FPM projects in Europe - Världsnaturfonden WWF

Cover:Author:Photos:Dr Robert Vandré tells about the Freshwater Pearl Mussel in streamSüdliche Regnitz, Germany.Lennart Henrikson, WWF Sweden, Ulriksdals Slott, S-170 81 Solna,Sweden, lennart.henrikson@wwf.seLennart Henrikson and Sofi Alexanderson/WWF SwedenJuly, 2009 © WWF Sweden

• Common river mussel project in Bavaria,Germany• Restoration of Pearl mussel population inthe Ardennes, Luxembourg(LIFE05NAT/L/000116)• Conservation of habitats of pearl musselsin Belgium Life Moules Perlières(LIFE02NAT/B/008590)• Headwater streams and faunistic heritageassociated (LIFE04NAT/FR/000082).We also visited professor Klaus Wächtler.The participants wereMs Askia Wittern, Oueens College, Belfast,Northern Ireland (present e-mail addressaskia.wittern@skogsstyrelsen.se)Mr Håkan Söderberg, County AdministrationBoard of Västernorrland, Sweden(hakan.soderberg@y.lst.se)Dr Martin Österling, Karlstad University,Sweden (martin.osterling@kau.se)Dr Lennart Henrikson, WWF Sweden(lennart.henrikson@wwf.se).Latvia 2007During July 29 and August 3 2007 we visiteda number FPM streams in Latvia. The hostwas the Malacological Society of Latvia, Dr.Mudite Ruditze. We studied FPM streams inthe Gauja national park:• River Gauja• Stream Amata• Stream Perlupe• Stream Strikjupe• Stream Rauza.The participants wereMs Sofi Alexanderson, WWF SwedenMr Jakob Bergengren, County AdministrationBoard of Jönköping, Sweden(jakob.bergengren@f.lst.se)Dr Lennart Henrikson, WWF SwedenMr Håkan Söderberg, County AdministrationBoard of Västernorrland, SwedenScotland 2008During June 23 and July 26 2008 we visitedprojects in Scotland. We visited:• River Kerry• River Moriston• Scottish Natural Heritage• Fish lab• River SpeyThe participants wereMs Sofi Alexanderson, WWF Sweden DrBjörn Arvidsson, Karlstad University(bjorn.arvidsson@kau.se)Mr Erik Degerman, Fishery Board ofSweden, (erik.degerman@fiskeriverket.se)Dr Lennart Henrikson, WWF SwedenMr Oskar Norrgrann, County AdministrationBoard of Västernorrland, Sweden(oscar.norrgrann@y.lst.se)Mr Håkan Söderberg, County AdministrationBoard of Västernorrland, Sweden Dr JohanTörnblom, Swedish University ofAgricultural Sciences(johan.tornblom@smsk.slu.se)Ms Askia Wittern, Swedish Forest Agency(askia.wittern@skogsstyrelsen.se)The objective of the reportThe objective of this report is to make a shortpresentation of some mussel projects whichhopefully will increase the awareness andfacilitate networking activities among aquaticconservationists.We present the objectives, actions and results.In most of the projects it is impossible toshow if the actions have been successful, i.e.recruitment of mussels, as it takes 5-10 yearsuntil the small mussels can easily be observedwithout disturbing the habitat. This meansthat the results mostly are related to theperformance of the actions.Other FPM projectsWe did not have the opportunity to visit allFPM projects in Europe. There are ongoingprojects as well as finished ones in e.g.Norway, Finland, Russia, Ireland, NorthernIreland, England, Austria, and Spain.7

The Freshwater Pearl Mussel and its habitat in SwedenFish passage made like a small stream around a dam in the freshwater pearl mussel stream Nötån.ObjectiveThe objective is to develop and test methodsto achieve favourable conservation status forthe FPM in 21 Natura 2000 streams inSweden.Actions• Developing of planning methods• Measures to improve the conditions forFPM as well as the host fish species- cleaning of bottom substrate- new gravel bottoms- restoration of riparian areas- closing of ditches entering the FPMstreams- construction of fishways.• Information to the landowners and otheractors within the drainage area• Re-introduction of FPM• Summarising the experiences in a manualfor conservation of streams inhabitingFPM• International conference, August 2009Results/experiences• Most of the planned actions have beensuccessfully performedRestoration of riparian area. Planted trees ofNorwegian spruce have been cut and removed inorder to establish a more natural riparian area inStream Sollumsån.8

Publications“The Freshwater Pearl Mussel – a jewel ofthe forest landscape.” Brochure in Swedish.Cleaning of bottom substrate in StreamBratteforsån. Photo: Sofi AlexandersonHenrikson, L. The Freshwater Pearl MusselMargaritifera margaritifera and its habitatson Sweden – a LIFE project. In: Vandré,R. & Schmidt, C. (Eds.) 2006. Proceedingsfrom the Workshop ”Pearl MusselConservation and River Restoration” 15-16.11.2005 in Bad Elster, Germany.Bezirk Oberfranken & AnglerverbandSüdsachsen Mulde/Elster e. V. PP 15-20.Degerman, E, Alexanderson, S. Bergengren,J., Henrikson, L., Johansson, B-E., Larsen,B.M. Söderberg, H. 2009. Restoration offreshwater pearl mussel streams. WWFSweden, Solna.Contact detailsProject identification:LIFE04NAT/SE/000231Home page: www.wwf.se/fpm (in English),www.wwf.se/flodparlmussla (in Swedish)Personal contact: Sofi Alexanderson andLennart Henrikson, WWF Sweden,Ulriksdals Slott, S-170 81 Solna, Sweden.e-mail: sofi.alexanderson@wwf.selennart.henrikson@wwf.seSofi Alexanderson re-introduces FPM intoStream Silverån.9

The Lutter project, Niedersachsen, GermanyStream LutterThe upper part of Stream Lutter was drained and channelized but wetland has beenrecreated by the project.Stream Lutter is situated at the Lüneburger Heidein Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen) in the northernpart of Germany. FPM was formerly a commonspecies in the area but today it is only found inthe Lutter.The Lutter project was initiated and financed bycity councils Celle and Gifhorn in LowerSaxony, the county Lower Saxony and thegovernment (Bundesamt für Naturschutz).Our host was Dr Reinhard Altmüller and hiscolleagues Mr Rainer Dettmer and professorKlaus Wächtler.ObjectiveThe main objectives are to protect Lutter andimprove the stream habitats for FPM.• Semi-artificial glochidia infection of Browntrout.ActionsExamples:• Protection of buffer zones along the stream.• Restoration of stream channel.• Reduction of sand and fine sediment load.A section of the restored Stream Lutterinhabiting young FPM.Results/experiencesThe Lutter project is the most expensive projecton FPM in Europe but also the only one which10

has shown results in terms of recruitment ofFPM!• A buffer zone of land was purchased to get aprotection of the Lutter. Most of the moneywas spent on this action.• In the upper part of Lutter the stream wasdeepened and straightened in order to get landfor grass harvest and grazing. Severeal km ofthe channel was restored.• Sediment traps were constructed and preventsand (and other material) entering the stream.One trap for coarser material and another onefor finer material. The sediment traps have tobe place near the stream.• Infection of native 0+ Brown trout was madein the laboratory and the fishes were releasedinto the stream. Brown trout from fish farmswas no good host.• Today the percentage of young mussels is fargreater than before and the young musselshave been observed to reproduce.PublicationsAltmüller; R. & Dettmer, R. 2006. Successfulspecies protection measures for the FreshwaterPearl Mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera)through the reduction of unnaturally highloading of silt and sand in running waters –Experiences within the scope of theLutterproject .(This pdf-file is the English version of anarticle which is published with three otherarticles dealing with species and biotopeprotection for the freshwater pearl musselMargaritifera margaritifera in Lower Saxony,North Germany (see:http://www.nlwkn.niedersachsen.de/master/C35794242_N14750639_L20_D0_I5231158.html).)Contact detailsDr. Reinhard AltmüllerNiedersächsischer Landesbetrieb fürWasserwirtschaft, Küsten- undNaturschutz (NLWKN)Betriebsstelle Hannover-HildesheimAufgabenbereich 44 (Tier- undPflanzenartenschutz)Göttinger Chaussee 76 A30453 Hannovere-mail: Reinhard.Altmueller@NLWKN-H.Niedersachsen.deSand filter approx. 300 m from Lutter.Filter for fine material approx. 25 m from Lutter.Dr Reinhard Altmüller and Mr Rainer Dettmer.11

Large freshwater mussels Unionoidea in the border area ofBavaria, Saxonia & Czech Republic, GermanyRobert Vandré shows ditches made to prevent iron (ochre) to enter the stream Südliche Regnitz.Südliche RegnitzThe stream Südliche Regnitz, where threecountries meet (Bavaria, Saxony and the Czechrepublic), inhabits FPM as well as the CommonRiver Mussel Unio crassus.The stream faces the very common problems –eutrophication and siltation due to agriculture andsewage. This is supposed to be the reason for thelack of young mussels.Our hosts were Dr Robert Vandré and MsChristine Schmidt.ObjectiveThe main objective is to protect the twothreatened mussels species.ActionsExamples:• Construction of silt traps to decrease the loadof silt to the stream• Instream measures to restore the habitat.• Artificial infection of brown trout in a fishfarm, collection of the post parasitic youngmussels and release into the stream.• Artificial infection of native minnows withglochidia of Unio crassus and release into thestream.Results/experiences• Eight silt traps (se picture, next page) werebuilt in tributaries and caught 20-30 tonnesper year.• Sediment taken from the stream, washed andreturned retained low silt content for 3 yearsbut was not stable.• Newly constructed, paved passages for cattlecrossing the stream successfully minimizedthe loss of silt. See picture, next page.• Dead wood and stones were added to thestream to increase the biotope heterogeneity,causing a strong increase of the minnowpopulation, main host fish of Unio crassus.12

• Juveniles of Unio crassus were found at theend of the project, originating from theartificial infection of minnow.recruitment of FPM was observed in oneriver section.• Released young mussels of the FPM couldnot been recaptured so far. Recent naturalPublicationsVandré, R. & Schmidt, C. (Eds.) 2006.Proceedings from the Workshop ”PearlMussel Conservation and River Restoration”15-16.11.2005 in Bad Elster, Germany. BezirkOberfranken & Anglerverband SüdsachsenMulde/Elster e. V.Contact detailsProject identification:LIFE2002NAT/D/8458Home page: http://www.life.bezirkoberfranken.de/Personal contact: Dr Robert Vandrée-mail: epost@rvandre.deSilt trap in a tributary to the stream Südliche Regnitz.A paved cattle passage.13

Flussperlmuschel DreiländereckObjectiveThe main objective is to culture FPM by thetechnique of J Hruska, Czech Republic andlater tansplant this to FPM streams.Our host was Dr. Michael. Lange and HeidiSelheim.Actions• Mussels were cultivated in ChemnitzMulde.• Food for the smallest mussel werecollected at a field/wetland. The food isorganic matter produced by roots of grass.Results/experiences• The project has been successful inproducing small FPM.• Water quality, temperature and food areimportant factors.Contact detailsProject identification:Interreg SN-01-I1-3-C0203-EEVHome page: ---Personal contact: Michael LangePlanungsbüro Landes- und Denkmalpflege,VogtlandSchildstrasse 30, D-08525 Plauen, Germanye-mail: pld-vogtland@t-online.deHeidi Selheim studying juvenile mussels.Michael. Lange collecting food in a wetland.Small mussel incages in a brook.

Common river mussel Unio crassus project in Bavaria,GermanyThe Common River MusselThe common river mussel is an endangeredspecies and included I the Annex of the EUHabitat Directive. The species seems to havethe same biotope requirements as the FPM.However it has other host fish species.The stream we visited suffer fromeutrophication due runoff from agriculturalland and sewage from households andbreweries. The effects are for examplesiltation.Our host was Dr Susanne Hochwald.ObjectiveThe main objective is to protect the commonriver mussel.The beautiful landscape around the mussel stream.ActionsExamples:• Construction of sewage treatment plants.• Re-meandering of the stream• Fencing along the stream to preventerosion by cattlePublicationsSusanne Hochwald with common river musselsContact detailsProject identification:Home page: /Personal contact: Dr Susanne Hochwalde-mail: susanne.hochwald@uni-bayreuth.de15

Restoration of pearl mussel populations in the Ardennes,LuxembourgRiver Our.River OurThe river Our catchment is transboundaryacross Belgium, Germany and Luxembourg.The FPM population is very small (500individuals) with no recruitment.Our host was Dr Frankie Thielen.ObjectiveThe main objectives are to reinforce thepresent FPM populations and improve thehabitats for FPM and host fish (Brown trout).ActionsExamples:• Construction and management of abreeding station to ensure the regularreintroduction of young FPM to reinforcethe size of the present population.• Elimination of fish migration obstacles• Reinforcing the trout population (as partof the pearl mussel breeding and releaseactions);• Restoring gravel banks free of silt or clay• Restoring natural riverbanks by cuttingexotic conifers (4 ha) and plantingindigenous trees (4 ha)• Preventing cattle entering the river with2.5 km of fencing.• A band of land at least 4m wide along theOur and its tributaries, totalling 5 ha, willbe purchased to ensure an appropriaterestoration and management.Results/experiences• A mussel cultivation station was buildinside an old mill. The small mussel willbe placed in narrow and shallow channelsin grassland (see picture).16

• Planted Norwegian spruce were cut alongtributaries to river Our to get a morenatural riparian vegetation, favouring thetrout population.PublicationsInternational Seminar“Rearing of unionid mussels”, 28th-31th May2008 in Heinerscheid (Luxembourg)http://www.heppi.com/presentations.htmContact detailsProject identification:LIFE05 NAT/L/000116Home page: http://www.margaritifera.eu/Personal contact:Fondation Hëllef fir d’NaturProject Life Nature Freshwater Pearl Mussel2, Kierchestrooss, L-9753 Heinerscheid,LuxembourgFrankie Thielen,e-mail: f.thielen@luxnatur.luFrankie Thielen (to the left) shows the channelswere the young mussels will be placed.17

Conservation of habitats of pearl mussels in BelgiumAnlierIn an area around Anlier in southeast Belgiumthere still remains adult FPM but norecruitment. The threats are siltation,eutrophication and unnatural treecomposition. Also forestry may causesiltation. Alien species, like muskrat may be aproblem.Our host was Mr Grégory Motte.ObjectiveThe main objective is to protect theFPM.FPM stream in SE Belgium.ActionsExamples:• Purchase of land for protection of thestreams• Fencing along the stream to preventerosion by cattle• Construction of drinking facilities forcattle• Cutting of planted spruce to establishnatural deciduous forest• Planting of natural tree spesies along thestreamGrégory Motte and his colleague Stephane at asolar driven well for drinking water for the cattleContact detailsProject identification:LIFE02NAT/B/008590Home page:http://biodiversite.wallonie.be/offh/lifemp/Personal contact: Mr Grégory Mottee-mail: G.Motte@mrw.wallonie18

Headwater streams and faunistic heritage associated,FranceFPM stream in Morvan, Burgundy, France.Parc naturel regional MorvanIn Morvan, Burgundy, there is still FPM, butjust adult ones. It is mainly a forested areawith a lot of streams but also water reservoirs.Our host was Mr Pierre Durlet.ObjectiveThe main objective is to protect the FPMwithin an integrated rural development.ActionsExamples:• Purchase of land for protection of thestreams• Improving the connectivity for fish.• Minimize negative effects of forestry andagriculture• Waste water treatment• Fencing along the stream to preventerosion by cattleResults/experiences• Planted spruce trees have been cut inorder to establish a natural treecomposition along the streams• The stream water has been divertedaround reservoirs to prevent thetemperature to raise over 25 o C, whichmay effect the Brown trout and otheraquatic species.• Road culverts have been replaced bybridges to facilitate fish migration.19

The White-Clawed Crayfish, Austropotamobiuspallipes, listed in the Annex of the EU HabitatDirective, is found in small streams in Morvan.Pierre Durlet (to the right) telling HåkanSöderberg about how a road culvert wasreplaced by a wooden bridge.Contact detailsProject identification:LIFE04NAT/FR/000082Home page: http://www.liferuisseaux.org/#Personal contact: Pierre Durlete-mail: pierre.durlet@parcdumorvan.orgA White-Clawed Crayfish stream in Morvan20

Studies of FPM streams and conservation in LatviaGauja National ParkMost of the Latvian FPM streams are foundin the centre of the country. We visitedGauja national park. Our host was MuditeRudzite and the Latvian MalacologicalSociety.ObjectiveThe main objective is to document the FPMpopulations, identify threats, and then protectthe FPM streams. Seehttp://www.dap.gov.lv/?lngsw=en.Actions• Inventories of FPM streams• Implementing the Swedish standardmethod for FPM inventories.Searching for FPM in stream Strikjupe, Latvia.• The recruitment of young mussels hasceased.• Beaver Castor fiber is regarded as threatas it makes dams which leads to siltation.• The water quality seems not to meet therequirements of the FPM.• A national Action Plan has beendeveloped.Results/experiences• The FPM has declined in Latvia.• Today eight streams are known to inhabitapprox. 25,000 FPM.FPM in stream Rauza cover by fine sediment.21

PublicationsRudzite, M. 2004. Distribution of thefreshwater pearl musselMargaritifera margaritifera (Linnaeus 1758)in Latvia in relation towater quality. Latvijas Universitates raksti.Acta UniversitatisLatviensis.Biology. Vol. 676: 79-85.Rudzite, M. 2005. Assessment of thecondition of freshwater pearlmussel Margaritifera margaritifera (Linnaeus1758) populations inLatvia. Latvijas Universitates raksti. ActaUniversitatisLatviensis.Biology. Vol. 691: 121-128.Rudzite, M. & Znotina, V. 2006. An answerto Campbell, Acta UniversitatisLatviensis, Biology, pp. Vol.710: 141-143.Contact detailsHome page: Malacological Society of Latviahttp://gliemji.daba.lv/en_Apsveikums.shtmlPersonal contact: Mudite Rudzite, Museumof Zoology, University of Latvia, KronvaldaBulv. 4, Riga LV-1586, Latviae-mail: mudite.rudzite@lu.lvMudite RudzitePerlupe (=pearl stream) and Maris Rudzitis.22

Scientific studies and conservation of FPM streams inScotlandFPM in ScotlandThere are many FPM streams in Scotland,approx. 120 streams. Recruitment occurs in67 streams. Host fish is Atlantic salmonSalmo salar in the east coast rivers and searunning Brown trout Salmo trutta in the westcoast rivers.To estimate population status, the Scottishscientists investigate the bottoms for juvenilemussels by e.g. removing stones. This differsfrom the Swedish method where just themussel detectable by eye (and a peek box) iscounted.In general FPM occurs in the main streamwhile the tributaries are missing mussels.This is the opposite of Sweden.Pearl fishing has been common and affectedthe FPM populations as can be seen by lackof mussels of certain age classes today. Pearlfishing is banned since 1998 but occasionallyoccurs today.The main threats are degradation of themussel biotopes due to land use andinfrastructure. Siltation is regarded as a greatproblem.There are genetic differences among west andeast coast rivers populations respectively.ConservationThe Scottish Natural Heritage is theresponsible governmental authorities forbiodiversity (contact person Dr. Iain Sime,Inverness). It has designated FPM streamsincluding a buffer zone as SAC (Natura 2000sites).ResearchScientific studies are mainly done by theUniversity of Aberdeen, led by Dr. MarkYoung. Mark Young and his colleagues havemade several classical FPM studies. Geneticstudies are performed by Dr. Eef Cauwelierand Dr. Eric Verspoor at the FisheryResearch Services Freshwater Laboratory atPitlochry.Björn Arvidsson presents genetic studies on Swedish FPM at a seminar at theFishery Research Services Freshwater Laboratory at Pitlochry.23

River KerryRiver Kerry at the west coast, near Gairlochis approx. 10 km. It is one of the finest FPMstreams in Scotland. The FPM is studied byLiz Tarr, PhD student at University ofAberdeen. The total population is estimatedto 7 millions mussels. The recruitment isgood. The host fish is sea running trout butalso Atlantic salmon lives in the stream.River Kerry at the West coast of ScotlandThe catchment is rather unaffected by manand riparian trees are found along the stream.The water is regulated at dams since 20 years.The regulation may benefit the musselpopulation as it allows a higher minimumwater flow than normally.Young and old FPM from River Kerry.Liz Tarr presents the FPM populationstudies in River Kerry24

River MoristonRiver Moriston 1 km upstream the outflow into Loch NessThe River Moriston flows into the northernside of Loch Ness, and supports a functionalFPM population. Pearl mussels are presentfrom downstream of a hydro-electric dam tothe confluence with Loch Ness. Due to illegalpearl-fishing the population is not abundantbut survey results show that 40% of thepopulation is composed of juveniles. This isthe highest percentage recorded in anyScottish pearl mussel population andindicates that recent successful recruitmenthas taken place. In a former LIFE project fishways have been constructed.Ian Sime, SNH, and Håkan Söderberg.25

River SpeyRiver Spey is the third largest river (after Tayand Tweed) in Scotland. It is approx. 150 kmlong and is a famous river for AtlanticSalmon fishing.The River Spey is a large Scottish east coastriver that drains an extensive uplandcatchment and supports an outstandingfreshwater pearl mussel population in itsmiddle to lower reaches. In parts of the RiverSpey, extremely dense mussel colonies havebeen recorded (225 per m 2 ) and the totalpopulation is estimated at several million. Asthe population also shows evidence of recentrecruitment and a high proportion ofjuveniles, the River Spey is considered tosupport a pearl mussel population of greatinternational significance.River SpeyMark Young studies the FPM population inRiver Spey.PublicationsSeveral reports in a series “Life in UKRivers”. A full range of Life in UK Riverspublications can be ordered from: TheEnquiry Service, English Nature,Northminster House, Peterborough, PE11UA, Email: enquiries@englishnature.org.uk.Two examples:Skinner, A.,Young, M. & Hastie, L. 2003.Ecology of the Freshwater Pearl Mussel.26

Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers EcologySeries No. 2 English Nature, PeterboroughYoung, MR., Hastie, LC. & Cooksley, SL.2003. Monitoring the Freshwater PearlMussel, Margaritifera margaritifera.Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers MonitoringSeries No. 2, English Nature, Peterborough.Several scientific papers published ByMarkYoung and co-authors, e.g.http://www.abdn.ac.uk/biologicalsci/staff/details/m.youngYoung, M. R., Hastie, L. C., Cooksley, S.,Boon,P. J. & Gaywood,M. 2003.Characterization of freshwater pearl mussel(Margaritifera margaritifera) riverine habitatusing River Habitat Survey data., AquaticConservation-Marine And FreshwaterEcosystems, 13, pp213 - 224, ISSN/ISBN:1052-7613Young, M. R. & Hastie,L. C. 2003. Timing ofspawning and glochidial release in Scottishfreshwater pearl mussel (Margaritiferamargaritifera) populations. FreshwaterBiology, 48, pp2107 - 2117, ISSN/ISBN:0046-5070Young, M. R., Cosgrove, P. J., Hastie, L. C.& Henniger, B. 2001. A standardised methodfor assessing the status of freshwater musselsin clear, shallow rivers. Journal of MolluscanStudies, 67, pp395 - 405, ISSN/ISBN: 0260-1230Hastie, L. C. & Young, M. R. 2001.Freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritiferamargaritifera) glochidiosis in wild andfarmed salmonid stocks in Scotland.Hydrobiologia, 445, pp109 - 119,ISSN/ISBN: 0018-8158Young, M. R., Cosgrove, P. J. & Hastie, L. C.2001. The Extent of, and Causes for, theDecline of a Highly Threatened Naiad:Margaritifera Margaritifera. In: Ecology andEvolutionary Biology of the FreshwaterMussels Unionoidea (eds. Bauer,G.;Wachtler,K.), Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp337 - 357,ISSN/ISBN: 3-5406-7268-0Hastie, L. C., Boon, P. J., Young, M. R., &Way, S. 2001. The effects of a major flood onan endangered freshwater mussel population.Biological Conservation, 98, pp107 - 115,ISSN/ISBN: 0006-3207Young, M. R., Hastie, L. C. & al-Mousawi,B.2001. What represents an ideal populationprofile for Margaritifera margaritifera?Chapter in Book, , The Freshwater Mussel inEurope (ed. G. Bauer), pp161-173Contact detailsHome page:http://www.abdn.ac.uk/biologicalsci/staff/details/m.youngPersonal contact: Dr. Mark Young, School ofBiological Sciences, University of Aberdeen,Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue,Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotlande-mail: m.young@abdn.ac.ukDr Iain Sime, Scottish Natural HeritageGreat Glen House, Leachkin RoadInverness, IV3 8NW, Scotlande-mail: Iain.Sime@snh.gov.uk27

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