use by school and othergroups, by ensuring that:• students are adequately supervisedwhile in the sanctuary• school group sizes do not exceed classsizes (maximum 30 participants perleader)• formal interpretation and other groupsdo not exceed 25 participants perleader• groups are encouraged to use areasoutside the sanctuary or off-sitemarine education and interpretation.• Minimise disturbance to seabirds andshorebirds by encouraging visitors toavoid roosting areas and feeding seabirdsand shorebirds (section 4.4).• Encourage research into the impacts ofintertidal trampling on intertidalcommunities in the sanctuary.• Undertake standardised monitoring ofimpacts of trampling on intertidal areasfrom educational use and review theeffectiveness of management measures. Ifimpacts increase, work with users todevelop an appropriate carrying capacityfor the reefs and consider limiting orreducing annual visitation numbers.6.6 Dogs and horsesPrior to proclamation of the sanctuary, theintertidal area above low water mark lay withinJawbone Flora and Fauna Reserve and dogshad not been permitted since its reservation.The sanctuary and the adjoining Jawbone Floraand Fauna Reserve protect unique grassland,mangrove, and saltmarsh communities thatprovide habitat for migratory and localseabirds and shorebirds.Dogs can have serious impacts on birdpopulations and other wildlife throughtrampling, predation, disturbance and faecalpollution (Kirby, Clee & Seger 1993). Theirpresence, scent and noise may disturb birds,leading to reduced species numbers, lowernumbers of returning birds and low weight inmigratory birds. Some visitors, particularlysmall children, may be annoyed or intimidatedby unrestrained dogs. It is an offence for a dogto harass or injure people or wildlife under theDomestic (Feral and Nuisance) Animals Act1994 (Vic.) and the Wildlife Act.Dogs are permitted on-lead on the nearby BayTrail and in the adjacent council-managedJawbone Reserve, which acts as a buffer zonebetween a housing estate and Jawbone Floraand Fauna Reserve. Dog walking is a popularactivity for many local residents in theJawbone Reserve.Horse riding has not permitted in JawboneReserve, or adjoining Jawbone Flora andFauna Reserve, including the area that is nowthe sanctuary since these areas were reserved.Horses ridden in the intertidal area of thesanctuary have the potential to damage anddisturb intertidal communities and vegetationthrough trampling.Dogs and horses are considered incompatiblewith the aims and objectives of areas managedunder the National Parks Act such as thesanctuary and are generally prohibited frommarine sanctuaries.Aim• Protect the sanctuary’s natural values andensure visitor safety.Management strategies• Continue to exclude dogs and horses fromthe sanctuary except where confined to avessel.• Liaise with Hobsons Bay City Council toensure dog management in the nearbyreserves is complementary to managementof the sanctuary.• Develop and implement an ongoingeducation strategy on the impact of dogson the natural environment and thebenefits of responsible dog ownershipthrough Marine Notes, information signsand ranger patrols.Jawbone Marine Sanctuary 33

Strategies for visitors6.7 Tourism servicesParks Victoria’s licensed tour operators play akey role in nature-based tourism in Victoria byoffering guided sanctuary tours and supportedrecreation activities, and information thatpromotes sanctuary values and appropriate use.In 2007, two licensed tour operators offeredactivities within the sanctuary, includingsnorkelling and diving (section 6.4).Activities by licensed tour operators aremanaged under a permit system, and includesite-specific requirements regarding access,safety and permitted activities in accordancewith the National Parks Act and the Policy forSustainable Recreation and Tourism on PublicLand (NRE 2002a).To ensure diver safety licensed tour operatorsproviding diving activities should also refer tothe Dive Industry Victoria Association (DIVA)Code of Practice for Commercial Providers ofRecreational Snorkelling & Scuba DivingServices in Victoria (DIVA 2004) and forsnorkelling activities should refer to theSnorkelling, Scuba Diving, and Wildlife Swims– Adventure Activity Standards DivingAdventure Activity Standard (ORC 2004)(www.orc.org.au) (section 6.4).Tourism Alliance Victoria is a membershipbasedindustry association that provides arepresentative and professional developmentrole for tourism businesses. Parks Victoriaworks collaboratively with Tourism AllianceVictoria in administering the Tour OperatorLicensing system across Victoria’s public landestate, including the sanctuary.Aim• Provide opportunities for, and encourageprovision of, external tourism serviceswhile minimising impacts on the naturaland cultural values of the sanctuary.Management strategies• Ensure that all tour operators using thesanctuary are licensed and promoteawareness of Adventure Activity Standardsand Minimal Impact Guidelines.• Continue to work with licensed touroperators and the tourism industry toassist with the delivery of appropriatesanctuary information.• Ensure that tour operators comply withpermit conditions, Parks Victoria MinimalImpact Guidelines and the AdventureActivity Standards.• Ensure licensed tour operators provide arange of appropriate activities for anappropriate number of visitors, and atrecommended sites (sections 6.1 and 6.4)that are compatible with the protection ofsanctuary values.• Work collaboratively with licensed touroperators and Tourism Alliance Victoriato ensure:• the provision of a high quality service• that tour operator activities are basedon minimal impact practices• that information conveyed to visitorson tours is consistent with themanagement objectives for thesanctuary.• Monitor the effectiveness of tourismservices in contributing to objects of theNational Parks Act.• Promote use of licensed tour operators toenhance and maintain visitor safety.• Provide opportunities and encourageTraditional Owners to facilitate culturalheritage tours (section 6.1).• Encourage licensed Indigenous touroperators to add to the tourism experiencein the sanctuary by developing anddelivering interpretive and educationaltours on Indigenous culture and history.6.8 Public safetySome activities undertaken in the naturalenvironment can pose inherent risks to visitors.This risk is increased if visitors are not familiarwith the local environment, prevailing weatherconditions and tidal height. Visitors need to beaware of safety risks to ensure that they enjoya safe visit.The intertidal area is highly used by visitors.Potential dangers for land-based activities orintertidal rock rambling include slippery andunstable rocks and boulders, broken glass andrubbish, venomous fauna and large waves.Shore-based visitors need to monitor weatherand tide conditions, wear appropriate footwear34 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

Strategies for visitorsand ensure adequate protection from the sunand wind.A survey of Victorian beaches in 1996 ratedtheir safety as being in one of four hazardcategories; safest, moderately safe, low safetyand least safe (Short 1996). Beaches in thesanctuary have not been rated and there are nopatrolled swimming areas within the sanctuary.Visitors should exercise caution whileswimming in the sanctuary. The swimmingbeach at the nearby Williamstown Beach ispatrolled by lifeguards from the WilliamstownSwimming and Life Saving Club.Although some sites in the sanctuary mayappear inviting for water sports, the presenceof vessels, rocks and wave energy can makeconditions dangerous. While the underwaterenvironment of the sanctuary has great appealfor snorkelling and diving, visitors undertakingin-water activities need to be aware of theunpredictable nature of the marineenvironment and should only undertakeactivities within their capabilities, underappropriate conditions. Risks associated withsnorkelling and diving in the sanctuary includelarge waves, venomous marine animals, andexposure to cold.Vessels can be a potential risk to swimmers,snorkellers and scuba divers and vesseloperators need to be aware of their presence inthe water. Under the Marine Act scuba diversmust dive with a flag indicating a diver below.Snorkellers should also adopt this practicewhen snorkelling to increase their visibilityand safety (section 6.4). Public informationand education programs are one of the mosteffective ways to promote safety (section 6.1).Safety messages are presented to visitorsthrough signs, Park Notes and ranger patrols.Boating activities undertaken in the sanctuarycan pose inherent risks to visitors. Vesseloperators need to be aware of the changingweather conditions, tidal height, shallowdepths and submerged reefs and the localenvironment as well as other vessels, andusers, particularly those in the water. Anyperson operating a powered recreational vesselin Victorian waters are required to have acurrent licence. Recreational boating accidentsare highest in Victoria during summer andmost fatalities are associated with recreationalvessels of less than 8 m in length (Bugeja2003).Marine Safety Victoria conducts safety andawareness programs for recreational boatusers, and the Victorian Recreational BoatingSafety Handbook contains necessary safetyinformation and outlines the requirements foroperating a recreational vessel in Victoria(MSV 2005) (section 6.3).The responsibilities for responding toemergency incidents in Victoria and Victorianwaters are outlined in the EmergencyManagement Act 1986 (Vic.). Parks Victoria isnot the lead agency for most emergencyresponse situations. Instead, it supports otheragencies, including the Department ofSustainability and Environment, Marine SafetyVictoria, the Country Fire Authority, the StateEmergency Service and Victoria Police, inemergency incidents, where required.Relevant agencies respond to incidents withinthe sanctuary in accordance with the MunicipalEmergency Response Plan. Parks Victoria’sresponse to emergency incidents during normaloperating activities within the sanctuary isguided by the Northern Port PhillipEmergency Management Plan (Parks Victoria2004).Under the Port Services Act 1995 (Vic.) ParksVictoria is the Local Port Manager of PortPhillip and has produced a Safety andEnvironment Management Plan (SEMP)(Parks Victoria 2005b) for the port. The SEMPis a risk management framework for managingthe safety and environment of the port.Aims• Promote visitor safety and awareness ofsafety issues and risks within the sanctuaryassociated with access and use.• Promote and observe safe practices, andcooperate with emergency services.Management strategies• Provide relevant visitor safety information(section 6.1) and encourage visitors toadopt safe operating guidelinesappropriate to their activity.• Promote the display of diver-below flagsby snorkellers.• Incorporate the sanctuary into theNorthern Port Phillip EmergencyManagement Plan and ensure that staffJawbone Marine Sanctuary 35

Strategies for visitorsand licensed tour operators are aware ofthe plan.• Cooperate with and support responsibleagencies in emergency response andensure that Parks Victoria staff haveadequate levels of training in emergencyprocedures.• Liaise with Hobsons Bay City Council toensure that the Municipal EmergencyResponse Plan makes adequate provisionfor likely incidents in the sanctuary.36 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

7 STRATEGIES FOR AUTHORISED AND ADJACENT USES7.1 Authorised usesA number of uses and activities may bepermitted in the sanctuary subject to specifiedconditions to minimise impacts.Hobsons Bay City Council manages astormwater drain that discharges into thesanctuary. Stormwater from the drain is havingan adverse impact on the intertidal habitats andcommunities and also delivers litter directlyinto the sanctuary. The natural and recreationalvalues of the sanctuary will be protected by theremoval of the drain (section 4.2).Parks Victoria recognises the significant rolethat the filming and photography industryplays in the social and economic well-being ofthe community and in providing for suchactivities seeks to ensure protection of thenatural and cultural values of the sanctuary.This is achieved through a permit system forall filming and photography conducted as partof a trade or a business. Amateurphotographers or people taking film or videofor personal or hobby interest do not require apermit.All research and monitoring undertaking in aMarine National Park or Marine Sanctuary byexternal partners or individuals requires aresearch permit under the National Parks Act,issued by DSE.Protected areas are generally avoided aslocations for Victoria Police or AustralianDefence Force training exercises, althoughthey are sometimes used for search and rescue,field navigation and incident responseactivities. Activities are subject to a permitwith conditions to ensure that values of thesanctuary are protected.Petroleum extraction, exploratory drilling,mineral exploration and mining, and invasivesearching for or extraction of stone and othermaterials, are prohibited in the sanctuary underthe National Parks Act and/or earth resourceslegislation. Petroleum exploration, such asseismic survey from an aircraft or from avessel, that is carried out in a manner whichdoes not detrimentally affect the seabed or anyflora or fauna of the sanctuary may be allowedwith the consent of the Minister. However, theGovernment has announced that it will notrelease any further areas in Victoria thatcontain Marine National Parks or MarineSanctuaries for petroleum exploration. There isno petroleum exploration permit relating to thesanctuary. The construction of pipelines orlaying of seafloor cables is prohibited in anypart of the sanctuary.Aim• Manage authorised uses in accordancewith the National Parks Act and minimisetheir impact on sanctuary values.Management strategies• Review all uses of the sanctuary to identifythose that do not conform with objectivesof the National Parks Act. Allow uses tocontinue only in accordance withauthorisations that are consistent withlegislation and include conditions thateffectively minimise the impacts of uses onthe sanctuary.• Monitor authorised activities to ensurethat conditions of authorisations are met.Assess the effectiveness of conditions ofauthorisations in protecting the sanctuaryand seek review of authorisations, ifnecessary, to arrest impacts.• Seek permission from the Secretary to DSEfor any public authority installations andservices. Include conditions to ensureconstruction, operation and maintenanceare consistent with protection of thesanctuary’s natural and cultural valuesand amenity of visitors.• Permit Defence Force and Victoria Policeadventure training or field navigationexercises in the sanctuary in accordancewith Parks Victoria’s operational policyand relevant permit conditions.7.2 Boundaries and adjacent usesThe boundaries of the sanctuary are wellmarked and highly visible from both land andsea (figure 2). The onshore signs at either endof the sanctuary are yellow triangular signspointing towards the sanctuary. A series of inwaterpile markers with a yellow cross and ayellow buoy mark the seaward boundaryJawbone Marine Sanctuary 37

Strategies for authorised and adjacent uses(section 6.1 and figure 2). Boundarycoordinates are published on Parks Victoria’swebsite and in Park Notes and will be added tonavigational charts. Information signs arelocated on the adjacent reserve, and regulatorytotems are located in the reserve at the mainaccess points.Part of the eastern end of the sanctuary isbound by a stone wall that forms the boatharbour of the fishing clubs in Bayview Street.A cyclone fence that marks the northernboundary of the fishing club extends out intothe eastern end of the sanctuary (figure 2).Jawbone Flora and Fauna Reserve, adjacent tothe sanctuary, is reserved under the CrownLand (Reserves) Act 1978 (Vic.) and managedby Parks Victoria. Management of the reserve(and the adjacent Jawbone Council Reserve) isdirected by a Management Statement (ParksVictoria & Hobsons Bay City Council 2007).The Crown Land (Reserves) (NatureConservation Reserve) Regulations 2004apply.Jawbone Reserve adjacent to Jawbone Floraand Fauna Reserve is managed for recreationand conservation by Hobsons Bay CityCouncil as the committee of management. It isa modified environment with open grassy areasof semi-natural vegetation. The Bay Trail, awalking and bicycle track passes through thereserve. The reserve gives good access to thesanctuary and Jawbone Flora and FaunaReserve. The Williamstown–Altona CoastalParklands Strategic Directions Plan (ParksVictoria 1997), developed in conjunction withthe Hobsons Bay City Council, provides astrategic overview for the management of theforeshore reserves and coastal parklandsbetween Williamstown and Altona.These reserves are zoned as Coastal ProtectionZone (VCC 2002).The Hobsons Bay Planning Scheme (HBCC2006a) provides a statutory framework formanaging proposals and developmentsadjoining the sanctuary. Administered byHobsons Bay City Council, the schemeextends to 600 m offshore. Under the scheme,the area that is now the sanctuary is mostlyzoned as Public Conservation and ResourceZone and partly as Public Park and RecreationZone. In accordance with the State PlanningPolicy Framework (DSE 2003), it should bezoned a Public Conservation and ResourceZone. The adjacent land is overlayed withheritage and design and development overlays,which specify local objectives andrequirements that must be met by adevelopment application. These protect andenhance the environment of the Hobsons Bayforeshore as an environmental, conservationand recreational asset of State, metropolitanand local significance.Mobil’s Altona refinery was built on its currentsite adjacent to Kororoit Creek in 1946. Therefinery produces petrol, diesel, aviation gas,petrochemical feedstock, bitumen, and heatingoils. Mobil, with concern for the environment,has developed operational and managementprocesses which minimise the potential forcontamination of the sanctuary from refineryprocesses. Spills and ground watercontamination from the refinery may impacton the sanctuary and adjacent areas (section4.2).Siltation in the mouth of the Kororoit Creekhas changed the morphology of the mouth ofthe creek at Altona (section 4.1). Highlycontaminated silt in the mouth of the creekmay pose a threat to the sanctuary if disturbed(section 4.2). Proposals to dredge the mouth ofthe creek for boating access have beenconsidered by relevant agencies, includingParks Victoria, EPA Victoria, DSE, HobsonsBay City Council and Melbourne Water. Theagencies agree that dredging of the mouth ofthe creek should not be undertaken as it isunlikely to be effective, it raises concernsabout disturbing contaminated silt which mayimpact on the area that is now the sanctuary,the silting will not exacerbate flood levels and,because recreational boating is not arecognised use of the creek.Coastal modifications and other changes to thehydrodynamics nearby or adjacent to thesanctuary, including artificial renourishment ofthe beach, could affect the natural and othervalues of the sanctuary through longshore drift,deposition and erosion. All coastal uses anddevelopments or modifications requirepermission from the Secretary to DSE underthe Coastal Management Act.State waters and the underlying seabedadjoining the sanctuary are currentlyunreserved Crown land. The Governmentaccepted the ECC’s recommendation that a38 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

Strategies for authorised and adjacent usesCoastal Waters Reserve be established underthe Crown Land (Reserves) Act for the majorportion of Victoria’s marine area not otherwisedesignated for a particular purpose, to providefor a diverse range of activities that arecompatible with long-term sustainable use(ECC 2000).Parks Victoria is the Local Port Manager forPort Phillip under the Port Services Act 1995(Vic.). Under this legislation, Parks Victoria isresponsible for the management of portinfrastructure including breakwaters, piers andjetties, and recreational boating, includingnavigational aids, and the preparation andimplementation of the Port SEMP for PortPhillip (sections 4.2 and 6.8).The Port of Melbourne Corporation is the PortManager for the Port of Melbourne, whichincludes shipping channels that access the port.Oil or chemical spills from vessels accessingthe Port Melbourne Channel nearWilliamstown could impact on the natural andcultural values and recreational opportunitiesof the sanctuary.The deepening of sections of Port Phillip’sshipping channels by the Port of MelbourneCorporation in 2007 to allow larger containerships to enter the port has the potential toaffect the sanctuary, at least temporarily(POMC 2004; 2007).Aims• Effectively communicate the location ofthe sanctuary boundaries.• Minimise impacts from adjacentdevelopments and uses on sanctuaryvalues.Management strategies• Maintain boundary markers, signs andinformation about sanctuary boundaries(section 6.1).• Recommend to Hobsons Bay City Councilamendment of the planning scheme torecognise the sanctuary by rezoning thearea that is the sanctuary as a PublicConservation and Resource Zone.• Work with DSE and consult Hobsons BayCity Council to ensure beachrenourishmentactivities and coastalremediation works adjacent to or near thesanctuary have minimal impact on thesanctuary (section 4.1).• Liaise with the Bayview Street fishingclubs to consolidate boundaryinfrastructure and ensure thatmaintenance of the boat harbour seawalldoes not impact on the sanctuary.• Ensure that marine safety initiatives withinthe sanctuary and adjacent waters,including the implementation of the PortPhillip SEMP, improve environmentalprotection and visitor safety in thesanctuary.• Liaise with Mobil to ensure the AltonaRefinery’s operational and managementprocesses acknowledge the sanctuary andincorporate strategies to protect sanctuaryvalues.• Liaise with the Port of MelbourneCorporation to minimise the risks of oiland chemical spills from the nearbyshipping channel on the sanctuary.Jawbone Marine Sanctuary 39

8 STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNITY AWARENESSAND INVOLVEMENT8.1 Community awarenessRaising the community’s awareness of thesanctuary’s values is an essential step indeveloping a sense of custodianship for thesanctuary and engagement in the area’smanagement. The community is more likely todevelop a sense of custodianship for thesanctuary if its views and values are respectedand sanctuary-related social networks areencouraged and supported. A strongconnection with the sanctuary among visitorsand in the local and wider community assistsin broader public education, raising awarenessand reaching others in the community.The Friends of Williamstown Wetlands haveincreasing connections with and are active inthe sanctuary. They help to raise communityawareness about the sanctuary and the benefitsof volunteer activity through local publicityand their social networks (section 8.2). TheFriends of Lower Kororoit Creek and Friendsof Altona Coastal Park could also help raisecommunity awareness about the sanctuary.Education and interpretation programs (section6.1) play an important role in raising theawareness of the sanctuary in the widercommunity. Parks Victoria aims tocommunicate the benefits of a healthy parkssystem and its contribution to the health ofindividuals and society through the ‘HealthyParks Healthy People’ program.The Coast Action/Coastcare summer activityprogram is a prime example of encouraging thebroader community to experience the coast(section 8.2).Government agencies, business associations,welfare bodies, Indigenous and ethnicassociations, tourism and recreationalorganisations and schools could also help tobuild community awareness within theircommunity networks (sections 8.2 and 8.3).Aims• Increase the community’s awareness andmutual understanding of the sanctuary’svalues and management activities.• Support the sense of shared ownership andcustodianship for the sanctuary amongcommunity groups and individuals.Management strategies• Promote opportunities for communitymembers to improve sanctuarymanagement through taking sharedresponsibility and becoming directlyinvolved through interpretation and otherinformation (section 6.1).• Profile to the wider community the work ofFriends, volunteers and communitygroups.• Promote the benefits of assisting sanctuaryprograms to community groups in line withHealthy Parks Healthy People objectives.• Partner with community groups to identifyopportunities to increase public awarenessabout the sanctuary.8.2 Community participationParticipation of community groups andindividuals in the sanctuary’s management ispivotal in the effective long-term planning, useand care of the sanctuary’s values.Volunteers and community groups can makevaluable contributions to sanctuarymanagement. They bring diverse and valuableinformation, specific local knowledge, skills,concerns and experience that may otherwisenot be available to the sanctuary managers.Despite the ongoing challenges of increasingadministrative obligations, fluctuatingmembership and funding constraints,community groups bring considerableenthusiasm and add a valuable perspective andresources to assist with the care of thesanctuary.The interests of community groups in thesanctuary often overlap and may not becomplementary. There can be considerablemutual benefits where such groups worktogether and with Parks Victoria to achievecommon goals. Parks Victoria can assistgroups with advice and training, and bypromoting the benefits of volunteerism.40 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

Strategies for community awareness and involvementThe Traditional Owners have considerableinterest in and aspirations for the sanctuary aspart of Country. They are an importantpotential source of traditional knowledge aboutthe area that has yet to be documented. Astrong working relationship with relevantRegistered Aboriginal Party will be essential toreflecting Traditional Owners views in thesanctuary’s planning and management andreconciliation of their interests and aspirationswith those of other members of thecommunity.There is a network of Friends groups in theWilliamstown area. The Friends ofWilliamstown Wetlands, a volunteer Friendsgroup specifically concerned with the wellbeingof the Jawbone area, including JawboneFlora and Fauna Reserve and JawboneReserve, have extended their activities toinclude the sanctuary. The group’s activitiesinclude tree propagation and planting, weedremoval, and track maintenance. The Friendsof Kororoit Creek and Friends of AltonaCoastal Park are also actively involved in theconservation of the adjacent areas.Reef Watch is a non-profit project developedby the Australian Marine Conservation Societyand the Marine and Coastal CommunityNetwork and funded by the Federal and StateGovernment through Coast Action / Coastcare.The project calls on the voluntary assistance ofVictorian divers (both scuba and snorkel) tohelp describe and monitor marine life in avariety of habitats. There are opportunities forFriends and volunteers to participate in ReefWatch programs in the sanctuary.Coast Action / Coastcare programs work witha variety of volunteer groups and communityorganisations to help protect, monitor, manageand restore coastal and marine environments.In addition, Coast Action / Coastcare conducteducation, training and awareness programs.Aims• Encourage and support the activeparticipation of community groups andvolunteers, particularly Indigenouscommunities, in projects that contribute toor complement sanctuary programs.• Inform, enrich and strengthen thesanctuary’s management with thecommunity’s tradition, knowledge,experience, skills and enthusiasm,particularly that of the Traditional Owners.Management strategies• Continue to maintain a strong andcollaborative relationship with Friendsand volunteer and community groups toensure sustainable and rewardingvolunteer experiences.• Coordinate opportunities for Friends andvolunteer and community groups to shareexperiences and discuss managementobjectives and work programs andprogress in implementing the plan withParks Victoria rangers.• Support initiatives that build the capabilityof community members and groups toeffectively contribute to sanctuarymanagement objectives.• Maintain ongoing dialogue with activegroups, neighbouring clubs andcommunity groups with a broadcommunity agenda, as well as appropriatetraining and other measures that betterenable their participation in managing thesanctuary.• Promote and support such groups to workwith each other and Parks Victoria toachieve shared goals for the sanctuary.• Promote and support Coast Action /Coastcare programs within the sanctuary,particularly focusing on communityinterpretation and education.• Promote community involvement in ReefWatch monitoring and recording programsand other programs using standardmethods (sections 4.4 and 4.6).• Work to continue to build, and strengthenand maintain relationships with relevantIndigenous communities. In particular,seek to further develop a close inclusiveworking partnership with the relevantRegistered Aboriginal Party.• Partner with community groups to fosterongoing community engagement thatcaptures the diversity of people, ideas andopinions present in the community.Jawbone Marine Sanctuary 41

Strategies for community awareness and involvement8.3 Agency partnershipsAlthough Parks Victoria is responsible foroverall management of the sanctuary, otheragencies are responsible for planning,managing or regulating certain activities in thesanctuary.All activities relating to the sanctuary that arecarried out by Parks Victoria or other agenciesneed to accord with all legislation andgovernment policy and, as far as practicable,be consistent with agencies’ policies andguidelines. To ensure this occurs, ParksVictoria staff work closely with staff ofrelevant agencies and collaborate inimplementing activities where appropriate.The Department of Sustainability andEnvironment (DSE) establishes parks, overseesthe management of land and resources ofVictoria's coastal Crown land and waters, andprovides strategic direction and policy advicefor management of the sanctuary, includingmarine flora and fauna values and threateningprocesses. Parks Victoria is a support agencyfor responses to oiled wildlife and cetaceanstranding or entanglement operating at thedirection of DSE (sections 4.2 and 4.4).Heritage Victoria (DSE) is the centralgovernment agency that provides informationand advice about places listed on the VictorianHeritage Register and ArchaeologicalInventory. It supports the Heritage Councilthrough research, recommends additions to theRegister and issues permits for alterations toheritage places (section 5.2).As part of agreed service deliveryarrangements, Department of PrimaryIndustries, Fisheries Victoria, has primaryresponsibility for enforcement to ensurecompliance with the fishing prohibitions in theNational Parks Act. Parks Victoria willcontinue to collaborate with Fisheries Victoriaand Victoria Police in activities such ascooperative Ranger and Fisheries officerpatrols and support arrangements inaccordance with the City and Bays RegionalCompliance Plan (Parks Victoria 2003a).The Central Coastal Board (CCB) providesdirection and policy advice to facilitatesustainable development of the central regionof the Victorian coast through theimplementation of the Victorian CoastalStrategy (VCC 2002) and Coastal Priorities forthe Central Region (CCB 2003) (section 4.2).Port Phillip and Western Port CatchmentManagement Authority is responsible forensuring the protection and sustainabledevelopment of land, vegetation and waterresources within the region. The Port Phillipand Western Port Regional CatchmentStrategy (PPWPCMA 2004) focuses on themanagement of land, water and biodiversityincluding the coastal and marine areas underthe Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994(Vic.) (section 4.2).The Victorian Environment ProtectionAuthority (EPA Victoria) has the primaryresponsibility for environment protection of allwaters in Victoria and is responsible foradministering and enforcing the EnvironmentProtection Act 1970 (Vic.), including allactivities relating to the discharge of litter andwaste to the environment. EPA Victoria alsodevelops and implements State EnvironmentProtection Policies (SEPP) for State waters andfacilitates the development of NeighbourhoodEnvironment Improvement Plans (NEIPs),which enable communities to work towardsachieving local environmental improvements(section 4.2).Hobsons Bay City Council is the committee ofmanagement for the nearby Jawbone Reserveand administers the planning scheme for landadjacent to the sanctuary, including assessingdevelopments that could have an impact onsanctuary values. Parks Victoria provides inputinto planning applications to ensure thatsanctuary values are protected (section 7.2).Melbourne Water manages rivers, creeks andmajor drainage systems throughout the PortPhillip and Westernport region. MelbourneWater has the primary responsibility formaintaining or improving the ecological healthof rivers and creeks through erosion control,protecting riverbeds and banks, revegetation,weed control and by ensuring sufficient flows.Melbourne Water and Hobsons Bay CityCouncil manage stormwater runoff andassociated inputs into the sanctuary inaccordance with the Operating Charter forWaterways and Drainage (Melbourne Water1999) and the Hobsons Bay StormwaterQuality Management Plan (HBCC 2006b)(section 4.2).42 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

Strategies for community awareness and involvementParks Victoria is a support agency for MarineSafety Victoria at a statewide and regionallevel for marine pollution incidents,contributing on-site response and incidentmanagement as well as technical advice. ParksVictoria is also the local authority responsiblefor administering the Marine Act, includingmarine safety initiatives (section 6.8) andplanning and implementation of pollutionresponse in accordance with the VictorianMarine Pollution Contingency Plan (MSV2002) (section 4.2).Through Aboriginal Affairs Victoria (AAV),the Department for Victorian Communities(DVC) has responsibility for administeringlegislation protecting cultural heritage(sections 2.5 and 5.1). AAV and the relevantRegistered Aboriginal Party advise ParksVictoria on Aboriginal cultural heritagematters (section 5.1).Tourism Victoria is the State Governmentauthority responsible for developing andmarketing Victoria to Australian andinternational travellers.Aim• Enhance sanctuary management bycollaborating with other agencies to ensurethat they give appropriate consideration tosanctuary values in planning andimplementing activities that relate to thesanctuary.Management strategies• Work collaboratively with all agencies toimplement the vision and directions of theplan, in particular work with:• the Central Coastal Board on anyfuture plans and strategies that relateto the sanctuary• DSE regarding future planning andmanagement, including protection ofmarine flora and fauna frompotentially threatening processes• Heritage Victoria on heritagemanagement, and compliance with theHeritage Act (section 5.2)• EPA Victoria to minimise impactsassociated with discharge of wasteinto the environment, particularlythose from stormwater, boating,shipping, marinas, ports andassociated dredging activities (section7.2) and assist local communities todevelop a NEIP (section 4.2)• Melbourne Water to minimise impactsassociated with discharge of wasteinto the environment and dischargefrom waterways (section 4.2)• Fisheries Victoria to implement thefishing prohibition and the City andBays Regional Compliance Plan• Hobsons Bay City Council oncomplementary management of thenearby reserve, stormwater andadministration of the planning scheme,including input into adjacent ornearby developments that may impacton the sanctuary, and the promotion ofresponsible pet ownership (section7.2)• AAV and the relevant RegisteredAboriginal Party on issues relating tocultural heritage protection (section5.1)• Marine Safety Victoria on recreationalboating safety and marine pollutionincidents (sections 6.3 and 6.8)• Port Phillip and Western Port CMA toreduce the impacts of land use andcatchment management on thesanctuary and develop appropriateactions in the Regional CatchmentStrategy (section 4.2)• State and regional tourism authoritiesto promote the sanctuary in regionalvisitor information centres andregional tourism strategies.• Update contingency plans for marinepollution incidents, such as oil andchemical spills, and cetacean/wildlifeincidents as required, and communicatearrangements to staff, relevant agenciesand interested parties.Jawbone Marine Sanctuary 43

9 PLAN IMPLEMENTATION9.1 Delivery and reportingA range of approaches will be used toimplement strategies in this plan. Some will beundertaken as part of routine managementactivities such as ranger visits; others will beaddressed as part of regional programsundertaken across the State each year.A priority list of all the strategies in the planwill be used to guide routine management, andidentify detailed actions in annual regionalprograms. Priorities for regional programs varyfrom year to year, depending on availableresources and government priorities.At the end of each year, progress towardsimplementing strategies in the plan will bereviewed and the priority list updated. Staffreport internally against ‘on time and withinbudget’ delivery of regional programs andwhether the completed strategy has achievedthe objective. Parks Victoria reports annuallyto Government on the overall delivery ofregional and divisional programs. This broaderreporting on management performance isavailable in annual reports prepared on theNational Parks Act and Parks Victoria.During implementation of the plan, ParksVictoria will work in partnership withTraditional Owners. Ongoing collaborativeactivities with interested members ofIndigenous communities, the widercommunity, scientists and agencies in realisingthe vision and management directions for thesanctuary will be especially important asoutlined in previous sections of the plan.Implementation of the plan will be consistentwith Parks Victoria’s commitment tosustainable practices, which involves thedelivery of operations, services and facilities inan ecologically and socially responsiblemanner with minimal use of expendableresources and minimal generation of waste.In implementing the plan, management willrespond to monitoring and researchinformation as it emerges. Parks Victoria’sEnvironmental Management Framework(EMF) makes this possible. Based on theInternational Standard for EnvironmentalManagement Systems (ISO 14001), theframework ensures that the future condition ofvalues is considered in identifying threats anddeveloping actions to ameliorate them. Overtime, the success of actions is reviewed againstset objectives to ensure ongoing learning andrefinement of management. The selection ofactions and treatments of threats are guided bythe precautionary principle. Managementoptions are evaluated on the basis of leastimpact on the environment. Treatment ofthreats with a potential for serious damage thatis not addressed in the plan will not bepostponed for lack of information.Parks Victoria will use a variety of means toreport to the community about the progress ofimplementation of the plan. The primarymeans will be through routine liaison betweenParks Victoria, interested groups andindividuals from the local community andrelevant government agencies. In addition togiving regular updates, there will beopportunities for input by interested membersof the community into annual priority settingand feedback on management performance.Events such as sanctuary open days andcommunity and volunteer forums will offersimilar opportunities for reporting anddiscussions about annual programs.The results of monitoring and research workwill continue to be available to the communityas technical reports (available on ParksVictoria’s website, www.parkweb.vic.gov.au).Parks Victoria will also report on evaluation ofthe plan (section 9.3) at the start of the new orrevised plan, through routine liaison andcommunity forums and in the subsequent draftplan.Future reporting on the Statewide Strategy(Parks Victoria 2003b) and State of the Parksreports (which will be available on the ParksVictoria website) will also include informationon management performance in the sanctuary.9.2 Plan amendmentDuring the 10-year life of the plan,amendments to the plan may only be made bythe Secretary to DSE, following an authorisedprocess, which includes appropriatecommunity consultation.44 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

Plan implementationCircumstances that might lead to amendmentof the plan include:• the results of monitoring or research,management experience or newinformation (such as greater understandingof new threatening processes) that indicatethe need for a change in managementdirection• significant changes in visitation or use• a change in policy that calls into questionplan objectives• new legislation (such as significantboundary changes).The plan may also be amended if an activity,development or use that conflicts with theprovisions of the plan is approved bygovernment (such as native title outcomes).9.3 Evaluation and reviewPeriodically through the life of the plan, ParksVictoria will assess overall progress towardsimplementing the strategies in the plan andalso assess progress towards achieving the planvision and directions. These evaluations willinform a decision about whether a new orrevised plan is required. The achievements ofthe plan will be assessed by consideringperformance areas such as the following.Protecting natural values• Overall benefit to biodiversity.• Compliance with no-fishing provisions andsanctuary regulations.• Timely management intervention tominimise threats.Protecting cultural values• Progress towards working with relevantRegistered Aboriginal Party in managingthe sanctuary and in protecting andinterpreting Indigenous cultural heritage.• Timely management intervention tominimise damaging activities and threats.Managing recreation and visitor use• Managing impact from visitors, includingindividuals and school and tour groups.• Meeting community expectations inrelation to Parks Victoria’s management ofthe sanctuary.• Improving community and visitorawareness.Providing for research and promotingunderstanding• Improving understanding of thecomposition and distribution of habitatsand ecological processes.• Ongoing participation of the Indigenousand the wider community.• Clear identification of major knowledgegaps and threats.Methods for evaluating the benefits of the planare likely to be refined over time. ParksVictoria partners with external researchagencies to establish benchmarks andindicators for major communities and habitats.Through sound monitoring and assessmentmethods this monitoring and research workwill strengthen the basis for comparingmanagement performance over time.• Minimal impact of permitted uses.Jawbone Marine Sanctuary 45

REFERENCESABM 2000, Port Phillip Coastal and MarinePlanning Program, Association of BaysideMunicipalities, Melbourne.ANZECC TFMPA 1999, Strategic Plan ofAction for the National RepresentativeSystem of Marine Protected Areas: A Guidefor Action by Australian Governments,Australian and New Zealand Environmentand Conservation Council Task Force onMarine Protected Areas, EnvironmentAustralia, Canberra.ANZECC 2001, National Strategy for theConservation of Australia’s BiologicalDiversity, Australia and New ZealandEnvironment and Conservation Council,Environment Australia, Canberra.Blake, S. & Ball, D. 2001, Victorian MarineHabitat Database: Seagrass Mapping ofPort Phillip Bay, Geospatial SystemsSection, Marine and Freshwater ResourcesInstitute, Queenscliff.Brown, A.C. & Lachlan, A. 2002, Sandy shoreecosystems and the threats facing them:some predictions for the year 2005,Environmental Conservation 29 (1), 62–77.Bugeja, L. 2003, Recreational VesselFatalities in Victoria: 1999–2002, StateCoroner’s Office, Department of HumanServices & Marine Safety Victoria,Melbourne.CCB 2003, Coastal Priorities for the CentralRegion: A Framework for Implementing theVictorian Coastal Strategy, Central CoastalBoard, Melbourne.CFL 1989, Proposed Jawbone Flora andFauna Reserve Draft Management Plan.Department of Conservation, Forests andLands, Melbourne.COAG 1992, National Strategy forEcologically Sustainable Development,Council of Australian Governments,Ecologically Sustainable DevelopmentSteering Committee.Condina, P. and Associates 2001, The RangeEstate Lakes, Williamstown, Review ofLakes Water Quality and Conditions forPeriod from March 2000 to March 2001,Report prepared for the Urban LandAuthority, Pat Condina and Associates,Melbourne.DIVA 2004, Code of Practice for CommercialProviders of Recreational Snorkelling &Scuba Diving Services in Victoria, DiveIndustry Victoria Association, Melbourne.DSE 2003, State Planning Policy Framework,Department of Sustainability andEnvironment, East Melbourne.DSE 2004 Aquatic Pests: Treat ’em mean –keep your boat clean. Department ofSustainability and Environment, EastMelbourne.DSE 2006, Coastal Spaces LandscapeAssessment Study, Protection andManagement of Victoria’s CoastalLandscapes, State Overview Report,September 2006, Department ofSustainability and Environment, EastMelbourne.ECC 2000, Marine, Coastal and EstuarineInvestigation, Final Report, EnvironmentConservation Council, Melbourne.Edmunds, M., Hart, S., Elias, J. & Power, B.2004, Victorian Intertidal Reef MonitoringProgram: The Reef Biota in CentralVictoria and Port Philip Bay MarineSanctuaries, Parks Victoria TechnicalSeries No. 11, Parks Victoria, Melbourne.EPA 1977, State Environment ProtectionPolicy (Waters of Victoria) (Schedule F6 –Waters of Port Phillip Bay 1997),Environment Protection Authority,Southbank.EPA 1991, Lower Kororoit Creek SedimentAssessment Study. Environment ProtectionAuthority Victoria, Southbank.EPA 1998, Cleaner Marinas: EPA Guidelinesfor Protecting Victoria’s Marinas,Publication 624, Environment ProtectionAuthority Victoria, SouthbankEPA 2000, The Health of Streams in theWerribee Catchment, EnvironmentProtection Authority Victoria, Southbank.EPA 2004, Waste Management Policy (Ships’Ballast Water), Environment ProtectionAuthority Victoria, Southbank.46 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

ReferencesEPA 2005, Beach Report 2004–2005, EPAPublication 991, Environment ProtectionAuthority Victoria, Southbank.Fawcett, G. M. 1951, Melbourne’s mangroves,Victorian Naturalist 68, 90.Garnett, S., Lane, B., Schulz, M. & Wood, K.1986, Birds of Port Phillip Bay, Ministryfor Planning and Environment Victoria,Melbourne.Government of Victoria 2002, Governmentresponse to the Marine, Coastal andEstuarine Investigation, Final Report,Government of Victoria, Melbourne.Harris, G., Batley, G., Fox, D., Hall, D.,Jernakoff, P., Molloy, R., Murray, A.,Newell, B., Parslow, J., Skyring, G. &Walker, S. 1996, Port Phillip BayEnvironmental Study Final Report, CSIRO,Canberra.Hart, S., Power, B., Edmunds, M. & Elias, J.2003, Victorian Subtidal Reef MonitoringProgram: The Reef Biota at Port PhillipBay Marine Sanctuaries, Parks VictoriaTechnical Series No. 8, Parks Victoria,Melbourne.Hart, S., Edmunds, M., Ingwersen, C. &Lindsay, M. 2005, Victorian Intertidal ReefMonitoring Program: The Intertidal ReefBiota of Northern Port Phillip Bay MarineSanctuaries, Parks Victoria TechnicalSeries No. 24. Parks Victoria, Melbourne.Heritage Victoria 2006, Victoria’s Heritage –Strengthening our Communities, HeritageVictoria, Department of Sustainability andEnvironment, East Melbourne.Hewitt, C. L., Campbell, M. L., Thresher, R. E.& Martin, R. B. 1999, Marine BiologicalInvasions of Port Phillip Bay, CRIMPTechnical Report Number 20, CSIROMarine Research.HBCC 2006a, Hobsons Bay Planning Scheme,Hobsons Bay City Council, Altona.HBCC 2006b, Hobsons Bay StormwaterManagement Plan, Hobsons Bay CityCouncil, Altona.IMCRA Technical Group 1998, InterimMarine and Coastal Regionalisation forAustralia: an ecosystem basedclassification for marine and coastalenvironments, Interim Marine and CoastalRegionalisation for Australia TechnicalGroup, Version 3.3, Environment Australia,Commonwealth Department of theEnvironment, Canberra.Keough, M., Quinn, G. & King, A. 1993,Correlations between human collecting andintertidal mollusc populations on rockyshores, Conservation Biology 7 (2), 278–390.Keough, M., Quinn, G. & Bathgate, R. 1997,Geographic variation in interactionsbetween size classes of the limpet Cellanatramoserica, Journal of ExperimentalMarine Biology and Ecology 215, 19–34.Keough, M. J. & Quinn, G P. 2000, LegislativeVS Practical Protection of an IntertidalShoreline in Southeastern Australia,Ecological Applications, 10 (3), 871–881.Kirby, J. S., Clee C. & Seager V. 1993, Impactand extent of recreational disturbance towader roosts on the Dee Estuary: somepreliminary results, in Disturbance toWaterfowl on Estuaries, Davidson, N. & P.Rothwell (eds), Wader Study GroupBulletin 68, Special Issue, 53–58.LCC 1987, Melbourne Area District 1 Review,Land Conservation Council, Melbourne.Marshall, P. A. & Keough, M. J. 1994,Asymmetry in intraspecific competition inthe limpet Cellana tramoserica (Sowerby),Journal of Experimental Marine Biologyand Ecology 177 (1), 121–138.Melbourne Water 1999, Operating Charter forWaterways and Drainage, MelbourneWater, Melbourne.Melbourne Water 2004, Index of RiverCondition, Melbourne Water, Melbourne.MSV 2002, Victorian Marine PollutionContingency Plan (VICPLAN), MarineSafety Victoria, Melbourne.MSV 2005, Victorian Recreational BoatingSafety Handbook, Marine Safety Victoria,Melbourne.NRE 1997a, A Wildlife Response Plan for OilSpills, Department of Natural Resourcesand Environment, East Melbourne.NRE 1997b, Victoria’s Biodiversity Strategy:Directions in Management, Department ofJawbone Marine Sanctuary 47

ReferencesNatural Resources and Environment, EastMelbourne.NRE 1999a, Introduction of Exotic Organismsinto Victorian Marine Waters, FFG ActionStatement No. 100, Department of NaturalResources and Environment, EastMelbourne.NRE 1999b, Interim Victorian Protocol forManaging Exotic Marine OrganismIncursions, Department of NaturalResources and Environment, EastMelbourne.NRE 1999c, The Victorian CetaceanContingency Plan, Department of NaturalResources and Environment, EastMelbourne.NRE 2002a, Policy for Sustainable Recreationand Tourism on Victoria’s Public Land,Department of Natural Resources andEnvironment, East Melbourne.NRE 2002b, Port Phillip Bay EnvironmentalManagement Plan, Department of NaturalResources and Environment, EastMelbourne.O’Brien, C. E. 1975, Standing crop,community composition and seasonalvariations in two contrasting benthic algalcommunities of the Hobsons Bay area, B.ScHons Thesis, University of Melbourne,Melbourne. 85 pp (unpublished).ORC 2004, Snorkelling, Scuba Diving andWildlife Swims – Adventure ActivityStandards, Diving Adventure ActivityStandard, Outdoor Recreation Centre,Melbourne.Parks Victoria 1997, The Williamstown–AltonaCoastal Parklands Strategic DirectionsPlan, Parks Victoria, Melbourne.Parks Victoria 2002, Guidelines for Workingwith Aboriginal Communities andProtection of Cultural Sites, Parks Victoria,Melbourne (unpublished).Parks Victoria 2003a, City and Bays RegionalCompliance Plan, Parks Victoria,Melbourne (unpublished).Parks Victoria 2003b, Victoria’s System ofMarine National Parks and MarineSanctuaries, Management Strategy 2003–2010, Parks Victoria, Melbourne.Parks Victoria 2003c, Heritage ManagementStrategy, Parks Victoria, Melbourne.Parks Victoria 2003d, Minimal ImpactEducation / Interpretation Guidelines forVictoria’s Marine National Parks andMarine Sanctuaries, Parks Victoria,Melbourne (unpublished).Parks Victoria 2004, Northern Port PhillipEmergency Management Plan, ParksVictoria, Melbourne (unpublished).Parks Victoria 2005a, Indigenous PartnershipsStrategy and Action Plan, Parks Victoria,Melbourne.Parks Victoria 2005b, Safety and EnvironmentManagement Plan for the Local Port ofPort Phillip, Parks Victoria, Melbourne.Parks Victoria & Hobsons Bay City Council2007, Jawbone Reserve ManagementStatement, Parks, Victoria and HobsonsBay City Council, Melbourne(unpublished).Plummer, A., Morris, L., Blake, S. & Ball, D.2003, Marine Natural Values Study,Victorian Marine National Parks andSanctuaries, Parks Victoria TechnicalSeries No. 1, Parks Victoria, Melbourne.POMC 2004, Environmental ImpactsStatement, Port of Melbourne Corporation,Melbourne.POMC 2007, Supplementary EnvironmentalEffects Statement, Port of MelbourneCorporation, Melbourne.Povey, A. & Keogh, M. 1991, Effects oftrampling on plant and animal populationson rocky shores, OIKOS 61, 355–368.PPWPCMA 2004, Port Phillip and WesternPort Regional Strategy, Port Phillip andWesternport Catchment ManagementAuthority, Frankston, Victoria.Presland, G. 1983, An Archaeological Surveyof the Metropolitan Area. VictorianArchaeological Survey, Ministry forPlanning and Environment, Victoria.Riley, S. & Riley, S. 2003, Report on VisualSurvey of Jawbone Bay in Jawbone MarineSanctuary, Williamstown (unpublished).Rosengren, N. J. 1988, Sites of Geological andGeomorphological Significance on theCoast of Port Phillip Bay, Victoria,48 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

ReferencesTechnical Report Series, Making the Mostof the Bay, Ministry for Planning andEnvironment, East Melbourne.SDFV 2005, Codes of Practice: GeneralOperating Guidelines for RecreationalScuba Diving and Related Activities, ScubaDivers Federation of Victoria, Melbourne.Sharpe, A. & Keough, M. 1998, Aninvestigation of the indirect effects ofintertidal shellfish collection, Journal ofExperimental Marine Biology and Ecology223, 19–38.Short, A. D. 1996, Beaches of the VictorianCoast and Port Phillip Bay: a guide to theirnature, characteristics, surf and safety, SurfLife Saving Australia Ltd, Bondi Beach andCoastal Studies Unit, School ofGeosciences, University of Sydney,Sydney.Tourism Victoria 2000, Nature Based Tourism– Directions and opportunities for Victoria2000–2003, Tourism Victoria, Melbourne.Tourism Victoria 2003, National VisitorsSurvey, Year Ending June 2003, Bureau ofTourism Research, Melbourne.VCC 1998, Siting and Design Guidelines forStructures on the Victorian Coast,Victorian Coastal Council, Melbourne.VCC 2002, Victorian Coastal Strategy 2002,Victorian Coastal Council, Melbourne.Willis, J. H. 1951, Melbourne’s mangroves aredead, Victorian Naturalist 67, 205.WMB Oceanics Australia 1997, Draft AltonaCoastal Park Erosion Study, Reportprepared for the City of Hobsons Bay,WMB Oceanics Australia, Melbourne.Personal communicationsAnderson, R. 2005, Heritage Victoria.Leppitt, R. 2005, Friends of WilliamstownWetlands.Jawbone Marine Sanctuary 49

GLOSSARYAboriginal cultural heritage – Aboriginal places,objects and Aboriginal human remains.Accretion – slow addition to land by deposition ofwater-borne sediment.Algae (seaweed) – photosynthetic plant-likeorganisms belonging to the kingdom Protista.Unlike plants, not differentiated into roots, stemsand leaves. Commonly called seaweed.Alluvial fan – a fan-shaped body of sedimentdeposited by a stream.Amphipod – a small crustacean of the orderAmphipoda, such as the beach flea, having alaterally compressed body with no carapace.Aquaculture – cultivation of fish, molluscs orother aquatic organisms in fresh or salt water.Artefacts – an object produced or shaped by humancraft, especially a tool, weapon, or ornament ofarchaeological or historical interest.Ascidian (sea squirt) – common solitary orcolonial marine animal.Attrition – a rubbing away or wearing down byfriction.Ballast water – water carried in a ship’s tanks forstability; normally discharged to the sea when theship is loaded, and can be contaminated withpollution or exotic organisms.Beach renourishment – artificial renourishment oferoding beaches by pumping sand from a suitablepart of the seabed.Benthic – of or relating to or happening on thebottom under a body of water.Biodiversity – the natural diversity of all life: thesum of all our native species of flora and fauna, thegenetic variation within them, their habitats and theecosystems of which they are an integral part.Bioregion – an area with particular underlyingenvironmental and ecological features.Biota – the combined flora and fauna of a region.Bivalve – type of mollusc with a pair of hingedshells (e.g. scallop, mussel).Bryozoan (lace coral) – common small colonialmarine animal with a flat or upright growth formand a range of colours.Calcarenite – soils and sedimentary rock with asandy texture that has become hardened orcemented together and is composed largely ofcalcium carbonate fragments formed by themechanical breakage or abrasion of the parent rocki.e. dune limestone.Canopy – a structural overstorey (e.g. of kelp).Catchment – the area of land that drains to awatercourse or estuary.Cetacean – marine mammals of the order Cetacea,including the whales, dolphins, and porpoises,characterised by a nearly hairless body, anteriorlimbs modified into broad flippers, vestigialposterior limbs, and a flat notched tail.Coast – in broad terms, the sea and the seabed tothe State limit (3 nautical miles, or 5.5 km) and theland and inland waters within the coastalcatchment.Coastline – generally, where the land meets thesea.Committee of Management – a committeeappointed under the Crown Land (Reserves) Act1978 to manage reserved Crown land on behalf ofthe Minister. For coastal land, most committees areeither an agency (e.g. the local municipality, ParksVictoria or the Department of Sustainability andEnvironment) or a committee appointed through anexpression of interest process.Competition – an interaction between or amongtwo or more individuals or species in whichexploitation of resources by one affects any othersnegatively.Coralline algae – algae that contain calcifiedcomponents. Can take a variety of forms, fromencrusting to upright.Country – in Indigenous usage, all of nature,culture and spirituality relating to an area.Crown land – land belonging to the State.Crustacean – arthropods of the class Crustacea,including lobsters, crabs, shrimps and barnacles,characteristically having a segmented body, achitinous exoskeleton, and paired, jointed limbs.Cryptic – tending to conceal or camouflage.Ctenophores – any of various marine animals ofthe phylum Ctenophora, having transparent,gelatinous bodies bearing eight rows of comblikecilia used for swimming; also called a comb jelly.Customs – observances and practices of people(includes land management and resource use) inaccordance with their tradition.Cyanobacteria – photosynthetic bacterium of theclass Coccogoneae or Hormogoneae, generallyblue-green in colour and in some species capable of50 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

Glossarynitrogen fixation. Cyanobacteria were once thoughtto be algae: also called blue-green alga.Diatom – a microscopic unicellular alga.Dinoflagellates – small protozoans of the orderDinoflagellata, characteristically having twoflagella and a cellulose covering and forming one ofthe chief constituents of plankton; includingbioluminescent forms and forms that produce redtide.Disturbance – a rapid change in an environmentthat greatly alters a previously persistent biologicalcommunity.Driftwood – wood from a natural source floating orthat has been washed ashore.Ebbing – receding tide.Echinoderm – radially symmetrical marineinvertebrates of the phylum Echinodermata, whichincludes the starfishes, sea urchins, and seacucumbers, having an internal calcareous skeletonand often covered with spines.Ecologically sustainable development (ESD) –development that improves the total quality of lifeboth now and in the future, in a way that maintainsthe ecological processes on which life depends.Ecologically sustainable use – the use of a speciesor ecosystem at a level that allows it to renewnaturally and continuously.Ecosystem – a dynamic complex of interactingorganisms and their associated non-livingenvironment.Effluent – a liquid, partially or completely treatedor in its natural state, flowing from a water orsewage treatment plant.Endemic – unique to a particular area, and notfound naturally anywhere else.Environmental flow – minimum flows of water(by volume and season) necessary to maintainaquatic life.Epiphytic – a plant that grows on another plantupon which it depends for mechanical support butnot for nutrients.Estuary – an inlet or river mouth that is influencedby tides and freshwater inputs from the catchment.Exotic marine organism/species – see Pest.Flooding – advancing tide.Flotsam – in maritime law, applies to wreckage orcargo left floating on the sea after a shipwreck. Thecommon term ‘flotsam and jetsam’ is now usedloosely to describe any objects found floating orwashed (respectively) ashore. See also Jetsam.Foram – protozoans of the order Foraminifera,characteristically having a calcareous shell withperforations through which numerous pseudopodsprotrude.Foreshore – generally, the land between a coastalroad and the low water mark.Freehold land – land under private ownership.Gastropod – molluscs of the class Gastropoda,such as the snail, slug, cowrie, or limpet,characteristically having a single, usually coiledshell or no shell at all, a ventral muscular foot forlocomotion, and eyes and feelers located on adistinct head.Geomorphology – the scientific study of landformsand geological formations and the processes thatshape them.Glacial – of, relating to, or derived from a glacier; aglacial epoch.Gorgonian – soft coral fan generally found in highflow areas.Groundwater – water beneath the earth’s surface,often between saturated soil and rock, that supplieswells and springs.Habitat – the preferred location or ‘home’ of anorganism.Hard coral – coral with solid calcareous cases forstructure. Generally colonial and found on hardsurfaces.Heritage – a place, activity, cultural way of life,structure or group of structures that have aesthetic,historic, scientific or social value for past, presentor future generations.High water mark – the landward boundary of highwater mark is the average of the highest tides(spring and neap).Hydroid – small, tentacled animal related to coralsand sea-jellies. Common but often overlooked.Index of River Condition (IRC) – the Index ofRiver Condition (IRC) ratings are based on theIndex of Stream Condition (ISC) developed byDSE for rural rivers and creeks. They have beenmodified, however, to account for the urban riversand creeks in Melbourne Water’s operating areaand include data for all of the rivers and creeks thatMelbourne Water manages.Indigenous people – people who are descendantsof Aboriginal Australians and Torres StraitIslanders.Indigenous communities – indigenous people whoshare cultural values and activities relating to thesanctuary.Jawbone Marine Sanctuary 51

GlossaryIndigenous species – species that occur naturally ina region.Infrastructure – physical structures that facilitatethe human use of an area (e.g. roads, paths andtoilet blocks).Interglacial – occurring between glacial epochs.Intertidal – the area between low and high tidelevels, which is subject to daily changes in physicaland biological conditions from tide movements.Invertebrate – an animal without a backbone atany stage of development (e.g. worms, sponges,crustaceans, molluscs).Isopods – crustaceans of the order Isopoda,characterised by a flattened body bearing sevenpairs of legs and including the sow bugs andgribbles.Jetsam – in maritime law, applies to cargo orequipment thrown overboard from a ship in distressand either sunk or washed ashore. The commonterm ‘flotsam and jetsam’ is now used loosely todescribe any objects found floating or washed(respectively) ashore. See also Flotsam.Lichens – any plant organism of the groupLichenes, composed of a fungus and an alga insymbiotic association.Macrofauna – invertebrate animals that are largerthan 0.5 mm.Mangrove – any of various similar shrubs or trees,especially of the genus Avicennia, having stiltlikeroots and stems and forming dense thickets alongtidal shores.Marine National Park – in Victoria, highlyprotected areas reserved and managed under theNational Parks Act that represent the range ofmarine environments in Victoria, and in which nofishing, extractive or damaging activities areallowed.Marine protected area – a marine area that hassome form of protection and is managed forconservation objectives.Marine Sanctuary – in Victoria, a small, highlyprotected area reserved and managed under theNational Parks Act to protect special values, and inwhich no fishing, extractive or damaging activitiesare allowed. These areas complement MarineNational Parks.Meiofauna – invertebrate animals that are smallerthan 0.5 mm but larger than 0.063 mm.Midden – a mound or deposit containing theremains of shellfish eaten by Indigenous people.Coastal shell middens can consist of the shells andother remains from a single meal or many differentmeals eaten in the same location over many years.Middens can also contain other cultural items suchas stone and bone artefacts.Mollusc – broad group of animals including snails,sea slugs, squids, octopuses, cuttlefish and mussels.Mooring – a structure or apparatus used to secureany floating object. A private mooring is a mooringinstalled and maintained by any non-governmentagency or individual.Morphology – the characteristics and configurationand evolution of rocks and land forms [syn:geomorphology].Nature-based tourism – tourism that provides arange of experiences associated with the naturalenvironment, generally related to outdoor activity.Neap tide – tide occurring twice every monthbetween spring tides but is slightly lower.Nekton – organisms with swimming abilities thatpermit them to move actively through the watercolumn and to move against water currents.Nematodes – worms of the phylum Nematoda,having unsegmented, cylindrical bodies, oftennarrowing at each end.Outfall – the place where sewage is discharged tothe ocean.Pest – exotic organisms (plants, animals orpathogens) that, if introduced outside their naturalor previous distribution, cause significant changesto habitats, food chains, ecosystems or humanhealth by feeding on or competing with nativespecies. Can refer to either terrestrial or marinespecies.Photosynthesis – the process by which organicmolecules are made from carbon dioxide and water,using light energy. This process is essential for thegrowth and survival of plants and algae.Phytoplankton – Small plants that drift in openwater.Plankton – the collection of small or microscopicorganisms, including algae and protozoans, thatfloat or drift in great numbers in fresh or salt water,especially at or near the surface, and serve as foodfor fish and other larger organisms.Pneumatophores – an air-filled root (submerged orexposed) that can function as a respiratory organ ofa mangrove, marsh or swamp plant.Poaching – to take fish or game in a forbidden areaor unlawfully.Polychaetes – annelid worms of the classPolychaeta, including mostly marine worms such asthe lugworm, and characterised by fleshy pairedappendages tipped with bristles on each bodysegment.52 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

GlossaryPredation – the consumption of one organism byanother.Primary productivity – a measure of the rate atwhich new organic matter is developed throughphotosynthesis and chemosynthesis in producerorganisms based on the oxygen released and carbontaken in; the transformation of chemical or solarenergy to biomass.Ramsar Convention on Wetlands – aninternational agreement created in Ramsar, Iran, in1971 to recognise wetlands of internationalimportance.Recruitment – the residual of those larvae thathave dispersed, settled at the adult site, made somefinal movements towards the adult habitat,metamorphosed successfully and survived to bedetected by the observer.Registered Aboriginal party – registered underpart 10 of the Aboriginal Heritage Act by theAboriginal Heritage Council.Remnant vegetation – remaining naturalvegetation.Saltmarsh – a coastal habitat consisting of saltresistantplants residing in an organic-rich sedimentaccreting towards sea level.Sediment – insoluble material carried in water,consisting mainly of particles derived from rock,soil and organic material; in particular suchmaterial that has settled out of the water, onto theseabed.Sedimentation – the deposition of sediment on asurface.Semidiurnal – occurring or coming approximatelyonce every 12 hours, as the tides.Sessile organism – an organism that is attached toan underwater surface (e.g. pier, seabed, pile).Sewage – household or commercial waste waterincluding human and industrial wastes.Sewerage – the system that facilitates thecollection, transport, treatment and discharge ofsewage.Shellfish – an aquatic animal, such as a mollusc orcrustacean, which has a shell or shell-likeexoskeleton.Soft coral – coral without a solid calcareous casesfor structure. Generally colonial and found on hardsurfaces.Sponge – multicellular filter-feeding animals with avariety of forms. Sponges are the simplest form ofinvertebrate life.Spring tides – occur twice every month at the newand full moon, and are the highest tides.Stakeholder – an individual or group that has avested interest in, or may be affected by, a projector process.Stormwater – runoff from land during andfollowing rain. Stormwater removes accumulatedmaterial including litter, soil, nutrients, pathogens,chemicals, pesticides, oils and grease.Substrate – a surface on which an organism growsor is attached.Subtidal – waters below the low-tide mark.Surfactants – a surface-active substance.Threatening process – a source of potential harmor a situation with a potential to cause loss.Toxicant – a poison or poisonous agent.Tradition – the body of knowledge, belief andcustoms that is passed from generation togeneration.Traditional Owners – person with traditional orfamilial links, an Aboriginal person with particularknowledge about traditions, observances, customsor beliefs associated with the area, and the personhas responsibility under Aboriginal tradition forsignificant aboriginal places located in, orsignificant Aboriginal objects originating from, thearea; or is a member of a family or clan group thatis recognized as having responsibility underAboriginal tradition for significant aboriginalplaces located in or significant Aboriginal objectsoriginating from, the area.Translocation – the transfer of pest animals orplants from one area to a new area.Turbidity – having sediment or foreign particlesstirred up or suspended; muddy: turbid water.Values – natural and cultural assets (e.g. historicartefacts, features, species, communities) that havebeen given worth or are considered to be desirable.Vascular plant – plants, such as the ferns and seedbearingplants, in which the phloem transportssugar and the xylem transports water and salts.Vessel – (as defined in the Marine Act) any kind ofvessel that is used, or capable of being used, innavigation by water, however propelled or moved,and includes (a) a barge, lighter, floating restaurantor other floating vessel; (b) an air-cushion vehicle,or other similar craft, that is used in navigation bywater; and (c) any aeroplane that is designed forand capable of being waterborne, for so long as thataeroplane is waterborne.Water column – water habitat extending betweenthe surface and the seabed.Wetland – land where saturation by water is thedominant factor for soil type and plant and animalJawbone Marine Sanctuary 53

Glossarycommunities (e.g. tidal areas, saltmarsh andmangroves).Wrack – organic matter, including seaweed thathas been washed ashore.Zooplankton – plankton that consists of animals,including the corals, rotifers, sea anemones, andjellyfish.AbbreviationsAAV – Aboriginal Affairs VictoriaANZECC – former Australian and New ZealandEnvironment and Conservation Council.CAMBA – China-Australia Migratory BirdAgreementCBD – Central Business DistrictCMA – Catchment Management AuthorityCSIRO – Commonwealth Scientific and IndustrialResearch OrganisationCRIMP – Centre for Research on IntroducedMarine PestsDIVA – Dive Industry Victoria AssociationDPI – Department of Primary IndustriesDSE – Department of Sustainability andEnvironment, formerly NREDVC – Department of Victorian CommunitiesECC – Environment Conservation Council,formerly LCCEPA – Environment Protection AuthorityEMF – Environmental Management Framework ofParks VictoriaEPBC – Environment Protection and BiodiversityConservation Act 1999 (Cwlth)FFG – Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988JAMBA – Japan-Australia Migratory BirdAgreementGPS – Global Positioning SystemHBCC – Hobsons Bay City CouncilIMCRA – Interim Marine and CoastalRegionalisation for AustraliaIRC – Index of river conditionIUCN – International Union for the Conservationof NatureLCC – Land Conservation CouncilMOU – Memorandum of understandingMSV – Marine Safety VictoriaNEIP – Neighbourhood Environment ImprovementProgramNRE – former Department of Natural Resourcesand EnvironmentNRSMPA – National Representative System ofMarine Protected AreasPIRVIC – Department of Primary IndustriesResearch Victoria (formerly MAFRI)PPWPCMA – Port Phillip and Western PortCatchment Management AuthorityPWC – Personal water craftScuba – Self-contained underwater breathingapparatusSDFV – Scuba Divers Federation of VictoriaSEMP – Safety and Environment ManagementPlanSEPP – State Environment Protection PolicyTFMPA – Taskforce for Marine Protected AreasVCC – Victorian Coastal CouncilWTP – Werribee Treatment Plant54 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

AppendicesAPPENDIX 1MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES FOR MARINE SANCTUARIESManagement objectives for marine nationalparks and marine sanctuaries included onSchedule 7 or 8 of the National Parks Act aredetailed in Sections 4 and 17D of the Act aslisted below. For an up-to-date copy of the Act,refer to Victorian Acts on the VictorianLegislation and Parliamentary Documentswebsite www.dms.dpc.vic.gov.au.4. Objects of the ActThe objects of this Act are –(a) to make provision, in respect of nationalparks, State parks, marine national parksand marine sanctuaries –(i)(ii)(iii)(iv)for the preservation and protection ofthe natural environment includingwilderness areas and remote andnatural areas in those parks;for the protection and preservation ofindigenous flora and fauna and offeatures of scenic or archaeological,ecological, geological, historic or otherscientific interest in those parks; andfor the study of ecology, geology,botany, zoology and other sciencesrelating to the conservation of thenatural environment in those parks;andfor the responsible management of theland in those parks;(c) to make provision in accordance with theforegoing for the use of parks by thepublic for the purposes of enjoyment,recreation or education, and for theencouragement and control of that use.17D Marine national parks and marinesanctuaries(3) The Secretary must –(a) ensure that each marine national park andmarine sanctuary is controlled andmanaged in accordance with the objects ofthis Act. in a manner that will –(i) preserve and protect the naturalenvironment and indigenous flora andfauna of the park and any features of thepark which are of geological,geomorphological, ecological, scenic,archaeological, historic or otherscientific interest; and(ii) promote the prevention of theintroduction of exotic flora and faunainto the park; and(iii) provide for the eradication or control ofexotic flora and fauna found in the park;and(b) subject to paragraph (a) –(i) provide for the use, enjoyment andunderstanding of Marine National Parksand Marine Sanctuaries by the public;and(ii) promote an understanding of the purposeand significance of Marine NationalParks and Marine Sanctuaries; and(c) prepare a plan of management in respectof each marine national park and eachmarine sanctuary.Jawbone Marine Sanctuary 55

AppendicesAPPENDIX 2SUBMISSIONS ON THE DRAFT MANAGEMENT PLANA total of 12 submissions were received on the draft plan, comprising 7 from organisations and 5 fromindividuals. Two submissions were marked confidential.ORGANISATION/ INDIVIDUALSUBMISSION NUMBERSUBMISSIONS FROM ORGANISATIONS TOTAL: 7Australian Marine Conservation Society 06Confidential 11Confidential 01Field Naturalists Club of Victoria 07Friends of Williamstown Wetlands 03Hobsons Bay City Council 12Mobil 10SUBMISSIONS FROM INDIVIDUALS TOTAL: 5Robynn Bennison & Helen Tregear 08Robert Charlesworth 04Leonie & Frank Jones 09Ian Rae 02David Scott 0556 Jawbone Marine Sanctuary

AppendicesAPPENDIX 3SHIPWRECKSNAMECOMMENTSLocation known:CarmenWooden brigantine built in Austria in 1879, formerly employed as a whaling reliefvessel. Possibly hulked in Melbourne in 1911. Melbourne Harbour Trust licenceissued to McIlwraith, McEacharn & Co Ltd to operate Carmen as a coal/woollighter on 16 May 1917. Licence to new owners, Victorian Lighterage on 22February 1921. Last renewal 14 January 1935. Register closed in 1936 – ‘brokenup’. Was burnt by owners in company with hulk Ester.MacedonThe lighter Macedon broke away from its tow by the tug Swiftness while under towto Geelong, drifted ashore at the back of the Rifle Range on 20 Feb 1952 and wasabandoned by her owners Victorian Lighterage Pty Ltd. Williamstown locals wereencouraged to strip the wreck for firewood. The site consists of large timbersstrewn along the rocky shoreline in shallow water.Location unknown:Agnes Former steamer converted to ketch, blew ashore in 1933.EsterWooden barque arrived in Hobart in 1900 from London. Purchased by EsterShipping Co. Also known as the ‘Yellow Peril’. Only vessel out of Hobart fittedwith a windmill pump – used on leaking, undermanned vessels. Condemned andhulked in Melbourne. Licence to operate as coal/wool lighter issued by MelbourneHarbour Trust 16 March 1912 – tonnage altered. Licence renewed 8 January 1918,last renewal 14 January 1935. Burnt, together with hulk Carmen, by owners in1936.BaldrockOperated as a Hobsons Bay ferry between 1907 and 1911. Not popular withpassengers due to a lack of enclosed accommodation, and suffered continual engineand boiler problems. In 1908 Ports and Harbours / Public Works Dept convertedinto a tug for use towing powder barges to the Altona Explosives anchorage.Register closed 9 February 1928 after it was run ashore and broken up behind theRifle Range.Source: Heritage Victoria (2000); R. Anderson pers. comm. (2005)Jawbone Marine Sanctuary 57

SanWESTERNCITY LINKRINGM80MELBOURNEROADFREEWAYKOROROITCherryWESTKororoitMILLERS ROADM1MELBOURNENewportROADGATEWestgate ParkFREEWAYWILLIAMSTOWNROADCREEKCreekLavertonPRINCESCreekAltonaCreekAltonaCoastalParkROADJawboneFlora &FaunaReserveWilliamstownH O B S O N SB A YNCESSkeletonJAWBONEMARINE SANCTUARYPoint GellibrandCoastal Heritage ParkCreekCheethamWetlandsP O R TP H I L L I PPoint Cook Coastal ParkPOINT COOKEMARINE SANCTUARYBMelbourneHGeelongFrankston0 1 2 3Freeway/HighwayMajor sealed roadFigure 1LOCATIONJAWBONE MARINE SANCTUARYNKILOMETRESCartography by Spatial Vision 2006M/7364Jawbone Marine SanctuaryPoint Cooke Marine SanctuaryMELBOURNEOther Parks

+++Lake Barracoota6Y2Wader BeachYsTheRangeEstatelLakeSystemBAYTheTRAILRangeEstateCROFTON DRIVELakeSysteml l l l l ll l lll l l l l ll l l l lMERRETT DRIVESANDPIPERPLACE HOFFMANTERRACEBAYCompassHilllWilliamstownRIFLE RANGE DRIVEJAWBONEBAYSMITH AVENUETRAILWATERSEDGETOBRUK CRESCENTWilliamstownHigh SchoolBAYSTREETBAYVIEW STREETJAWBONEMARINE SANCTUARYFigure 2s Y N6lYllllllll2Sealed roadBay TrailWalking trackShore boundary marker(Colour indicated by letter)Pylon marker / Marker buoyBoardwalkFencelineGateRock Wall (remnant)Stormwater DrainJawbone Marine SanctuaryJawbone Flora & FaunaReserveJawbone Reserve(managed by City ofHobsons Bay)Parklands(managed by City ofHobsons Bay)Enclosed WaterbodyNo Public AccessSpecial Protection AreaFishing Clubs(managed by City ofHobsons Bay)Depth contourRecreation FacilitiesBird Hides YFishingClubsCarparkDogs on leashLookoutTRAILPlaygroundSanctuary informationP O R T P H I L L I P22GloucesterReserveNo DogsSanctuary information(proposed)0 751506YLatitude and Longitude values are based on WGS84. GPS users note that co-ordinatesfor boundaries are given in the format degrees:minutes:seconds. Alternate formats areavailable on Parkweb, by calling 13 1963 or from Parks Victoria Offices.METRESCartography by Spatial Vision 2007M/7364