Coastal Resource Management - LGRC DILG 10

COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTWritersAileen de GuzmanJoyce ReyesEditorsAmihan R. PerezGiselle Baretto-LapitanProject ManagementAmihan R. PerezAteneo Center for Social Policy and Public Affairs (ACSPPA)Technical and Editorial TeamRene “Bong” Garrucho, LGSPMags Maglana, LGSPAbe dela Calzada, LGSPMyn Garcia, LGSPRicky Nuñez, Jr.Marie Madamba-NuñezArt Direction, Cover Design & LayoutJet HermidaPhotographyRyan Anson

Coastal Resource Management:MAXIMIZING OPPORTUNITIES & OVERCOMINGOBSTACLES

Coastal Resource Management: Maximizing Opportunities &Overcoming ObstaclesService Delivery with Impact: Resource Books for Local GovernmentCopyright @2003 Philippines-Canada Local Government SupportProgram (LGSP)All rights reservedThe Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program encouragesthe use, translation, adaptation and copying of this material for noncommercialuse, with appropriate credit given to LGSP.Although reasonable care has been taken in the preparation of this book,the publisher and/or contributor and/or editor can not accept anyliability for any consequence arising from the use thereof or from anyinformationcontained herein.ISBN 971-8597-08-5Printed and bound in Manila, PhilippinesPublished by:Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program (LGSP)Unit 1507 Jollibee PlazaEmerald Ave., 1600 Pasig City, PhilippinesTel. Nos. (632) 637-3511 to 13www.lgsp.org.phAteneo Center for Social Policy and Public Affairs (ACSPPA)ACSPPA, Fr. Arrupe Road, Social Development ComplexAteneo de Manila University, Loyola Heights, 1108 Quezon CityThis project was undertaken with the financial support of theGovernment of Canada provided through the Canadian InternationalDevelopment Agency (CIDA).

A JOINT PROJECT OFDepartment of the Interiorand Local Government (DILG)National Economic andDevelopment Authority (NEDA)Canadian InternationalDevelopment AgencyIMPLEMENTED BYAgriteam Canadawww.agriteam.caFederation of CanadianMunicipalities (FCM)www.fcm.ca

CONTENTSFOREWORDACKNOWLEDGEMENTSPREFACEACRONYMSEXECUTIVE SUMMARYINTRODUCTIONCHAPTER 1: POLICY AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES THAT IMPACT ON EFFECTIVECOASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTLegal FrameworkJurisdictional/Institutional ArrangementsIssues and Problem AreasEmerging Initiatives/Attempts: The Palawan ExperienceInsights/LessonsEndnotesReferencesCHAPTER 2: GOOD PRACTICES IN COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTForging Partnerships Among LGUs, NGOs, and Local CommunitiesCollaborative Undertakings Among International, National and Local InstitutionsCollaboration Among LGUsCHAPTER 3: REFERENCES AND TOOLSBilateral and Multilateral Projects, Programs and AgenciesAcademic InstitutionsReferencesList of Potential Study Tour Sites on CRMANNEXESLGU Mandates and Policies in Coastal Resource Management in the Philippinesiiiivviixiii1571418273336384144727985879195102109109SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKs FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

FOREWORDThe Department of the Interior and Local Government is pleased to acknowledge the latestpublication of the Philippines Canada Local Government Support Program (LGSP), ServiceDelivery with Impact: Resource Books for Local Government; a series of books on eight (8)service delivery areas, which include Shelter, Water and Sanitation, Health, Agriculture, Local EconomicDevelopment, Solid Waste Management, Watershed and Coastal Resource Management.One of the biggest challenges in promoting responsive and efficient local governance is to be able tomeaningfully deliver quality public services to communities as mandated in the Local Government Code.Faced with continued high incidence of poverty, it is imperative to strengthen the role of LGUs in servicedelivery as they explore new approaches for improving their performance.Strategies and mechanisms for effective service delivery must take into consideration issues of povertyreduction, people’s participation, the promotion of gender equality, environmental sustainability andeconomic and social equity for more long- term results. There is also a need to acquire knowledge, createnew structures, and undertake innovative programs that are more responsive to the needs of thecommunities and develop linkages and partnerships within and between communities as part of anintegrated approach to providing relevant and sustainable services to their constituencies.Service Delivery with Impact: Resource Books for Local Government offer local government units andtheir partners easy-to-use, comprehensive resource material with which to take up this challenge. Byproviding LGUs with practical technologies, tested models and replicable exemplary practices, ServiceDelivery with Impact encourages LGUs to be innovative, proactive and creative in addressing the realproblems and issues in providing and enhancing services, taking into account increased communityparticipation and strategic private sector/civil society organizational partnerships. We hope that in usingSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTi

FOREWORDthese resource books, LGUs will be better equipped with new ideas, tools and inspiration to make adifference by expanding their knowledge and selection of replicable choices in delivering basic serviceswith increased impact.The DILG, therefore, congratulates the Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program (LGSP)for this milestone in its continuing efforts to promote efficient, responsive, transparent and accountablegovernance.HON. JOSE D. LINA, JR.SecretaryDepartment of the Interior and Local GovernmentiiSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis publication is the result of the collaboration of the following individuals and institutions thatsupport the improvement of the delivery of coastal resource management by local governments to theirconstituentsThe Local Government Support Program led by Alix Yule, Marion Maceda Villanueva and Rene “Bong”Garrucho for providing the necessary direction and supportRicky Nuñez Jr. and Marie Madamba-Nuñez for undertaking the research and roundtable discussionand preparing the technical report which was the main reference for this resource book; and forassisting in the review of the manuscriptAtty. Gerthie Mayo Anda of ELAC for sharing her article Policy and Operational Issues that Impact on EffectiveCoastal Resource ManagementParticipants to the Roundtable Discussion on Coastal Resource Management held on August 7, 2002in Davao City. Their expertise and the animated exchange of opinions helped shape the technicalreport on which this publication is based:Mayor Fernando Corvera of San Jose, Antique; Mayor Felix Borromeo of Balingasag; Mayor Ramon Piangand Paulo Cagara of Upi; Jun Sevilla of Muntinlupa City; Cleto Bravo Gales, Jr. of IGaCoS; Edgar Montede Ramos of Baliangao; Pedro Campanano, Leah Rose Calatrava and Dulcesima Padillo of Davao Sur;Melanie Tolentino of Kalibo; Noel Cuartero and Gegi Irong of Tandag; Ray Roquero of the League ofMunicipalities; Nilo Catada of ARMM – BFAR; Marivic Natividad of NEDA XI; Romeo Basada of DENR-CMMO XI; Fatma Chaneco of BFAR-DA, Davao del SurSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTiii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAida Laranjo of Pipuli Foundation; Mariter Quinonez of CERD; Alexis Yambao, Gemma Iturralde andRoquelito Mancao of CRMP; Rosalinda Tomas of ESSC; Agustin Zerrudo, Jr. of PDAP; Florante Villas ofPhilDHRRA; Romell Seronay of CCESM/NORMISIST; Diwani Velasquez of CESO-BAP; Dodgie Gualbertoof PCEEM Davao, Inc.LGSP Managers Merlinda Hussein and Teresita Gajo; LGSP Program Officer Vicente IriberriAbe dela Calzada for providing feedback that helped ensure that the resource book offers informationthat is practical and applicable to LGU needs and requirementsAmihan Perez and the Ateneo Center for Social Policy and Public Affairs for their efficient coordinationand management of the projectGiselle Baretto Lapitan and Amihan Perez for their excellent editorial workAileen de Guzman and Joyce Reyes for effectively rendering the technical report into user-friendly materialMags Z. Maglana for providing overall content supervision and coordination with the technical writersMyn Garcia for providing technical and creative direction and overall supervision of the design, layoutand productionSef Carandang, Russell Fariñas, Gigi Barazon and the rest of the LGSP administrative staff for providingsupport.ivSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

PREFACEService Delivery with Impact: Resource Books for Local Government are the product of a seriesof roundtable discussions, critical review of tested models and technologies, and case analysesof replicable exemplary practices in the Philippines conducted by the Philippines-CanadaLocal Government Support Program (LGSP) in eight (8) service sectors that local government units (LGUs)are mandated to deliver. These include Shelter, Water and Sanitation, Health, Agriculture, Local EconomicDevelopment, Solid Waste Management, Watershed and Coastal Resource Management.The devolution of powers as mandated in the Local Government Code has been a core pillar ofdecentralization in the Philippines. Yet despite opportunities for LGUs to make a meaningful differencein the lives of the people by maximizing these devolved powers, issues related to poverty persist andimprovements in effective and efficient service delivery remain a challenge.With LGSP’s work in support of over 200 LGUs for the past several years came the recognition of the needto enhance capacities in service delivery, specifically to clarify the understanding and optimize the roleof local government units in providing improved services. This gap presented the motivation for LGSPto develop these resource books for LGUs.Not a “how to manual,” Service Delivery with Impact features strategies and a myriad of provenapproaches designed to offer innovative ways for local governments to increase their capacities to betterdeliver quality services to their constituencies.Each resource book focuses on highlighting the important areas of skills and knowledge that contributeto improved services. Service Delivery with Impact provides practical insights on how LGUs can applyguiding principles, tested and appropriate technology, and lessons learned from exemplary cases to theirorganization and in partnership with their communities.SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTv

PREFACEThis series of resource books hopes to serve as a helpful and comprehensive reference to inspire andenable LGUs to significantly contribute to improving the quality of life of their constituency throughresponsive and efficient governance.Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program (LGSP)viSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

ACRONYMSADBAsian Development BankAFMA Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization ActAOAdministrative OrderASEAN Association of Southeast Asian NationsBDCBantay Dagat CommitteeBEMO Bohol Environmental Management OfficeBFAR Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic ResourcesBgy.BarangayBWPBaliangao Wetland ParkCARL Comprehensive Agrarian Reform LawCATD Certificate of Ancestral Domain TitlesCADC Certificate of Ancestral Domain ClaimCBFMA Community-Based Forest Management AgreementsCBRMP Community-based Coastal Resource Management ProjectCEPCoastal Environment ProgramCERD Center for Empowerment and Resource DevelopmentCLECs Coastal Law Enforcement CouncilsCLUP Comprehensive Land Use PlanCPRCommunity Property RightsCRMCoastal Resource ManagementCSCertificate of StewardshipCSIEnvironment and Development in Coastal Regions and Small Islands Programme(UNESCO)CVRP 1 Central Visayas Regional Project 1DADepartment of AgricultureDAODepartment Administrative Order (DENR)SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTvii

ACRONYMSDFADOFDOJDENRECANELACECCEISFARMCFARMWBFIRMEDFLPFSPGEFIATFCEPICMICCsIPsIPASIPRAIUCNKMCPLGCLGCAMPLGSPDepartment of Foreign AffairsDepartment of FinanceDepartment of JusticeDepartment of Environment and Natural ResourcesEnvironmentally Critical Areas NetworkEnvironmental Legal Assistance CenterEnvironmental Compliance CertificateEnvironmental Impact StatementFisheries and Aquatic Resource Management CouncilFisheries and Aquatic Resources in Municipal Waters and BaysFishery Integrated Resource Management for Economic Development (CERD)Fishpond Lease ProgramFisheries Sector ProgramGlobal Environment FacilityInter-agency Task Force on Coastal Environment ProtectionIntegrated Coastal ManagementIndigenous Cultural CommunitiesIndigenous PeoplesIntegrated Protected Area SystemIndigenous People's Rights ActInternational Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural ResourcesKatipunan Micro Credit ProjectLocal Government CodeLingayen Gulf Coastal Area Management ProgramPhilippines-Canada Local Government Support ProgramviiiSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

ACRONYMSLGUMARIGMCDPMDPMITUSILAMNPMPAsMSYNAMAHINNAMRIANGANIPASNGOPAMBPCAIFMCPCGPCLPCSDPDPEISSPENROPFCPhilDHRRAPLAPLALocal Government UnitMaritime Group (PNP)Marine Conservation and Development Program (Silliman University)Municipal Development FundMisom, Tugas, Sinian and Landing Multipurpose CooperativeMinistry of Natural ResourcesMarine Protected AreasMaximum Sustainable YieldNagkahiusang Mangingisda ng HinatuanNational Mapping and Resource Information AdministrationNational Government AgencyNational Integrated Protected Areas SystemNon-Government OrganizationProtected Area Management BoardPresidential Commission on Anti-Illegal Fishing and Marine ConservationPhilippine Coast GuardPollution Control LawPalawan Council for Sustainable DevelopmentPresidential DecreePhilippine Environmental Impact Statement SystemProvincial Environment and Natural Resource OfficePhilippine Fisheries CodePhilippine Partnership for the Development of Human Resources in Rural AreasParticipatory Learning and ActionPublic Land ActSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTix

ACRONYMSPMOPNMAPNPPOPPPPDOPRAPWLARARTISCSEPSIADSIBSSLAPPSWMATriMARRDUNDPUNESCOUSAIDWBWCProgram Management OfficePhilippine New Mining ActPhilippine National PolicePeople's OrganizationPresidential ProclamationProvincial Planning and Development OfficeParticipatory Resource AppraisalPhilippine Wildlife ActRepublic ActResource Tenure Improvement (PhilDHRRA)Sanitation CodeStrategic Environment PlanSustainable Integrated Area DevelopmentSocial Infrastructure Building and Strengthening (PhilDHRRA)strategic litigation against public participationSolid Waste Management ActTripartite Partnership in Marine and Aquatic Resource Management and RuralDevelopment (PhilDHRRA)United Nations Development ProgrammeUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationUnited States Agency for International DevelopmentWorld BankWater CodexSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYTHE SITUATION IN THE PHILIPPINESThe Philippines has approximately 17,000 kilometers of coastline with 4,951 species of plants andanimals. Of these, 16 species are endemic, while almost a third, or 1,396 species, is economicallyimportant. (PAWB, 1998)More than 80 percent of the country's population reside within 50 kilometers off the coast of themain islands and are directly and indirectly involved or dependent on fishing.The coastal communities continue to experience poverty due to declining catch, lack of sustainablelivelihood options and lack of access to basic services such as health and educationThey are also threatened and displaced from their settlements by unregulated private and publicdevelopment projects.LEGAL FRAMEWORKThe Philippine Constitution mandates the state to protect and advance the right of Filipinos to abalanced and healthful ecology that is consistent with the rhythm and harmony of nature. Through theLocal Government Code of 1991, this task was devolved from the Department of Environment and NaturalResources to LGUs. The task includes managing the country's coastal resources.The passage of the Local Government Code and the Fisheries Code of 1998 has laid the groundworkfor a more local and institutional response to the challenges of coastal resource management. BecauseSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTxi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYthe sustainable management of municipal waters and the resources within them has been decentralized,responsibility and accountability now rest with local governments and their partner communities.This has significant implications on the perspectives, roles, and capacities required of local governments.WHAT LGUs CAN DOThe country's extensive experience in CRM, enriched by various initiatives in the past, is filled withknowledge, skills, technologies, and valuable lessons generated and accumulated through time by CRMpractitioners from various sectors. These experiences show that an essential element of successful coastalresource management is the active participation of local resource users and their communities in themanagement of their resource.It is, however, apparent that community-based or local interventions alone cannot solve critical CRMissues. What are needed to resolve them more effectively are a more integrated effort from bothnational and local agencies, and a more holistic approach to issues that cut across interdependentecosystems (i.e., watershed, uplands, forest, lowland and coastal ecosystems). Such interventionsrequire a broad base of human and institutional support.WHAT HAS BEEN DONECoastal resource management efforts in the Philippines evolved within the last 25 years. Nongovernmentorganizations (NGOs), people's organizations, academic and research institutions,government agencies, and international lending institutions have undertaken various community-basedprojects. They got involved as a response to increasing poverty and extensive environmental degradationin the coastal areas. (Ferrer, 1995)xiiSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe pioneering efforts of NGOs and the academe were eventually followed by government initiatives.The first of these is the Central Visayas Regional Project 1 (CVRP 1), a pilot project in community-basedrural development supported by the World Bank from 1984 to 1992. It focused on watershed managementand near-shore fisheries development in four provinces. (White and Degint, 1999) A significant resultof the project was heightened interest in government policy reform and increased involvement of NGOsin addressing CRM issues. (Ferrer, 1996)SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTxiii

INTRODUCTIONThe continuing pattern of decline, degradation, and mismanagement of coastal resourcesthreatens the country’s source of food and livelihood, and thus poses a challenge to naturalresource managers. The current state of Philippine coastal resources warrants urgent andeffective intervention, and the active involvement and participation of all those who have a stake in theseresources.One essential element of a successful coastal resource management strategy is the active participationof local resource users and their communities but this factor alone cannot solve critical CRM issues. Amore integrated effort is necessary from both national and local agencies, which should effectively addressissues that cut across interdependent ecosystems (i.e., watershed, uplands, forest, lowland and coastalecosystems). Such interventions require a broad base of human and institutional support.In the Philippines, CRM practitioners need to address the following challenges to skillfully manage thecountry’s rich natural resources: National government agencies redefining their role from a predominantly control-oriented institution(characteristic of a centralized management system) to one of “facilitator” or “enabler,” providingtechnical assistance in terms of capacity-building of local governments and their partner institutionsin research and technology development, training of human resources, as well as facilitating fundingmechanisms to augment limited local resources; Strengthening and clarifying roles, policies, programs, and services of various government agenciesinvolved in CRM through more effective mechanisms supported by written contracts or agreementsbetween and among these institutions whenever necessary (e.g., Department of Agriculture [DA],Department of Environment and Natural Resources [DENR], Department of Finance [DOF] andNational Anti-Poverty Commission [NAPC] among others);SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT1

INTRODUCTION NGOs and academic institutions becoming more active partners with local government units in sharingtheir expertise in community organizing and other forms of technical support.It is with this thought in mind that this resource book on coastal resource management was developed.The primary aim of this book is to supplement the primer “An Introduction to Coastal ResourceManagement for Local Government Officials and Community Organizers”previously published by theDA by addressing topics not covered by the primer. These include examples of good practices in CRM,along with policy issues and recommendations as articulated by CRM practitioners in the country. Itfocuses on the doables at the LGU level, rather than the very technical aspects of coastal resourcemanagement. This resource book is also designed to provide information and insights that will enableLGUs to expand their present knowledge of coastal resource management practices and experiences.The book specifically aims to: (1) provide local government units (LGUs) with information on thedevelopment challenges, working models, and exemplary practices on coastal resource managementthat could be studied, addressed, and replicated when appropriate; (2) enhance LGUs’ understandingof the mandates that govern the delivery of services, help prepare them for more effective work, andassist them in identifying opportunities for further policy development; and (3) guide LGUs in identifyingreferences, tools, and sources of help that could enable them to improve their delivery of CRM.LGUs can use this resource book to overcome obstacles in implementing proper coastal resourcemanagement strategies. The book presents inspiring, innovative, and excellent ways of providingservices to communities that need them. The experiences documented here encourage LGUs to startsmall, think big, and scale up fast in implementing coastal resource management initiatives. All theseare found in the book’s three chapters:2 SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

INTRODUCTIONChapter 1. Policy and Operational Issues that Impact on Effective Coastal Resource Management.This section discusses the various CRM issues, concerns, and recommendations as articulated by thepaper of Atty. Anda. It pays attention to issues on general management, resource use, tenure andcommunal rights, enforcement and conflict resolution. It also highlights emerging innovations in CRM,particularly in Palawan.Chapter 2. Good Practices in Coastal Resource Management. This puts together and describes theactual experiences of LGUs, communities, and DENR in what CRM practitioners and experts regard asgood practices in coastal resource management. Given the complexity of the task, good practices covera broad range of activities and go beyond actual rehabilitation and protection works.Chapter 3. References and Tools. This chapter lists materials and references that could be useful toLGUs. These materials cover a broad range of topics—from general concepts and programs to very specificprojects and approaches. This section also lists some study tour sites.LGU mandates and other policies concerning coastal resource management are cited in the Annex.For CRM to improve, LGUs need to play an active role and indicate to their respective communities whatthey can do on their own to contribute their share. Armed with the necessary knowledge and inspiredby stories of others who have taken on the challenge, more LGUs can hopefully pull the country awayfrom impending disaster and help ensure a sustainable source of food and livelihood for all.SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT3

CHAPTERONE 1POLICY AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES THAT IMPACT ONEFFECTIVE COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

POLICY AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES THAT IMPACT ONEFFECTIVE COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTCHAPTER1❙ LEGAL FRAMEWORKby Atty. Gerthie Mayo Anda, Executive Director, ELAC◗ STATE OWNERSHIP OF NATURAL RESOURCESManagement of the coastal zone and the resources within it is anchoredon the basic national policy that all natural resources belong to thestate 1 . The Spanish colonizers in the Philippines first introduced a policycalled the Regalian Doctrine (also known as Jura Regalia) almost 500 yearsago through the Laws of the Indies and the royal cedulas. The Americancolonizers through the Public Land Acts and the judiciary later adoptedit. Ultimately, this doctrine was embodied in the Philippine Constitution.The Regalian Doctrine establishes the responsibility of the state, asowner of these natural resources, to protect and conserve these for thepresent and future generations. Under this system, the governmenthopes to generate growth and development by raising revenues andimposing penalties related to natural resource use.This framework, however, lacks a system of direct accountability on thepart of the government. Any impact on the environment and resourcebase is usually borne by affected residents or local communities.Moreover, because government often lacks the will to regulate theuse of coastal resources and enforce environmental laws, resources areaccessible to everyone to either use or destroy.The Regalian Doctrineestablishes the responsibilityof the state, as owner ofthese natural resources, toprotect and conserve thesefor the present and futuregenerations. Under thissystem, the governmenthopes to generate growthand development by raisingrevenues and imposingpenalties related to naturalresource use.SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT7

1 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTThis national policy on resource use, however, is alien to indigenous peoples and it conflicts withtheir customary laws. Customary law on land and natural resources is founded upon the traditionalbelief that no one owns the land except the gods and the spirits, and that those who work the landare its mere stewards 2 . Such concepts of "possession" and "ownership"- described by national lawsas the exclusive right to possess, own, and alienate as one sees fit-contradicts the traditionalbeliefs of indigenous communities.Constitutional provisions on the rights of indigenous peoples and the current Indigenous People'sRights Act have counterbalanced the conflict between national law and customary law 3 . TheConstitution provides that the State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous culturalcommunities within the framework of national unity and development 4 .It further provides that the State shall protect the rights of indigenousThere is yet nocomprehensive legislationthat covers all aspects ofcoastal resourcemanagement in thePhilippines. Unlike thebasic ecological principlethat recognizes theinterconnectedness ofecosystems, existing lawsregard the coastal zone ina disaggregated manner.cultural communities to their ancestral lands to ensure their economic,social and cultural well being.Republic Act 8371, otherwise known as the Indigenous People's RightsAct of 1997, is the law that concretized the constitutional provisionsrespecting the rights of Indigenous Peoples/Indigenous CulturalCommunities (IPs/ICCs). IPRA recognizes the ownership of IPs/ICCs overtheir ancestral lands/domains and basically deals with the civil, political,social, cultural, and tenurial rights of IPs/ICCs.◗ MULTIPLICITY OF LAWS AND POLICIESThere is yet no comprehensive legislation that covers all aspects of coastalresource management in the Philippines. Instead, the country has anaggregate of laws, executive and administrative orders dealing withvarious resources and activities in the coastal zone: fisheries, aquaculture,mining and quarrying, tourism, forestry, human settlements, reclamation,8SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

POLICY AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES THAT IMPACT ON EFFECTIVE COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 1ports and harbor development and industrial development. Unlike the basic ecological principlethat recognizes the interconnectedness of ecosystems, existing laws regard the coastal zone in adisaggregated manner.Foremost among this collective of laws is the Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 5 that has a hugeimpact on the management of the coastal zone. This law repealed the Fisheries Decree of 1975 6and several other laws on fishery and aquatic resources. Unlike its predecessor, PD 704, the NewFisheries Code now considers food security as the overriding consideration in the use, management,development, conservation and protection of fishery resources. It also stipulates that as a state policythe exploitation of the country's fishery resources would be on a limited access basis.This new fisheries law is a codification of existing fishery laws. It consolidates and updates all priorpenal laws related to fisheries and provides for new provisions 7 . Significant changes in this newlaw include (i) the jurisdiction of municipal governments over waters 15 kilometers from theshoreline; (ii) limiting the use of municipal waters to fishing operations using boats no bigger thanthree gross tons and using passive gears; (iii) the creation of Fisheries and Aquatic ResourceManagement Councils (FARMCs) at the local and national levels to enable multisectoral participationin the management of fishery resources and implementation of fishery laws 8 ; and (iv) incorporationof integrated coastal zone management as one of its policy approaches.The Philippine Fisheries Code has attempted to address more concerns related to coastal resourcesthan its antecedent law, but other laws affecting the coastal zone and its resources continue to apply.One law which impacts on the coastal zone is the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS)Act of 1992 (RA 7586), a landmark legislation that recognizes the importance of the integratedprotected areas system as a powerful mechanism for the conservation of Philippine biodiversity.The NIPAS law is a process legislation in that it defines a mechanism by which the national parksystem will be governed more realistically, using biodiversity principles, site-specific managementstrategies and public participation. Under this law, all marine-protected areas, reserves, andsanctuaries existing prior to 1992 are considered initial components of the protected area system.SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT9

1 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTThe Protected Area Management Board (PAMB), composed of representatives from the Departmentof Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), the local government unit, affected communitiesand private sector, manages the protected area.Another law is the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA) 9 , which seeks to industrializeagriculture in the country including fisheries. This law provides for zone-based development of specialareas set aside for agricultural and agro-industrial development, and focuses on converting theagriculture and fisheries sector from resource-based to technology-based industries. Given its focuson fishery production, AFMA has serious implications on coastal resources. While the PhilippineFisheries Code focuses on conservation and management, the AFMA prioritizes industrialization.Other laws that deal with the coastal zone include the Water Code 10 and the Public Land Act 11 whichadminister activities within foreshore areas, such as tourism activity, squatting, port developmentand reclamation. The Philippine New Mining Act 12 provides for the management of mining andquarrying activities in the coastal zone. Pollution control in the coastal zone is governed by thePollution Control Law 13 , the Solid Waste Management Act 14 , and the Sanitation Code 15 .The Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System 16 and Department Administrative Order(DAO) No. 96-37 of the DENR govern development projects (such as tourism and industrial estates)that may have an impact on coastal areas. For the conservation and protection of wildlife, it is thePhilippine Wildlife Act 17 that provides the rules which LGUs implement.Another significant legislation that influences coastal resource management is the Local GovernmentCode (LGC) 18 . It concretizes the constitutional policy on government decentralization anddemocratization. In the past, CRM programs originated from national government agencies suchas the Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources and DENR. The LGCreversed this process and gave primary management responsibility to local government units. Thus,coastal municipalities and cities are now at the forefront of coastal zone management.The LGC gives LGUs greater fiscal autonomy through various powers to levy certain taxes, fees, orcharges. This law also provides for people's direct participation in the planning and implementation10SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

POLICY AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES THAT IMPACT ON EFFECTIVE COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 1of resource management plans, thus, establishing a system where local communities, NGOs,academic and scientific institutions can become partners of LGUs.The Philippine Fisheries Code complements the primary management role of local governmentunits as it establishes the jurisdiction of municipal/city governments over municipal waters;assigns to them the enforcement of all fishery laws, rules and regulations; and mandates them toenact ordinances to regulate fishery activities, protect and conserve fishery resources, and assistin the creation of councils where local fisherfolk and NGOs are represented.◗ OPPORTUNITIES FOR PEOPLE OR LOCAL COMMUNITY PARTICIPATIONThe legal framework in the Philippines provides opportunities for the participation of communitiesin the formulation and implementation of local policies as well as in the actual management ofcoastal resources. The 1987 Constitution embodies the following provisions:a) Democratization of Access to Resources: Direct users of natural resources, such as farmers,forest dwellers, marginal fishermen, are guaranteed the right to continue using such resourcesfor their daily sustenance and survival in accordance with existing laws 19 . Hence, the Constitutionintroduced the concept of small-scale utilization of natural resources as a mode of naturalresource utilization 20 .b) Social Justice: There is a bias for the underprivileged with regard to the development andmanagement of natural resources such that land and other natural resources are madeaccessible to them. Municipal waters for example are reserved for the preferential use ofsubsistence fishers 21 .c) Right of the People to a Balanced and Healthful Ecology: The Constitution protects the rightof the people to a "balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony ofnature 22 ." The State is mandated to protect, advance and promote the people's right to ecologicalsecurity and health. In the case of Oposa vs. Factoran 23 , the Supreme Court had occasion to ruleon the interpretation of the constitutional policy on the environment. In this case, the SupremeSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT11

1 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTCourt declared the "right to a balanced and healthful ecology" as a self-executory right andrecognized the primacy and centrality of ecological security and health among the many rightsassured by the Constitution.d) Due Process Clause: The Constitution guarantees the right of the people to life, liberty andproperty, and freedom from undue intervention and usurpation without due process of law. Thus,surface owners or occupants whose rights are based on a Torrens title or a valid tenurialinstrument issued by the government can assert their right to due process when they arethreatened by development and exploration activities.e) Fundamental Liberties: Besides the right to due process, important provisions include the rightto information and right to people's participation, where the State recognizes and promotes theright of the youth, women, labor, indigenous communities, NGOs, and community-based orsectoral or people's organizations (POs). There is a provision for a people's initiative andreferendum in proposing, amending, rejecting or enacting laws. These policies serve as basisfor community groups to participate in establishing, conserving, managing, and formulatingpolicies and resource management plans.These policies have been complemented by the Philippine Fisheries Code, which provides for:a) protecting the rights of fisherfolk, particularly of municipal fisherfolk communities, in thepreferential use of municipal waters;b) providing primary support to municipal fisherfolk through appropriate technology and research,adequate financial and marketing assistance and other services;c) managing fishery and aquatic resources in a manner consistent with the concept of integratedcoastal area management in specific natural fishery management areas;d) establishing Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Councils in the municipal andbarangay level to assist LGUs in formulating and enforcing policies.12SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

POLICY AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES THAT IMPACT ON EFFECTIVE COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 1The Local Government Code also provides for participatory policy-making, as follows:a) representatives of NGOs and POs have seats in almost all councils, leagues and boards;b) resource use or management plans can be enacted into ordinances through the local people'sinitiative; 24c) resource use plans formulated by fisherfolk in several barangays or municipalities may beimplemented through the league of barangays/municipalities 25◗ SPECIAL LAW FOR PALAWANIn recognition of the need to conserve the important ecosystems of the province of Palawan,Congress passed an unprecedented and landmark legislation in June 1992 especially dedicatedto the province. Known as the Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP) for Palawan 26 , this law seeks toprovide a policy framework for the sustainable development of Palawan. A multipartite bodycalled the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD) is mandated to provide policydirection in the implementation of the SEP.The SEP legislation provides for a zoning scheme called the Environmentally Critical Areas Network(ECAN). ECAN prescribes specific uses for each designated zone. The terrestrial zone coversmountains, ecologically important low hills, and lowland areas in the province. The coastal zonecovers foreshore and mangrove areas, coral reefs, and fishing grounds. Tribal land zones are areastraditionally claimed by indigenous communities as their ancestral territories.Under the SEP law, the ECAN strategy shall have the following considerations in its implementation:a) forest conservation and protection through the imposition of a total commercial logging banin all areas of maximum protection and in such other restricted use zones as the PCSD mayprovide;SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT13

1 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTb) protection of watersheds;c) preservation of biological diversity;d) protection of tribal people and their culture;e) maintenance of maximum sustainable yield;f) protection of rare and endangered species and their habitat;g) provision of areas for environmental and ecological research, education and training;h) provision of areas of tourism and recreation.To operationalize the ECAN strategy in the coastal/marine areas, guidelines were issued by the PCSDproviding for the following:a) classification of coastal/marine zones into core zone, multiple use zone and ancestralcoastal/marine waters;b) preparation of comprehensive local management plan for coastal/marine areas by the LGUthrough its ECAN board with the assistance of the PCSDS, which will be reviewed by the PCSD;c) identification of zones and preliminary mapping to be undertaken by the LGU and its ECAN boardor a similar body;d) conflict resolution to be undertaken by the LGU through its ECAN board or similar body;e) declaration of an ECAN map for coastal/marine areas;f) implementation of the comprehensive local management plan through the enactment of anordinance.❙ JURISDICTIONAL/INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTSThe diversity of laws governing the coastal zone has resulted in a variety of institutions implementingthese laws, thus giving rise to overlapping institutional mandates. Table 1 (primarily adaptedfrom the Legal and Jurisdictional Guidebook for Coastal Resource Management in the Philippines,published by the Coastal Resource Management Project in 1997) illustrates this situation.14SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

POLICY AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES THAT IMPACT ON EFFECTIVE COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 1Table 1. Institutions Mandated to Address Coastal Zone Management ConcernsCoastal Zone ManagementConcerns/ActivitiesLand tenure for localcommunitiesDelineation of municipal watersand fishing groundsPolicy formulationResource assessmentsStatistics gatheringEstablishment of protected areasMangrove reforestationFishery licensingFishery law enforcementDENR, NCIP (in the case of indigenous peoples) 27NAMRIA 28 , LGU 29 , FARMC 30LGU, FARMC, NGA 31 , DENRDA-BFAR, DENR, PCAMRD 32 Coastal and MarineDA-BAS 33 FisheriesDENR MangrovesDA-BFAR FishpondsLGU, DA-BFAR, DENR, CongressLGU, DENRInstitutions Mandated to Address Concern/sand ScopeLGU Municipal watersDA-BFAR Offshore watersDA-BFAR, LGU Aquaculture, MaricultureLGU, PNP-MARIG 34 , PCG 35 , DA-BFAR, deputized fish wardens,Philippine Navy, DENRSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT15

1 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTCoastal Zone ManagementConcerns/ActivitiesPollution law enforcementLand use managementTourism managementReclamationPollution monitoring, including marinewatersEstablishment of municipal/fishing portsResearchForeshore use and occupationConflict ResolutionInstitutions Mandated to Address Concern/sand ScopeLGU, PCG, DENRLGU, DENR, DAR 36LGU, DOT 37 , DENRDENR (LMB 38 and EMB 39 ), PEA 40LGU, DENR-EMB, PCGPFDA 41 , PPA 42 , LGUDA-BFAR, DA-BAR, DOST-PCAMRDLGU, DENRLGU, FARMCsWith regard to the implementation of fishery laws, the Department of Agriculture is mandated underthe Administrative Code of 1987 to, among others, promulgate and enforce all laws, rules andregulations governing the conservation and use of fishery resources. The DA, through the Bureauof Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, carries out this enforcement function but focuses on watersbeyond municipal jurisdiction.Besides the DA, the DENR also exercises management functions over the coastal zone. The DENR’sprograms, particularly on mangrove conservation and watershed resource management, havesubstantial impacts on the coastal zone and on fishery resources. For instance, fishpond developmentis covered by the environmental impact assessment, which falls within the domain of the DENR.16SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

POLICY AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES THAT IMPACT ON EFFECTIVE COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 1On the provincial, municipal or village level, however, the municipalgovernments exercise management functions. Section 17 of the LocalGovernment Code 43 identifies and provides for the devolution of someenvironmental and natural resource management functions from theDENR to the LGUs. The law provides, among others, that:LGU powers andresponsibilities in thecoastal zone includeprotection, regulation,revenue generation, locallegislation, enforcement,provision of services,extension and technicalassistance, performanceof inter-governmentrelations, and relationswith NGOs and POs. It is the duty of every national agency or government-owned orcontrolled corporation authorizing or involved in the planning andimplementation of any project or program that may cause pollution,climatic change, depletion of non-renewable resources, loss of cropland,rangeland or forest cover, and extinction of animal or plant species, toconsult with the local government units, NGOs, and other sectorsconcerned, and explain the goals and objectives of the project orprogram, its impact upon the people and the community in terms ofenvironmental or ecological balance, and the measures that will beundertaken to prevent or minimize the adverse effects; 44 Prior consultations are required and the approval of the local councilconcerned must first be had before any such project or program maybe implemented; 45 Every local government shall exercise those powers that are essential to the promotion of thegeneral welfare and shall enhance the right of the people to a balanced ecology. 46Given the array of management powers exercised by the LGUs within their territorial jurisdictions,coastal resource management can be considered as among their inherent functions. LGU powersand responsibilities in the coastal zone include protection, regulation, revenue generation, locallegislation, enforcement, provision of services, extension and technical assistance, performance ofinter-government relations, and relations with NGOs and POs.In Palawan, where a special law governs the management of the sustainable development of itsnatural resources, the PCSD, as the policy-making and governing body, issues resolutions andSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT17

1 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTguidelines to implement the SEP and other related laws. The PCSD’s technical staff called the PalawanCouncil for Sustainable Development Staff or PCSDS, assists the PCSD in formulating guidelinesand their implementation. The PCSDS has been involved in surveying, research, zoning, educationand information dissemination, and law enforcement activities.It is in the area of law enforcement that overlapping institutional roles are emphasized. At themunicipal or city level, the LGUs take the lead and are assisted by the local FARMCs.The Presidential Commission on Anti-Illegal Fishing and Marine Conservation (PCAIFMC) or theBantay Dagat Committee (BDC) enforces laws in coastal waters. The Philippine Coast Guard (PCG)has a principal role in the prevention and control of marine pollution and the Inter-agency Task Forceon Coastal Environment Protection (IATFCEP) coordinates various agencies involved in enforcingcoastal environment protection. The PCSDS also gets involved in the apprehension and prosecutionof violators of laws affecting the coastal zone.❙ ISSUES AND PROBLEM AREASIf all these national agencies, the LGUs, and other special bodies such as the PCSD in Palawan,accomplished their mandates in coordination with one another, a well-managed coastal zone shouldbe expected. Unfortunately, national agencies suffer from numerous administrative andorganizational weaknesses that undermine their effectiveness. Weak coordination, inflexibility inapproaches to resource use, centralized nature of management, lack of resources, and a dearth ofcompetent and well-motivated staff are key problems that limit their ability to effectively implementtheir mandate.With so much power bestowed upon local government units under the LGC and the PhilippineFisheries Code, LGUs would conceivably take the lead in establishing a co-management schemefor coastal resources. On the ground, however, this has not been the case. Owing to lack of18SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

POLICY AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES THAT IMPACT ON EFFECTIVE COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 1resources, knowledge, competent staff, and beleaguered by local politics,some LGUs end up taking a passive or reactive, rather than a pro-activeposture.Consequently, overlapping institutional roles have failed to achieve anintegrated and holistic management of the coastal zone and its resources.◗ GENERAL MANAGEMENTLocal government units of Puerto Princesa City and the Province ofPalawan have asserted their authority in the past with regard to theprotection of coastal resources. In 1994, the provincial government ofPalawan and the city government of Puerto Princesa passed an ordinanceimposing a five-year moratorium on the gathering and trading of livefish. The moratorium was sought in view of rampant cyanide fishingrelated to the gathering of live fish.Owing to lack ofresources, knowledge,competent staff, andbeleaguered by localpolitics, some LGUs endup taking a passive orreactive, rather than apro-active posture.A group of commercial live fish traders questioned before the Supreme Court the authority of LGUsto pass fishery-related ordinances without the approval of the Secretary of Agriculture 47 . TheSupreme Court upheld the power of LGUs to pass such ordinances, thus:“under the general welfare clause of the LGC, local government units have the power,inter alia, to enact ordinances to enhance the right of the people to a balancedecology… (I) imposes upon the Sangguniang Bayan, the Sangguniang Panlungsod,and the Sangguniang Panlalawigan the duty to enact ordinances to protect theenvironment and impose appropriate penalties for acts which endanger theenvironment.”SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT19

1 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTOne standing conflict in Palawan has been the applicability of the National Integrated ProtectedAreas System to the province. Since the passage of these laws in 1992, a tussle between the PCSDand DENR has taken place over the management of protected areas in Palawan. It is a raging debatethat illustrates the issue of local control versus centralized national control.While PCSD asserts that all Protected Areas Management Boards should be under it, the DENR arguesthat the NIPAS provides that administrative control over the PAMBS remains with it (DENR). Thisconflict has hampered initiatives toward the development and implementation of protectedareas management plans. For instance, the mechanism for setting up the Integrated Protected AreasFund for marine reserves such as the Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park and World Heritage Sitecontinues to be raised by the DENR as an issue.The PAMB, however, of the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park (PPSRNP) and WorldHeritage Site is unique and an exception to the NIPAS and SEP system. Former DENR Secretary AngelAlcala gave the management of the PAMB to the mayor of Puerto Princesa City thus enabling theLGU to take the lead in governing the protected area. The LGU played a key role in expanding theformer St. Paul Park and establishing it as a World Heritage Site. International agencies such as theInternational Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), the UnitedNations Economic, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and the United NationsDevelopment Programme (UNDP) provided their valuable support and technical assistance to theLGU’s initiatives.When the reins of leadership in DENR changed, however, DENR regional officials lobbied for theirassumption of the PAMB management. For some time in 2001, there were two PAMBs—oneformed by the DENR, and the other, led by the LGU—with each PAMB having its own parksuperintendent. A series of dialogues and meetings between the DENR and LGU sought to resolvethis conflict.20SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

POLICY AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES THAT IMPACT ON EFFECTIVE COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 1In marine protected areas within ancestral domains, management becomes more complicated. Anarray of management and enforcement bodies has to be dealt with—the IP Council of Elders orPO Board, DENR-Protected Areas Management Board, the LGU, the FARMC, or the DA-BFAR. InPalawan, there is the ECAN Board or the PCSD that has authority over the establishment andimplementation of zoning schemes.◗ REGULATION OF RESOURCE ACCESS/USESince the government has full control over coastal areas, the issuing authorities in resource accessand use permits are still the national government and the LGUs. In offshore and commercialfishing and aquaculture, the DA-BFAR remains to function as a regulatory body. The LGU issuespermits for municipal fishing and activities within municipal waters, except for fishponds. The DENRissues tenure instruments such as the Community-Based Forest Management Agreements (CBFMA)over mangrove areas.The tendency of some LGUs to issue permits allowing for exploitation of coastal zones andmunicipal waters has come in conflict with community management initiatives. Permits issued topearl farms, seafood-processing entities, and tourist establishments, and the continued toleranceof illegal fishpond development activities by LGUs and government agencies are deterrents tocommunity management of municipal fishing grounds. Likewise, attempts to protect foreshore areaswere thwarted by the issuance of LGU permits to tourist resort operators who have set up structuresalong the foreshore despite the absence of an ECC or foreshore lease.Another conflict is in the regulation of sand quarrying and pebble quarrying activities. Under thenew fisheries code, quarrying of white sand is not allowed. Some LGUs, however, allow thequarrying of white sand even without an environmental impact assessment. Often, the issuanceof Environmental Compliance Certificates (ECCs) by the DENR for quarrying operations comes muchlater than quarry permits issued by the provincial governor.SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT21

1 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT◗ TENURE, COMMUNAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND INDIGENOUS/COMMUNITYRESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSAdvocates of community-based resource management (CBRM) assert that the foundation ofcoastal resource management starts with the community’s control of the use, management of, oraccess to, the resource. This entails the establishment of communal property rights (CPR), whichincludes attaining tenurial security for local communities.In the case of indigenous groups or communities, attaining CPR is institutionalized because the Staterecognizes ancestral domain titles over land and waters. The Certificate of Ancestral Domain Titles(CADTs) appears to be a powerful instrument for indigenous groups or peoples (IPs) to assert controlover the resources covered by their title.One apparent problem is the lack of support by local government units and migrant communities.Some LGUs claim that ancestral domains and lands do not completely divest them of theirterritorial jurisdiction, and assert that IP communities continue to be covered by municipalordinances and rules issued by them.LGUs can intimidate IP groups in many ways, one of which is through the imposition of taxes. TheIPRA law, for instance, provides that those portions of ancestral domains or lands used for residentialpurposes can be subject to taxes.In the area of Ulugan Bay and St. Paul Bay in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, the sense of securitygiven the Batak and Tagbanua communities by their certificate of ancestral domain claim (CADC)is threatened by competition posed by settlers, migrants, and other stakeholders. Their inabilityto compete with both marginal and commercial fishers and other stakeholders in the use ofUlugan Bay and St. Paul Bay has given rise to food insecurity and a feeling of instability about theirfuture 48 . This has made them consider reclaiming their traditional fishing grounds as a way ofinvoking their rights to a physical space that was once theirs 49 .22SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

POLICY AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES THAT IMPACT ON EFFECTIVE COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 1The experience of the Tagbanua community of Coron Island, Municipality of Coron in NorthernPalawan also highlights issues on resource use and management. The Tagbanuas of Coron Islandwere awarded the first CADC to cover land and waters in the Philippines, consisting of some22,000 hectares. While the indigenous community secured rights over their domain, they continueto deal with threats posed by migrants, private groups, and the local government unit.The LGU opposed the recognition of the ancestral waters before the DENR and even threatenedto institute legal action. The DENR and the LGU continue to issue use permits over Coron Island andrecognize private claims on the basis of tax declarations. The mayor allowed pearl farming to operatein the surrounding waters of Coron Island without notifying the Tagbanua community. The LGUand Department of Tourism identified Coron Island as tourism potential without even discussingthe matter with the Tagbanuas. Were it not for the intervention of NGOs who facilitated thedialogue between the indigenous community, LGU, DENR and private groups, the Tagbanuaswould not have been included in the tourism planning process.Conflict arose when the Tagbanua community imposed entrance fees or resource user’s fees totourists or visitors who visited the pristine Kayangan Lake within their ancestral domain. Theentrance fee was considered too high by the LGU and tourism association in Coron. Anotherissue raised by the tour operators was the absence of an official receipt. Having perceived this matteras an unresolved issue, the tourism association decided, for the time being, not to include KayanganLake in their regular tours. After a series of meetings, however, the Tagbanua community decidedto reduce the entrance fee.In the context of non-IP communities dependent on mangrove forests, tenurial instruments areawarded as CBFMAs or individual Certificate of Stewardship (CS) within identified CBFMA areas.However, the institutionalization of CPR in relation to municipal fishing grounds is difficult underthe current legal system. Waters or water bodies are generally owned by the State as provided bythe Constitution. Except for IPRA, there is no other law that provides for the application of CPR inSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT23

1 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTmunicipal fishing grounds. Migrant fishing communities usually find themselves at a losing endespecially when big commercial interests such as pearl farm owners, tourist resorts, or quarryoperators deprive them of fishing and navigational areas or the use of foreshore areas.◗ LAW ENFORCEMENTSome law enforcement agencies tend to be conservative and passive in the implementation of theirmandate, consequently hindering law enforcement efforts. In one case, the BFAR office in Palawanreleased a commercial fishing vessel seized by the Philippine Navy last November 1999 forconducting muro-ami 50 operations in Southern Palawan. The Navy personnel submitted thedocuments and turned over the vessel to BFAR on the premise that BFAR Palawan would assist themin instituting the appropriate administrative or judicial action.BFAR personnel released the vessel purportedly because of lack of evidence and to avoid anyharassment suit from the vessel’s owner. The BFAR personnel also argued that since the vessel wascaught in the municipal waters of Brooke’s Point, Southern Palawan, it is the local government unitthat should initiate legal action since it is within their jurisdiction. Were it not for the timelyintervention of the media and environmental NGOs, this case would just have been part of the archiveof muro-ami violations and then forgotten.Another problem lies in the handling of poaching which is defined under Section 87 of theFisheries Code as fishing by any foreign person, corporation or entity in Philippine waters. Underthis provision, “the entry of any foreign fishing vessel in Philippine waters shall constitute primafacie evidence that the vessel is engaged in fishing in Philippine waters.” 51Navy and police personnel usually file two cases against poachers—one for illegal entry andanother for poaching. They complain that the illegal entry case is usually dismissed by theprosecutor’s office on the ground that the act of illegal entry is already absorbed in poaching.Enforcement agencies argue otherwise because these are two separate crimes governed by two24SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

POLICY AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES THAT IMPACT ON EFFECTIVE COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 1special laws. This problem is exacerbated by the prosecution and court—often at the behest of national executive agencies such as the Departmentof Foreign Affairs (DFA) and the Department of Justice (DOJ)—releasingthe fishing vessels and the confiscated fishing paraphernalia.Another conflict area is the custody of the seized fishery and coastalresources (e.g., fish, corals, quarry materials), vehicles, vessels, and otherparaphernalia used in the commission of the environmental crime. Lawenforcement personnel and environmental NGOs assert that these seizedmaterials are used as evidence and, therefore, cannot be released.Unfortunately, there were cases where seized products, vessels, andparaphernalia were released by the executive agency, prosecutor’s office,or the court.Still another problem faced by law enforcement agencies, including localcommunities that participate in enforcement, is the long, tedious courtlitigation and the harassment or SLAPP (strategic litigation against publicparticipation) suits filed against them when they apprehend violators.Still another problemfaced by law enforcementagencies, including localcommunities thatparticipate inenforcement, is the long,tedious court litigationand the harassment orSLAPP (strategic litigationagainst publicparticipation) suits filedagainst them when theyapprehend violators.Law enforcement personnel and affected communities believe that theimpact on the violator and on the affected resource must be immediate to make sure that justiceis given to both the environment and community users. Other creative, expeditious forms ofsanctions such as administrative fines, seizure or impoundment of the paraphernalia used in theenvironmental crime, or rehabilitation of the destroyed area are thus necessary.Existing customs and traditions of indigenous peoples on conflict resolution and decision-makingprovide interesting insights on alternative enforcement mechanisms. However, some localgovernment officials are threatened by such initiatives and have failed to appreciate thecomplementary value of indigenous systems in law enforcement.SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT25

1 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTA case in point is the community-based enforcement initiatives of the Tagbanua community inBarangay Malawig, Municipality of Coron, Northern Palawan. Having heard about and seen thelackadaisical attitude of law enforcement agencies toward illegal activities, the community decidedto initiate its own law enforcement activities to curb illegal fishing activities within its ancestral domain.In several instances in 1999, members of Bantay Dagat/Kalikasan, a Special Task Force of theTagbanua Foundation of Barangay Malawig apprehended fishermen who engaged in blast andcyanide fishing within the ancestral domain/water claims of the Tagbanua. The members of theBantay Dagat confiscated the fishing boat and all fishing paraphernalia and turned over the itemsto the custody of the Tagbanua Foundation.After these confiscations, the Tagbanua community met to discuss options: taking all the seizeditems to town and turning them over to the police while preparing all the legal documents for thesubsequent filing of a case or cases against the illegal fishers; or trying the case under the tribaljustice system and imposing traditional sanctions. This was perfectly legal under Sec. 15 of theIndigenous Peoples Rights Act (RA 8371).The tribal council agreed to meet and settle the case. However, in several instances, the local officialsintervened and pressured the indigenous community to release the confiscated vessel and fisheryparaphernalia. The interference of municipal officials suppressed the initiatives of the Tagbanuain guarding their ancestral territory.◗ CONFLICT RESOLUTION/MANAGEMENTIndigenous communities have—under IPRA law—the right to use their own commonly acceptedjustice systems, conflict resolution institutions, peace-building processes or mechanisms, andother customary laws and practices within their respective communities and as may be compatiblewith the national legal system and internationally recognized human rights 52 . Under the LocalGovernment Code, certain civil and criminal cases pass through the barangay conciliation systembefore they reach the court.26SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

POLICY AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES THAT IMPACT ON EFFECTIVE COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 1The experience of most indigenous communities in Palawan is thatboundary disputes, taxation issues, and cases involving encroachment bylarge commercial fishers on municipal waters are brought to the LGU.Somehow, with some indigenous leaders occupying barangay positions,there is an interface of formal barangay structures and the non-formalindigenous management structures.While government policy considers conflict resolution mechanisms oflocal communities in the formulation of coastal resource managementplans, the tendency is to have these conflicts brought before the LGU, thecourts, or administrative agencies such as the DENR.It would help community initiatives if the legal system recognized the valueof non-formal community management structures and used suchmechanisms in the resolution of resource use conflicts in the coastal zone.❙ EMERGING INITIATIVES/ATTEMPTS:THE PALAWAN EXPERIENCE◗ INTER-AGENCY AGREEMENTS TO HARMONIZE OVERLAPPINGMANDATESIndigenous communitieshave—under IPRA law—the right to use their owncommonly acceptedjustice systems, conflictresolution institutions,peace-building processesor mechanisms, andother customary lawsand practices within theirrespective communitiesand as may becompatible with thenational legal systemand internationallyrecognized human rights.With regard to the jurisdictional conflict between PCSD and DENR, bothinstitutions realized that any attempt to amend existing legislation creating them would entail along and tedious process. Other remedies to resolve this seeming legal impasse were undertaken.The DENR, for instance, sought the legal opinion of the Department of Justice (DOJ).SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT27

1 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTThe DOJ released two opinions that established the harmonization of the SEP and NIPAS laws andclarified the roles of the DENR and PCSD. DOJ Opinion No. 90, series of 1994, states that the“subject laws are statutes in pari materia”because while the NIPAS law is general and the SEP is special,“both laws address the issue of conservation, protection, management and sustainable developmentof natural resources of the country”. The DOJ further opined that the PCSD “is vested with the powerto enforce the provisions of the SEP law and other existing laws, rules and regulations similar toor complementary with the SEP law.” In Opinion No. 136, the DOJ stated that the PCSD and DENRwould jointly manage protected areas in Palawan—the PCSD assuming primary responsibility overpolicy-making and the DENR providing technical assistance.Guidance from the DOJ was complemented by a series of meetings and dialogues between topofficials of concerned agencies. Ultimately, a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) was entered intobetween the PCSD and DENR to systematize the process of policy implementation and management.Another MOA was prepared with respect to specific marine protected areas such as the TubbatahaReefs. Between the DA and the PCSD, a MOA has yet to be prepared.It is worth noting that an action for declaratory relief was filed by the former mayor of themunicipality of El Nido before Branch 50 of the Regional Trial Court of Palawan and Puerto Princesa.It sought to have the SEP law declared as the law of primary application in the said municipality.The court, while recognizing the complementarity of the goals of the SEP and NIPAS laws, decidedthat the SEP law is the “law of primary application in the Municipality of El Nido, Palawan in its stateas a protected area and that all other laws are, in so far as they are not inconsistent with SEP, merelysuppletory”(page 11, DECISION, Civil Case No. 3100). It must be noted, however, that the decisionwas appealed by the DENR.On the matter of coastal/marine law enforcement, a Memorandum of Agreement was also enteredinto in 2001 between the PCSD, DENR, DA-BFAR, all law enforcement agencies such as thePhilippine National Police-Maritime Group (PNP-MARIG), Philippine Coast Guard, NGOs andmultisectoral law enforcement bodies and task forces. In this agreement, each agency identified28SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

POLICY AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES THAT IMPACT ON EFFECTIVE COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 1its roles and responsibilities. Due to insufficient resources, however, multisectoral planning has notbeen undertaken.The present arrangement is that certain bodies such as PCSD, DENR, PCG, PNP-MARIG, DA-BFARand NGOs meet on specific coastal zone issues such as poaching, quarrying of sand and pebbles,illegal fishpond development, mangrove destruction, and marine mammal rescue activities.◗ COLLABORATIVE UNDERTAKINGS AMONG INTERNATIONAL, NATIONAL, ANDLOCAL INSTITUTIONS TOWARD CRM AND CBCRMThe Coastal Resource Management and Sustainable Tourism in Ulugan Bay, a pilot project ofUNESCO, supported by UNDP, with the collaboration of the government of Puerto Princesa City,and implemented together with national scientific institutions and NGOs, is a good example of howpartnership between various institutions can lead to a comprehensive approach to the managementof a specific coastal area.UNESCO implemented the two-year project under the umbrella of its Environment and Developmentin Coastal Regions and Small Islands Programme (CSI) which is devoted to developing “wisepractices” that achieve culturally appropriate, socially balanced, and environmentally sounddevelopment in coastal regions and in small islands.This project is part of a strategic effort to save one of the most ecologically diverse, yet threatenedareas in the Philippines. Ulugan Bay accounts for 15 percent of the total mangroves in thePhilippines and 50 percent of the mangroves in the province of Palawan 53 .The Ulugan Bay project adopted a bottom-up approach in developing a working empirical modelfor community-based coastal resource management. The model is anchored on a collective effortof the local government unit, national scientific institutions, NGOs and local communities. Variouscore activities were identified with each partner institution getting involved in every activity.SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT29

1 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTThe project started with four studies dealing with the ecology of the bay, traditional resource useand culture of the indigenous communities, socio-economic profile, and tourism potential. This wasfollowed by specific activities, namely, the implementation of sustainable fish farming, establishmentof a fisheries database, the development of a masterplan for community-based sustainabletourism, and the conduct of non-formal environmental education for youth and adults.The Ulugan Bay project illustrates how a partnership between various institutions at all levels canlead to mobilization and sharing of resources, as well as technical assistance. Among the keylessons gleaned from the project include the following:(a) Gathering of high quality data and communicating the results to policy-makers are crucial forthe development of correct coastal zone management practice. For example, studies ontraditional, indigenous knowledge and resource management systems provided projectimplementers with insights on the perspective of indigenous communities toward tourism. Italso stressed the need to recognize the traditional management systems of indigenouscommunities within their ancestral domains.(b) Enhancement of local community participation in coastal environment conservation—from theearliest stages of planning and management to actual implementation—coupled with the useof traditional community knowledge ensures effective implementation.(c) Adopting an interdisciplinary and inter-sectoral approach at all levels of planning andimplementation results in cooperation and integrated management, and reduces the social costsassociated with overlapping jurisdictional and management issues.(d) Local community participation in law enforcement is an essential tool to effective coastalarea management.(e) More efforts should be invested to stimulate the exchange of experiences from successful modelsof coastal resource management.The same partner institutions involved in the pilot project intend to continue the partnership throughanother integrated project, which will focus on zoning, enterprise development, and additional30SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

POLICY AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES THAT IMPACT ON EFFECTIVE COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 1institutional strengthening activities. While the proposal for the next phase is still being completed,UNESCO assisted its partner NGO, the Environmental Legal Assistance Center (ELAC) in securingsupport for its planned CBCRM for Ulugan Bay. UNESCO likewise provided funds for capacitybuilding of local community tour guides in the Puerto Princesa National Park and Heritage Site, forthe refinement of their CBST plans, and for the construction of the Ugong Rock Interpretive Centerand View Deck.ELAC’s CBCRM project and UNESCO’s continuing support for Community-Based SustainableTourism activities are important steps toward strengthening the gains achieved during theUNESCO/UNDP/Puerto Princesa City Coastal Resource Management and Sustainable Tourism inUlugan Bay project, particularly, in the area of capacity-building.Through non-formal environmental education and training, community organizing, resourcemanagement planning, legal defense, provision of land tenure, and policy advocacy, the CBCRMprogram seeks to continue the capacity-building efforts undertaken during the UNESCO/UNDP/PPCproject to further equip the coastal communities in Ulugan Bay with the capacity to manage, protect,conserve and judiciously use their resources. The program also seeks to give resource tenurial securityto the coastal and indigenous communities.Continuing education on environmental laws, and training on resource management planning,enterprise development and environmental law enforcement, will enable fisherfolk to assume anactive role in formulating appropriate local plans and policies attuned to their needs. Providingcommunities with secure tenure over their land and resources will strengthen the community’sparticipation and interest in conserving resource-rich areas.◗ FORGING PARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUs, NGOs, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIESIn Palawan, some LGUs have forged partnerships with NGOs and local communities in formulatinglocal ordinances and enforcing environmental laws. In the case of Puerto Princesa City, NGOsSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT31

1 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTparticipated in the formulation of a citywide fisheries ordinance in 1996 and helped facilitatecommunity consultations to ensure that proposals from the community will be considered. Recentinitiatives include the establishment of marine protected areas or sanctuaries and formulation oftourism guidelines.In several instances, law enforcement agencies fail to assert their mandate when the violator is apowerful one. To bolster government’s effort in law enforcement, some agencies like the DENR, BFAR,and LGUs have deputized community members or private citizens. The deputized citizens aremobilized for monitoring, patrolling, and apprehension activities.Existing policies support this initiative. While the DENR has a program for the organization of DeputyEnvironment and Natural Resource Officers (DENROs) 54 , the BFAR has a continuing program fordeputizing fish wardens. The new Philippine Fisheries Code provides for community-based councilssuch as the FARMCs, which are tasked to assist in law enforcement.In a novel display of initiative in late 1999, with the support of ELAC, the former Puerto PrincesaCity mayor deputized fisherfolk leaders and paralegals as volunteer community paralegals of thecity government. As a result, local fisherfolk and indigenous communities in Puerto Princesa Cityhave actively participated in monitoring violations of environmental laws such as illegal fishing,illegal logging, illegal quarrying, and pollution.The formation of community-based enforcement teams included the conduct of education andtraining on legal framework, remedies, and legal procedures. Often, the participation of governmentenforcement personnel in these trainings enhanced the building of linkages and partnershipsbetween government, NGOs, and community members.The new city administration continued this initiative by continually deputizing these communityparalegals and supporting plans for deputizing new paralegals from other barangays/villages.32SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

POLICY AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES THAT IMPACT ON EFFECTIVE COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 1Moreover, in partnership with barangay and some municipal officials,community members and NGOs are advocating for an ordinance thatwould ensure speedy justice and resolution of environmental cases. Takingoff from the concept of the indigenous justice system, the ordinance canprovide for seizure and confiscation as an alternative enforcementmechanism. This will be applied in cases where the legal seizure;confiscation; and appropriation of vehicles, vessels, equipment such aschainsaw, fishing gears, and other paraphernalia will redound to thebenefit of the community at large and reduce the incidence ofenvironmental offenses. Such action should be pursued in conjunction with,or in lieu of, traditional litigation.These initiatives are critical interventions in ensuring the effectiveenforcement of environmental laws by local governments, communities,and NGOs.❙ INSIGHTS/LESSONSThe experience in Palawan has shown that the solution to policy andmanagement issues is not always new laws, policies, and guidelines.Answers can be found in building linkages and leverages, organizationaldevelopment of institutions and stakeholders, training, and other formsof capability-building, public information, or research.The experience inPalawan has shown thatthe solution to policy andmanagement issues is notalways new laws, policies,and guidelines. Answerscan be found in buildinglinkages and leverages,organizationaldevelopment ofinstitutions andstakeholders, training,and other forms ofcapability-building, publicinformation, or research.The Ulugan Bay project, as well as partnerships between LGUs and NGOs, have shown that despitethe overlapping jurisdictions and management systems that deter integrated coastal management,partnerships and collaborative undertakings among various institutions in all levels can beestablished and developed. It is critical, however, that such partnerships recognize the importantcontributions of local, traditional knowledge, and customary laws.SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT33

1 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTThe following insights thus deserve emphasis:CONTINUING REVIEW AND HARMONIZATION OF LAWS, RULES, ANDREGULATIONS RELATING TO COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTSome CBRM and CRM practitioners have proposed the codification of laws and policies relating tocoastal management. This is a tall order given the nature of the legislative process. In lieu ofcodification, an attempt to review all laws and policy guidelines can be attempted to harmonizecertain concepts and operational guidelines, and identify opportunities for enhancing the presentCBRM/CRM work. Identifying these opportunities can guide and sharpen the focus of localcommunities and CBRM/CRM practitioners in their conduct of capability-building activities,advocacy work, and in their engagement with LGUs, government agencies, and the private sector.SUSTAINING CREATIVE MODES OF ENGAGEMENT OR PARTNERSHIP AMONGNATIONAL AGENCIES, LGUs, LOCAL COMMUNITIES, AND NGOsDealing with the dynamics of politics, especially at the local level, is a continuing challenge. A changein the administration of a city or province can either enhance or deter current managementinitiatives or partnerships in the coastal zone. Certain CRM-related programs are discontinued,commitments under a memorandum of agreement are not complied with, and some localgovernment personnel are replaced, not on account of qualifications, but of political party loyalties.It is therefore important to develop sustainability mechanisms that would keep up or strengthenworkable inter-agency, multisectoral, or multi-institutional engagements and partnerships. Onemechanism would be embodying coastal management programs in local legislation, which wouldlikewise provide for a regular budget allocation from government coffers. Without resources to hireand build the capacity of personnel and support field operations, coastal management programscannot continue.34SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

POLICY AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES THAT IMPACT ON EFFECTIVE COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 1SUSTAINING COMMUNITY INITIATIVE AND INVOLVEMENTIt is likewise necessary that initiatives on the ground or community level are sustained and remainunaffected by local politics. The tenure of local officials may end but local communities willcontinue to be dealing with the same management problems in their areas. There is no substituteto an organized, well-informed and (economically and politically) empowered local community thatcan deal with a range of stakeholders (government agencies, local officials, and migrants) as wellas political tendencies. To ensure a cohesive and sustained community involvement, bottom-upapproaches to coastal zone management planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluationactivities must be consistently applied and enriched.Local communities and their people’s organizations must learn to constantly engage governmentin adopting practical solutions to jurisdictional conflicts and law enforcement problems,strengthening indigenous knowledge and community resource management systems, andsecuring ample resources for CBRM work (especially surveys, mapping, and resource managementplanning).LESSONS AND INSIGHTSLessons and insights gleaned from CRM or CBRM work must continually be documented becausethey eventually shape laws and policies on coastal resource management. As aptly stated byformer US Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, the life of the law is not logic butexperience. Law is experience developed by reason and applied continually to further experience 55 .We should explore various opportunities for sharing these experiences among commonenvironments on a province-wide, regional, or national scale. This is strategic in that it will be ableto enrich “wise practices” on coastal resource management.SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT35

1 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT◗ ENDNOTES1 See Art. 12, Sec. 2, Philippine Constitution.2 See Ponciano L. Bennagen, "Indigenous Attitutdes Toward Land and Natural Resources of TribalFilipinos," NCCP Newsletter, vol. 31 (National Council of Churches in the Philippines, October-December, 1991).3 Republic Act (RA) No. 8371.4 See Art. 2, Sec. 22, Philippine Constitution.5 RA No. 8550 (1998).6 Presidential Decree (PD) No. 704.7 See Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Bureau of Fisheries and AquaticResources of the Department of Agriculture, Department of Interior and Local Government andCoastal Resource Management Projet, 2000. Philippine Coastal Management Guidebook No. 2:Legal and Jurisdictional Framework for Coastal Management in the Philippines. CoastalManagement Project of the DENR. Cebu City, Philippines, p. 16.8 RA 8550, Sections 4 (57), 4 (58), 16 and 18.9 RA 8435 (1998).10 Presidential Decree No. 1067.11 Commonwealth Act No. 141 (1936).12 RA 7942 (1995).13 PD 984.14 RA 9003 (2001).15 PD 856.16 PD 1586 (1978).17 RA 9147.18 R 7160 (1991).19 See 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article 13, Sections 4, 6 and 7.20 See 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article 12, Section 2, paragraph 3.21 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article 12, Section 3.36SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

POLICY AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES THAT IMPACT ON EFFECTIVE COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 122 Constitution, Article 2, Section 16.23 224 SCRA 792.24 Section 120, RA 7160.25 Sections 491 to 507, RA 7160.26 RA 7611 (1992).27 National Commission on Indigenous Peoples.28 National Mapping and Resource Information Authority.29 refers to local government unit, such as municipality or city.30 Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council.31 Refers to national government agency, such as DENR or DA.32 Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development, one of the sectoralplanning councils under the Department of Science and Technology (DOST).33 Bureau of Agricultural Statistics.34 Philippine National Police-Maritime Group.35 Philippine Coast Guard.36 Department of Agrarian Reform.37 Department of Transportation.38 Land Management Bureau under the DENR.39 Environmental Management Bureau.40 Philippine Estates Authority.41 Philippine Fisheries Development Authority.42 Philippine Ports Authority.43 RA 7160 (1991).44 Section 26, RA 7160.45 Section 27, RA 7160.46 Section 16, RA 7160.47 This is the case of Alfredo Tano, et al. versus Hon. Gov. Salvador Socrates, et al. (G.R. No. 110249,August 21, 1997).48 See United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Jakarta Office,SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT37

1 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTEnvironment and Development in Coastal Regions and Small Islands (CSI), 2001. CoastalResource Management, Ulugan Bay, Palawan Island, Philippines, Volume 1, Ecology, Culture andSocio-Economics, Chapter 2, Traditional Resource Use and the Culture of Indigenous Communitiesin Ulugan Bay, E.R. Guieb III, p. 133.49 Ibid, p. 13150 Muro-ami is a prohibited fishing method in the Philippines due to its destructive practice of usingdivers to pound corals with weights to scare fish into waiting nets. Muro-ami operatorscommonly employ minors as divers as they provide a cheap source of labor.51 Paragraph 2, Section 87, RA 8550.52 Section 15, RA 837153 See United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Jakarta Office,Environment and Development in Coastal Regions and Small Islands (CSI), 2001. CoastalResource Management, Ulugan Bay, Palawan Island, Philippines, Volume 1, Chapter 1, Ecologyof Ulugan Bay, M.D. Fortes and S. Fazi, p. 37.54 DENR Department Administrative Order No. 41, Series of 1991.55 Roscoe Pound, Dean Emeritus, Harvard Law School.◗ REFERENCESLa Viña, Antonio G.M. 1999. Management of Fisheries, Coastal Resources and the Coastal Environmentin the Philippines: Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework. Policy Research and Impact AssessmentProgram-International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (PRIAP-ICLARM), WorkingPaper No. 5.Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Bureau of Fisheries and AquaticResources of the Department of Agriculture, Department of the Interior and Local Government andCoastal Resource Management Project, 2000. Philippine Coastal Management Guidebook No. 2: Legaland Jurisdictional Framework for Coastal Management in the Philippines. Coastal ManagementProject of the DENR. Cebu City, Philippines.38SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

POLICY AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES THAT IMPACT ON EFFECTIVE COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 1Legal Rights and Natural Resources Center, 1992. Philippine Natural Resources Law Journal No. 1,Volume 5.Fazi, Stefano and Martin Felstead (Eds.). Coastal Resource Management Series, Ulugan Bay, PalawanIsland, The Philippines, Volumes 1, 2, 3. United Nation Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization,UNESCO Jakarta Office, Regional Office for Science and Technology for Southeast Asia: 2001.Environmental Legal Assistance Center, Inc. (ELAC). 2000. Training Manual on Environmental Laws.Philippine Agenda 21.Republic Act No. 8371, Indigenous People’s Rights Act and its Implementing Rules and Regulations.Republic Act No. 8550, Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 and its Implementing Rules and Regulations.Republic Act No. 7160, Local Government Code.1987 Philippine Constitution.SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT39

CHAPTERTWO 2GOOD PRACTICES IN COASTAL RESOURCEMANAGEMENT

GOOD PRACTICES IN COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTCHAPTER2Coastal resource management efforts in the Philippines evolvedwithin the last 25 years, with various community-based projectsundertaken by NGOs, people’s organizations, academic andresearch institutions, government agencies and international lendinginstitutions as a response to increasing poverty and extensiveenvironmental degradation in the coastal areas (Ferrer, 1995).Silliman University, in cooperation with the municipality of Oslob in Cebu,pioneered CRM in the Philippines in 1974 by declaring and managing amarine reserve and coral reef area off Sumilon Island (Ferrer, 1996). Ten (10)years of effective management yielded benefits for the coral reef ecosystemand island fisheries, as well as for the fishers who were dependent on theresource. The success of this initiative led to another major undertakingby the University in 1984 through its Marine Conservation andDevelopment Program (MCDP): the organization of community-basedmarine resource management using community organizing as a strategyin managing marine protected areas (MPAs). This was done in three smallislands in the Visayas, one of which is the famous Apo Island in Dumaguete,Negros Oriental. This undertaking was significant since it proved that it ispossible to engage local fishers in the sustainable management of theirresources, lending credibility to the claim that local resource users arepotentially the best managers of their resources.Exemplary or goodpractice is defined aspractices or approachesthat reflect and illustratea project’s ability totransform people’s valuesand behavior, generatepositive environmentaland socio-economicimpacts, and establishlong-term institutionalmechanisms that ensurethe support and thecontinuity of theprogram.Government initiatives, as well as concrete actions from NGOs, academic institutions, and otherconcerned citizens eventually followed these pioneering efforts. A significant result of theseSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT43

2 WATERSHED MANAGEMENTprojects was heightened interest in government policy reform and increased involvement ofNGOs in addressing CRM issues.For purposes of this resource book, exemplary or good practice is defined as practices or approachesthat reflect and illustrate a project’s ability to transform people’s values and behavior, generatepositive environmental and socio-economic impacts, and establish long-term institutionalmechanisms that ensure the support and the continuity of the program.Selected cases of exemplary practices in CRM are presented below and have been divided into threeparts: 1) forging partnerships among LGUs and other concerned entities; 2) collaboration amonglocal and international funding institutions; and 3) collaboration among LGUs.❙ FORGING PARTNERSHIPSAMONG LGUS, NGOS, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIESThe mid-1980s saw several NGOs piloting CBCRM projects that were relatively successful, withempowerment as a primary guiding principle, and community organizing as a primary strategy(Ferrer, 1996). Some of these initiatives are described in the succeeding sections. Several casebookspublished within the last six years have likewise compiled these experiences.Positive gains from these initiatives forced NGOs to engage into serious policy advocacy side by sidewith national fisherfolk organizations, targeting reform at the national and local levels. Theseadvocacy efforts eventually led to significant policy reforms both at the national and local levels, themost significant of which was the passage of the new Fisheries Code in 1998, and more recently, theissuance of DAO 17-2001, mandating the delineation and delimitation of municipal waters.Here are five case studies describing efforts to forge partnerships among LGUs, NGOs, and localcommunities.44SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

GOOD PRACTICES 4PARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUS, NGOS, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIESFISHERY INTEGRATED RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INHINATUAN, SURIGAO DEL SURGEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONHinatuan Bay, Municipality of Hinatuan, Surigao del SurArea200 square km; 12 out of 24 barangays are coastalRESOURCE MANAGEMENT ISSUES Low and declining catch Environmental degradation due to mangrove cutting Toxic effluent washout from fishponds Coral quarrying Destructive fishing practices Heavy fishing pressure Erosion and siltation due to upland deforestation Continuous marginalisation of fisherfolk due to low income and poverty Low levels of awareness about coastal resources and their management Lack of awareness and enforcement of fishery laws Lack of willingness to cooperate for more sustainable useContact InformationCenter forEmpowerment andResource Development(CERD), Inc.Executive Director102-E R&L Bldg.,Kamuning, Quezon CityTel. (02) 925-1642Municipal Governmentof HinatuanHinatuan, Surigao delSur(Based on 1996-1998 series of participatory learning and action [PLA] activities andresource surveys)SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT45

2 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTHinatuan, Surigao del Sur PARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUS, NGOS, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIESCRM FRAMEWORKFishery Integrated Resource Management for Economic Development (FIRMED) program of the Centerfor Empowerment and Resource Development (CERD), an NGO operating in seven coastal barangaysof Hinatuan BayPRINCIPLESEmpowerment, Equity, Systems-Orientation, and SustainabilitySPECIFIC GOALS Restore fish level to that of the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) through regulated fishing and toresolve resource use conflicts Enhance carrying capacity of the aquatic environment through rehabilitation and protection ofcoastal resources Resolve the problem of inequitable distribution of benefits between fishery users Address the issue of inequality of women In the pursuit of development initiativesCOMPONENTS Community Organizing & Capability-Building Sustainable Fisheries Development and Environmental Conservation Socio-economic and Livelihood Development Advocacy and Networking Human Resource Development46SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

GOOD PRACTICES IN COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2PARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUs, NGOs, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIESHinatuan, Surigao del SurIMPLEMENTATION PROCESS1. Rapid Resource Systems Assessment of Hinatuan and Lianga Bays (1996)2. Start-up and community organizing/ education and training focused on ecology awareness, leadership;planning process; study tours (1996-97)3. Fishery management planning: data-gathering, participatory learning activities, coastal resourceinventory, formulation of Fishery Resource Management plan (1997-1998)4. Fishery Management Plan implementation: 1998-present: mangrove reforestation & management;establishment and management of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs); regulation of fishing gears;endangered species protection (dugong, turtles); supplementary livelihoods (seaweed farming,small-scale fishpond, rice-trading, school-boat, consumer store)ACCOMPLISHMENTS Community Organizing: 13 POs, six chapters and one municipal federation (NAMAHIN – NagkahiusangMangingisda ng Hinatuan); total membership – 533 individuals Sustainable Fisheries Development: seven barangay sanctuaries 40-60 ha each; one municipalsanctuary 221 has. Mangrove Reforestation Sustainable Livelihoods: Seaweed farms implemented by the organization and individual householdmembersCRITICAL FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE SUCCESS OF THE PROGRAMExternal Factors Support and active participation of LGU Defined resources to manage e.g., “barangay waters”SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT47

2 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTHinatuan, Surigao del Sur PARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUS, NGOS, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES Involvement of church in the program Self-reliance due to relative geographical isolation: the “small island theory” Good condition of primary resources Community-based approach to address community-based issues High level of cooperation among fishersInternal Factors Competent and committed program staff Strong leadership of POs Participation by both men and women in CRM Fishery management planning process: participatory; combines sociological and scientific informationeffectively and views these from the fisher communities’perspective; decision-making was made byfisher communities from beginning of program; NGO served as facilitator Effective education and awareness building componentIMPACTSBiophysical Return of species, increase in fish stock (capiz, fishes)Socio-Economic Increase in fish catch (from 2-3 kgs in 1996 to 5-7 kg in 2001); income from collective livelihood projectsto support organizational work (e.g., seaweed farm)Socio-Cultural Positive change in attitude among fishers: from extraction to conservation Improved capacities of POs to manage their own activities48SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

GOOD PRACTICES IN COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2PARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUs, NGOs, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIESHinatuan, Surigao del Sur Increased confidence in relating with LGU and other agencies; increased capacities in resourcemanagement (planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation skills) and law enforcementPolitical/Institutional Mainstreaming of fishery resource plans in local development plan; annual budget allocation fromLGU Empowerment – increased leverage of fishers in its relationship with the local government and otherstakeholders as a result of formal and strengthened organizationsINDICATORS OF SUSTAINABILITY Strong and viable people’s organizations Institutional partnership between CERD, the PO federation and the local government of Hinatuan·Establishment of seaweed farming as a means of sustainable livelihood for individual households Establishment of ‘barangay’ and municipal sanctuariesREQUIREMENTS FOR REPLICATIONInstitutional Political will and support of the LGU (municipal and barangay) for the passage of resolutions andordinances Effective mechanisms for law enforcement Annual budget allocationSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT49

2 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTHinatuan, Surigao del Sur PARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUS, NGOS, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIESTechnical Capacities for baseline data-gathering through participatory resource assessment; periodic monitoringand evaluation of biophysical and socio-economic conditions Capacities for community organizing and implementation of sustainable marine-based livelihoodsFinancial Funds to support community organizing, law enforcement, sustainable livelihoods and researchactivities, and human resource development, at least in the initial stagesEXEMPLARY FEATURES The Fishery Management Planning process which employed participatory learning activities (PLAs) Gender mainstreaming in organizing coastal communities Seaweed farming as a means of sustainable livelihood at the collective and individual household levelSource:Nightingale, M. 1999. Community-based Coastal Resource Management in Hinatuan Bay, Surigao del Sur. In Community-basedStrategies in Natural Resource Management. VSO, FPE and NIPA, 1999.Canlas, C., 2001. Program Evaluation FIRMED-Surigao. CERD, 200150SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

GOOD PRACTICES 4PARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUS, NGOS, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITY-BASED COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN DANAO BAYGEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONDanao Bay, Misamis OccidentalArea2000 hectares; large part of the bay belongs to the municipal waters ofBaliangao; the eastern side belongs to the municipal waters of Plaridel;54% of the bay is composed of mangroves, mudflats, reefs and seagrassbedsRESOURCE MANAGEMENT ISSUESContact InformationPipuli Foundation,Inc.Dy Apartment, BernadSubdivision, Ozamiz City,Misamis OccidentalTel: (088) 521-1992Website:www.ozamiz.com/earthcallsBaliangao Wetland ParkBoardDanao Bay ResourceManagement CouncilDeclining fish catch due to: Illegal fishing activities i.e., blast fishing which destroyed reefs Logging of mangroves Conversion of mangrove areas into fishponds Increase in fishing pressure brought about by more fishers and use of more efficienttechnologiesCRM FRAMEWORKDanao Bay Community-Based Coastal Resource Management (Danao Bay CBCRM) programof the Pipuli Foundation, Inc.SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT51

2 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTDanao Bay CBCRMPARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUS, NGOS, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIESPRINCIPLESWorking towards an involved and empowered communityPROGRAM OBJECTIVES To protect the unique mangrove forest in Bgy. Misom from small-scale logging To restore the reef flat and coral reef as sources of life through the establishment of a sanctuary thatwould improve fish stocks in the whole bay To remind the people within and outside the project area to live in harmony with nature To organize the local communities around the issues of coastal resource protection and managementCOMPONENTS Community Organizing and Education Resource Management Livelihood Development Research Advocacy and LinkagingIMPLEMENTATION PROCESS1. Contact building with the community and local government; local Catholic Church facilitated thisthrough its lay leaders; local government facilitated public hearings in the barangays and laterapproved a resolution declaring the Misom Sea Sanctuary2. Misom Sea Sanctuary was established; negotiations made with 11 bungsod fishers to move out ofproposed site; the Mayor paid an ocular visit to finalize parameters of sanctuary which resulted in 70-52SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

GOOD PRACTICES IN COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2PARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUs, NGOs, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIESDanao Bay CBCRMha sanctuary and a 25 ha buffer zone; demarcation of the area was made using bamboo stakesanchored on the ground and 1.25 m apart; local project staff and guards were hired3. Gaining community support through awareness and ecology seminars; providing funding supportfor small projects, i.e., mini-sanctuary; pottery, seaweed and oyster culture. This eventually led to theestablishment of the Misom, Tugas, Sinian and Landing Multipurpose Cooperative (MITUSILA)·4. Formation of the Sanctuary Board composed of the Mayor, DENR representative, communityrepresentatives, four guards, barangay captains and Pipuli; later on, recognition of the sanctuary bythe national government as an Integrated Protected Area System (IPAS) site with the help of DENR5. Introduction of income-generating projects such as collecting fees from park visitors; crab fatteningand ecotourism6. Institutionalization of resource management measures: (a) ordinance prohibiting cutting of mangroveswithout permission from the mayor; harvesting only allowed for construction of local houses and notfor selling outside the municipality; (b) imposition of fishing ban to prevent overfishing of danggit(siganid)ACCOMPLISHMENTS Establishment of a 70-hectare sanctuary in Baliangao within a one-year period; later on recognizedas an Integrated Protected Area System (IPAS) site Creation of a multisectoral sanctuary board Development of ecotourism in the area as a means to sustain park managementSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT53

2 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTDanao Bay CBCRMPARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUS, NGOS, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIESCRITICAL FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE SUCCESS OF THE PROGRAMExternal Factors Local government support in law enforcement; and moral support in rallying community supportfor the project Funding assistance from external sources Spirit of volunteerism which have grown as a result of the experienceInternal Factors Committed leadership of the people in charge Strong people’s organizationsIMPACTSBiophysical Increase in the number of species found inside the Baliangao Wetland Park (BWP); some species nolonger seen reappearedSocio-Economic Catches have doubled since 1995 Growth of ecotourism as a viable source of income to sustain park managementSocio-Cultural Community members more active as the sanctuary has given them new hope Decrease in incident of blast fishing54SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

GOOD PRACTICES IN COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2PARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUs, NGOs, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIESDanao Bay CBCRMPolitical/Institutional Replication of the idea of sanctuaries in other municipalities in the province Partnerships among various stakeholders institutionalised through various mechanisms (sanctuaryboard, cooperative, law enforcement groups)INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABILITY Development of an ecotourism program in the site to sustain park management Institutional partnership between the local government of Baliangao, the local people’s organization(DBREMO), other government agencies and Pipuli Foundation Institutionalization of resource management practices through local ordinances, national law (NIPAS)REQUIREMENTS FOR REPLICATIONInstitutional Enlightened and committed leadership, political will and support of the LGU (municipality andbarangay) for the passage of resolutions and ordinances, as well as effective mechanisms for lawenforcement; and annual budget allocationTechnical Capacities for networking for technical and financial assistance (e.g., academe, DENR) Capacities for community organizing and implementation of sustainable marine-based livelihoodsFinancial Funds to support community organizing, law enforcement, sustainable livelihoods, research activities,and human resource development, at least in the initial stagesSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT55

2 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTDanao Bay CBCRMPARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUS, NGOS, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIESEXEMPLARY FEATURES Establishment and sustained management of the Baliangao Wetland Park, now a recognized IPAS site Fisheries protection and management (e.g., rabbit fish and sea cucumber) Strong multisectoral management institution which involves the local government, nationalgovernment agencies, local communities and NGOsSources:Heinen, A. and A. Laranjo, 1996. Marine Sanctuary Establishment: The Case of Baliangao Wetland Park in Danao Bay. In Seeds of Hope,A Collection of Case Studies on Community-Based Coastal Resource Management in the Philippines. Ferrer, E., L. Polotan-delaCruz, & M. Agoncillo-Domingo (Eds). UP-CSWCD and NGO Technical Working Group for Fisheries Reform and Advocacy (NGO-TWG). pp 3-21. Quezon City, Philippines 1996Heinen, A., 2001. Take the Sea Cucumber. In Hope Takes Root: Community-based Coastal Resources Management Stories fromSoutheast Asia. E. Ferrer, L. Polotan-dela Cruz, and G. F. Newkirk (Eds). pp 221-236. CBCRM Resource Center. 200156SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

GOOD PRACTICES 4PARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUS, NGOS, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIESTRIPARTITE PARTNERSHIP IN MARINE AND AQUATIC RESOURCE MANAGEMENTAND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INOPACAN, LEYTEGEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONInopacan, Western Leyte6th class municipality, nine out of 20 barangays are coastal.RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ISSUESContact InformationPhilDHRRA VisayasRegional SecretariatProgramme Manager16 Queens Road,Cebu CityTel. (032) 412-6840 Illegal fishing e.g. , use of superlight, compressor, fine mesh nets Encroachment of commercial fishers from neighboring municipalities intomunicipal waters of Inopacan Destruction of marine resources such as coral reefs which resulted in lowproductivity Weak law enforcement Some elected government officials discreetly provide protection to commercial andillegal fishersCRM FRAMEWORKTripartite Partnership in Marine and Aquatic Resource Management and Rural Development(TriMARRD) program of the Philippine Partnership for the Development of HumanResources in Rural Areas (PhilDHRRA)MunicipalGovernment ofInopacanInopacan, Western LeyteSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT57

2 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTTriMARRD Inopacan, LeytePARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUs, NGOs, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIESCOMPONENTS Social Infrastructure Building and Strengthening (SIBS) – Community organizing, capability-buildingand the formation of partnership mechanisms among POs, NGOs and LGUs Resource Tenure Improvement (RTI) – ensuring access rights and the awarding of appropriatestewardship contracts Coastal Resource Conservation and Rehabilitation Productivity Systems Development (Sustainable Livelihoods)IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS1. Social Preparation; Training of Community Organizers and conduct of Participatory Resource Appraisal(PRA)2. Formation of peoples’ organization in six coastal barangays: four in Inopacan; two in Baybay;3. Integration of gender and reproductive health concerns in CO; organization of women’s group in Bgy.Conalum4. Marine Sanctuary Establishment5. Advocacy and institutionalisation of the following resource management measures i.e. declarationof 15 km municipal waters as closed to commercial fishing; ban on the use of certain fishing gears(e.g., fine mesh nets, beach seine, ring net, superlight, compressor); protection and ban on thecatching/gathering of sea turtles, dugong, dolphins, blue corals and other endangered/threatenedspecies6. Exploration of sustainable livelihood options7. Mainstreaming of fishery management plans into municipal development plan and lobbying for annualbudget allocation; active participation of Fisherfolk POs in barangay/municipal development planningand local special bodies58SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

GOOD PRACTICES IN COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 28. Establishment of MFARMC and Bantay Dagat9. Adoption of Sustainable Integrated Area Development (SIAD) as local development strategy;mainstreaming of program into SIADACCOMPLISHMENTS Formation of four viable POs and one municipal PO federation Organization of Bantay-Dagat, MFARMC, Bantay-Dagat Federation Relevant local ordinances passed: limiting access; ban on destructive fishing gears; protection ofendangered/threatened species; declaration of MPAs Establishment of a total of 78 ha of marine sanctuaries in several coastal and island barangays Annual budget allocation for CRM: barangay level Php500 for fuel; Php1000 for MPA management;P150/month for Bantay Dagat honorarium Annual municipal budget allocation since 1999: P150,000IMPACTPARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUs, NGOs, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES TriMARRD Inopacan, LeyteBiophysical Return of species such as munghong and bolinaoSocio-Economic Increase in catch from 2 kg (prior to program) to 6-10 kg a daySocio-Cultural Increase ecological awareness among local community members; active participation in apprehendingviolatorsSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT59

2 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTTriMARRD Inopacan, LeytePARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUs, NGOs, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES Program earned confidence of local people through successful advocacies; Decline in number of illegal fishing violationsGender Increased awareness regarding the role of women in fisheriesInstitutional Institutionalized LGU support at the barangay and municipal level, especially in planning andbudgeting processes; regular annual budget allocation for CRM Institutionalization of resource management measures through policies/ordinances Use of municipal waters integrated in the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) PO leaders earned recognition by Inopacan LGU and neighbouring municipal LGUs Institutionalized participation on PO leaders in municipal development planning and decisionmakingprocessesINDICATORS OF SUSTAINABILITY Functional MFARMC and Bantay Dagat Federation with active PO participation Institutionalization of PO participation and mainstreaming of program into the annual planning andbudgeting process at the municipal and barangay levels Institutionalization of resource management measures through local ordinances Regular financial support from LGU at the municipal and barangay level Strong and viable POs with capable leadership Strong community awareness and support60SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

GOOD PRACTICES IN COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2PARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUs, NGOs, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES TriMARRD Inopacan, LeytePOTENTIAL FOR REPLICATIONThe framework adopted by TriMARRD is replicable, especially in 4th, 5th and 6th class municipalities. Two(2) out of 10 NGO members of PhilDHRRA who are into CRM have adopted the framework in themunicipalities of southern Leyte and Negros Oriental. The others enhanced their CRM frameworks byintegrating gender and reproductive health.EXEMPLARY FEATURESCommunity organizing process; integration of gender and reproductive health·Mainstreaming of program and participation into the municipal development planning process usingthe SIAD (Sustainable Integrated Area Development) FrameworkSource:Official documents from the PhilDHRRA Visayas NetworkSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT61

2 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTPARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUS, NGOS, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIESFISHERIES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT PROGRAM (FDMP) INCABANGAN, ZAMBALESContact InformationSentro sa Ikauunlad ngAlternatibong Agham atTeknolohiya (SIKAT)Unit 338 Eagle CourtCondominium26 Matalino St.,Quezon CityTel. (02) 436-8950GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONCabangan, Zambales5th class municipality; eight out of 22 barangays are coastal 3,481 householdsof farmers and fishersRESOURCE MANAGEMENT ISSUES Degradation of resources due to illegal fishing (dynamite, cyanide) Weak organizations Lack of capital for fishing boats/gears and supplementary livelihood Lack of knowledge and skills Lack of clear government policies and programsCRM FRAMEWORKFisheries Development and Management Program (FDMP) of the Sentro sa Ikauunlad ngAlternatibong Agham at Teknolohiya (SIKAT)PRINCIPLESEmpowerment, Equity, Sustainability, Gender-Fairness, Cultural Sensitivity, HolisticDevelopment62SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

GOOD PRACTICES IN COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2PARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUs, NGOs, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIESFDMP Cabangan, ZambalesCOMPONENTS Community Organizing and Popular Education Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Management Sustainable Livelihood and Microfinance Support Policy Research, Advocacy and Enforcement Pro-Active Social ServicesIMPLEMENTATION PROCESS1. Community organizing and strengthening; integration of gender in the organizing process:membership expansion with focus on recruitment of women to address gender balance in theorganizations; development of organizational leadership; strategic planning; strengthening financialsystems and organizational committees2. Developing local leader organizers and local trainers coming from the people’s organizationsthemselves3. Networking and linkaging: formation of a municipal alliance of fisher organizations in Cabangan(KUMACAZA) and a provincial alliance (PARASAMAZA) of fisher organizations of Zambales.4. Strengthening sustainable livelihoods and developing community enterprises: Katipunan MicroCredit Project (KMCP) for individual or family enterprises for members of partner organizations; andcreation of a providential fund (Bangko sa Bayan) from the savings from the KMCP5. Community enterprises such as Bigasang Dagat, Gasolinahan, Bagoongan and Crispy Dilis were setup by five organizations in five barangays6. Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Management: raising environmental awareness; participatory resourcemapping, monitoring and management planning; fish catch monitoring handled by fishers since 1998;protection of Batong Ungot fish sanctuary, since 1990, which was nominated for the Reef Awards ofSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT63

2 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTFDMP Cabangan, ZambalesPARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUs, NGOs, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIESthe Coastal Resource Information Network in 19987. Promotion of appropriate fishing technology (i.e., gears) and training local researchers/resourcemanagers8. Policy research, advocacy and enforcement: formulation and later on, passage of a Municipal FisheriesOrdinance for Cabangan9. Paralegal training for Bantay DagatACCOMPLISHMENTS Formation of viable POs and PO alliances at the barangay, municipal and provincial level Establishment of a marine sanctuary Formation of Bantay Dagat in cooperation with the Provincial Special Operations Group Formulation, advocacy and eventual passage of the Municipal Fisheries Ordinance Establishment of mechanisms to sustain community enterprises and livelihood Capacity building of local organizers, researchers, trainers, paralegals and leadersIMPACTSBiophysical 10% average increase in coral cover between 1997-1999 Bigger fishes in greater numbers observed in the sanctuarySocio-Economic Supplementary incomes coming from the household and community enterprises financed by themicro credit scheme Forced savings pooled together in the providential fund to provide loans for emergency and otherneeds64SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

GOOD PRACTICES IN COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2PARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUs, NGOs, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIESFDMP Cabangan, ZambalesSocio-Cultural Increased security of households through the provision and facilitation of social services such as health,education and disaster preparedness Heightened community awareness and support to community programsGender Increased involvement of women in organizations and various community projectsInstitutional Institutionalization of resource management measures thru policies/ordinances Establishment of Bantay Dagat Formation of strategic PO alliances at the municipal and provincial level Institutionalized capacity building through training of local organizers, local researchers and resourcemanagers, local trainers coming from the POs themselves Facilitated access and provided social services in the areas of health, education and disastermanagementINDICATORS OF SUSTAINABILITY Strong and viable people’s organizations with capable leadership and local organizers, researchers Establishment of mechanisms to support socio-economic needs such as the micro credit financingprogram and providential fund Institutionalisation of resource management measures through the Municipal Fisheries Ordinanceof Cabangan Heightened community awareness and supportSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT65

2 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTFDMP Cabangan, ZambalesPARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUs, NGOs, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIESPOTENTIAL FOR REPLICATIONSIKAT has initiated phase-out mechanisms as they intend to move on to another municipality toreplicate the CRM framework and processEXEMPLARY FEATURES Katipunan Micro-Credit Financing Program Pro-Active Social Services component which addressed health and education needs of communitymembers, as well as disaster managementSource:Balderrama, Benedict 2001. Off the Beaten Track: Developing Sustainable CBCRM among the Fishers of Cabangan, Zambales. In HopeTakes Root: CBCRM Stories from Southeast Asia. E. Ferrer, L. dela Cruz and G. Newkirk , Eds. CBCRM Resource Center, Quezon City,Philippines. 2001.66SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

GOOD PRACTICES 4PARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUS, NGOS, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITY-BASED COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (CBCRM) INPUERTO PRINCESA, PALAWANGEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONHonda Bay, Puerto Princesa, Palawan; 15 coastal villagesRESOURCE MANAGEMENT ISSUESDecline in fish catch from 36.5 kg in 1985 to 8.4 kg in 1989 due to: Destructive fishing methods such as cyanide and dynamite/blast fishing Encroachment by transients using “more efficient” fishing methods(trawl, purse seine, ring nets) within municipal waters Logging and shifting cultivation which cause erosion and siltationOther issues: Inequitable access to marine resources due to open access Land tenure issues of fishers and indigenous communities Mercury contamination of the food chain by an old mining site Extreme poverty Unregulated tourism developmentContact InformationEnvironmental LegalAssistance Center, Inc(ELAC)271-E Malvar St., PuertoPrincesa City, PalawanTel: (048) 433-5183Email:gerthie@mozcom.comPalawan NGO Network,Inc. (PNNI)No. 3 Zanzibar Bldg.,Rizal Avenue, PuertoPrincesa City, PalawanTel: (048) 434-3370City Government ofPuerto PrincesaCRM FRAMEWORKCommunity-Based Coastal Resource Management (CBCRM)SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT67

2 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTPuerto Princesa, PalawanPARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUs, NGOs, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIESPRINCIPLESEmpowering coastal communities to restore the sustainability of the coastal zone through thedevelopment of organized and self-reliant communitiesPROGRAM OBJECTIVES To assist coastal communities in Honda Bay to acquire property rights over their coastal resources,as well as proper management technologies and strategies through organizing, education, researchand policy advocacy To advocate for the transformation of peoples’unsustainable patters of consumption and use of theircoastal resources through education and information; To provide organized fishing communities with legal assistance in the defense of their rights in thelegal arenaCOMPONENTS Research Community Organizing Environmental Education and Paralegal Training Networking and Policy AdvocacyIMPLEMENTATION PROCESS1. Partnership with local communities started with involvement in legal cases: (a) charging of seven fisherswith illegal fishing in Tagburos; and (b) mercury poisoning issue in Bgy. Sta. Lourdes68SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

GOOD PRACTICES IN COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2PARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUs, NGOs, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIESPuerto Princesa, Palawan2. Eliminating hulbot-hulbot operations in Sitio Honda Bay through a successful advocacy and legal battle3. After these legal battles which were won, community organizing in Lucbuan, Tagburos and Sta.Lourdes started4. Advocacy for a Basic Fishery Ordinance for Puerto Princesa5. Participation of PO leaders and ELAC in the drafting of the Proposed Tourism Ordinance; and theformulation of guidelines for the zonation of marine and coastal areas of the province6. Active participation in sanctuary establishment7. Organization of the Honda Bay Boatmen Association (HOBBAI) servicing tourists as a microenterprise8. Institutionalisation of education work through a short certificate course on coastal resourcemanagement for POs, Barangay officials and NGO workers in collaboration with Tambuyog (NGO) andthe State Polytechnic College of Palawan9. Training and deputation of Volunteer Community Paralegals as Environment and Natural ResourceOfficers of the City GovernmentACCOMPLISHMENTS Organization of nine peoples’ organizations; two of which are women’s organizations Training of PO leaders as paralegals; effective apprehension of illegal fishers Passage of Basic Fishery Ordinance and Tourism Ordinance for Puerto Princesa City Recognition and credibility of POs and NGO by the city government Introduction of a Certificate Course on CBCRM in collaboration with other agencies Organization of HOBBAI to facilitate the establishment of a microenterprise that facilitated access ofmarginalized fishers into the tourism industrySERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT69

2 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTPuerto Princesa, PalawanPARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUs, NGOs, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIESIMPACTSBiophysical Steady increase in fish catch to pre-hulbot-hulbot days; now up to 15 kg/day for hook and line fishersSocio-Economic HOBBAI: increase in earnings from the tourism industry; children can now go to school more regularly;organization members have more money to spend on education and food; and are able to saveSocio-Cultural Decline in illegal fishing activities Heightened awareness and vigilance of community members Marked change in the attitude of people towards the resources, their rights to a balanced ecologyand their attitude in fighting for those rightsInstitutional Partnerships forged among POs, NGOs and the city government Institutionalization of resource management measures Institutionalisation of education work Empowering people through paralegal training and institutionalising their meaningful participationin implementation, monitoring and decision making processesELEMENTS OF SUCCESS Strong community organizations and partner NGO Effective advocacy strategies Knowledge of relevant laws and how to use them to promote fishers rights and welfare70SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

GOOD PRACTICES IN COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2PARTNERSHIPS AMONG LGUs, NGOs, AND LOCAL COMMUNITIESPuerto Princesa, PalawanINDICATORS OF SUSTAINABILITY Strong and viable people organizations Institutionalization of resource management measures through the basic fishery ordinance Institutionalisation of education work Establishment of sustainable livelihoods Formation of institutional partnerships between POs, NGOs, academe, government agencies and thecity governmentREQUIREMENTS FOR REPLICATIONInstitutional Political will, commitment and support of the LGU (municipality/city/province) for the passage ofresolutions and ordinances, for the provision of human and financial resources, as well as theformation of effective mechanisms for management and law enforcement.Technical Capacities for community organizing, negotiation, paralegal skills, advocacy and networkingEXEMPLARY FEATURES Legal and paralegal work as an effective strategy to promote CBCRM Facilitating access to the tourism market through the organization of boatmen; therefore facilitatingequitable access of small fishers to the economic benefits of the industrySources:Galit, John 2001. Catching Power: A Story of Honda Bay CBCRM. In Hope Takes Root: CBCRM Stories from Southeast Asia. E. Ferrer,L. dela Cruz and G. Newkirk, Eds. CBCRM Resource Center, Quezon City, Philippines. 2001.SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT71

2 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT❙ COLLABORATIVE UNDERTAKINGS AMONGINTERNATIONAL, NATIONAL, AND LOCALINSTITUTIONSIn 1991, the Department of Agriculture (DA) embarked on the biggest program so far initiated bythe government in coastal resource management. The Fisheries Sector Program (FSP) wasimplemented from 1991 to 1997 with a loan from the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The programtargeted 12 bays, which are all major fishing grounds beset with over-fishing, growing poverty intheir coastal communities, and other critical management issues and problems. The programwas a test and challenge for the DA since the design required the incorporation of community-basedmanagement as a mainstream approach to CRM. Its primary strategy involved contracting NGOsto facilitate the planning and community organization process. The project was continued in1999 under a new name, the Fisheries Resource Management Project (FRMP), targeting themanagement of 18 bays (including some of the former FSP areas), for the duration of another fiveyears.The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) established the Coastal EnvironmentProgram (CEP) in 1992. In 1994, it began to implement RA 7584 or the National Integrated ProtectedAreas System (NIPAS) Act of 1992.The Coastal Resource Management Project (CRMP), which began in 1995, is another seven-yeartechnical assistance project by the DENR and funded by the USAID in selected coastal areas,which include Palawan, Masbate, Bohol, Cebu and Davao Provinces, among others. Building onthe experience and lessons of past efforts, CRMP assisted local government units in terms ofbuilding capacities, generating baseline information/coastal environment profiles in the areas wherethey operate, and catalyzing the establishment of legal and institutional arrangements. It hasintroduced as well resource management innovations (e.g., CRM certification system), and72SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

GOOD PRACTICES IN COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2generated a number of useful publications to guide future CRM efforts in the country (e.g., an eightvolumeGuidebook on Coastal Resource Management available online and in printed form).The most recent program to be undertaken by the national government in 1999 (with someprojects still to be completed by 2003) was the Community-Based Resource Management Project(CBRMP). The project aimed to reduce rural poverty and arrest environmental degradation throughthe implementation of natural resource management projects (with focus on the forest, upland,and near shore fishery areas) in five priority regions (Regions 5, 7, 8, 11 and 13) to be managed bylocal government units (LGA, 1999). The project was supported by the Municipal Development Fund(MDF), a financing facility supported with a loan from the World Bank, and managed by theDepartment of Finance (DOF).The following are two other cases of exemplary CRM initiatives that focus on collaborative actionsamong local, national and international institutions.SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT73

2 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTCOLLABORATIVE UNDERTAKINGS AMONGINTERNATIONAL, NATIONAL, AND LOCAL INSTITUTIONSTHE ROLE OF PROVINCES IN COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: THEDAVAO DEL SUR EXPERIENCEContact InformationCRMPRegional Coordinator forMindanaoTelefax: (082) 225-1707Suite 8303, Plaza deLuisa140 MagsaysayAve., 8000 Davao CityEmail:ayambao@mozcom.com,crmhot@mozcom.com,crmp@oneocean.orgWebsite:www.oneocean.orgGEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONProvince of Davao del Sur: all 11 municipalities, and Digos City border thecoast; coastal and marine waters cover part of the Sarangani Strait, CelebesSea and Davao GulfRESOURCE MANAGEMENT ISSUES Increasing poverty in coastal communities Weak legal and institutional support Limited community awareness and participation in CRMCRM FRAMEWORKProvincial Coastal Resource ManagementThe provincial LGU as a provider of CRM as a basic service to coastal municipalities and cities,given its mandate to undertake program planning and implementation, legislation andenforcement, taxation and revenue generation, monitoring and evaluation, capabilitybuilding,and inter-agency and inter-LGU collaboration (DENR et al, 2001/Tambuli 9/11)74SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

GOOD PRACTICES IN COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2COLLABORATIVE UNDERTAKINGS BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL,NATIONAL, AND LOCAL INSTITUTIONSDavao del Sur CRMIMPLEMENTATION PROCESS1. Creation of provincial CRM Technical Working Group composed of representatives from the ProvincialEnvironment and Natural Resource Office (PENRO), Fisheries Unit under the Provincial Governor’s Office,Provincial Planning and Development Office (PPDO) and CENRO-DENR, president of the IFARMC,Provincial Fisheries Officer of BFAR2. Training of TWG members in integrated coastal management (ICM), participatory coastal resourceassessment (PCRA) and mangrove management3. Issuance of provincial executive order mandating PENRO to be lead coordinating office in theprotection, conservation, rehabilitation and management of coastal resources in Davao Sur4. Conduct of PCRA and CRM Planning by Malalag Bay area municipalities with technical and trainingassistance provided by the provincial CRM-TWG, and (funding) support from CRMP:a. Formulation of 5-year provincial CRM framework plan based on the PCRA results and municipalCRM plans of the Malalag Bay area municipalities and Digos City.b. Setting up of inter-agency implementing mechanisms and implementing structure at theprovincial levelLESSONS LEARNED Experience highlighted the importance of strengthening inter-agency collaboration and coordinationin ensuring effective CRM implementation at the provincial level Role of a facilitating agent (internal or external) is essential in the early stages of group formation (e.g., CRMP facilitating the formation of CRM-TWG at the provincial level) Clarity of roles and responsibilities, and identifying the lead agency is also important Official support and legal mandate (e.g., executive order issued by the provincial government)needed to mainstream CRM functions and responsibilities at the provincial level Provincial LGU proved to be an effective lead coordinating body for CRMSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT75

2 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTCOLLABORATIVE UNDERTAKINGS AMONGINTERNATIONAL, NATIONAL, AND LOCAL INSTITUTIONSContact InformationBohol EnvironmentalManagement Office(BEMO)Provincial Governmentof Bohol, Tagbilaran CityHaribon Foundation4th Floor Fil-Garcia Bldg.,Kalayaan Ave.Quezon CityTel: (02) 433-4363Website:www.haribon.org.phCODE CREATES WONDERS FOR BOHOLGEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONProvince of Bohol: 30 out of 47 municipalities are coastal with approximately100,000 marginal fishers, gleaners and fish vendors among its total populationof 1, 137, 268 (NCSO 2000); Historically, one of the richest fisheries in centralPhilippines; beneficiary of several pilot coastal management projects anddevelopment initiatives such as the World Bank-assisted CVRP (1984-1992),USAID-GOLD (1996-2001), USAID-CRMP/DENR, and the Industrial Initiativefor Sustainable Environment Project.RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ISSUES Poverty in coastal communities Increasing pollution and sedimentation Uncoordinated and weak law enforcement Rampant illegal and destructive fishingCRM FRAMEWORKProvincial Coastal Resource ManagementThe provincial LGU as a provider of CRM as a basic service to coastal municipalities and cities,given its mandate to undertake program planning and implementation, legislation andenforcement, taxation and revenue generation, monitoring and evaluation (M & E),capability-building, and inter-agency and inter-LGU collaboration (DENR et al, 2001/Tambuli9/11)76SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

GOOD PRACTICES IN COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2COLLABORATIVE UNDERTAKINGS AMONG INTERNATIONAL,NATIONAL, AND LOCAL INSTITUTIONSCode Creates Wonders for BoholIMPLEMENTATION PROCESS1. Creation of a Provincial CRM Task Force initiated by the DENR (by virtue of EO 118 which identifiedBohol as one of 20 priority provinces for CRM)2. Training of members of the task force in facilitating PCRA, mangrove management, marine protectedarea (MPA) establishment and management and CRM planning.3. Formulation of Bohol Environment Code; CRM as one of nine major sectors addressed in the Code,which mandated the creation of the Bohol Environmental Management Office (BEMO) that isresponsible for implementation of the Code. Municipalities use the Code as legal basis and guide informulating their CRM policies and plans, with BEMO acting as integrator of all CRM activities in theprovince4. Creation of a sub-Committee on Marine and Coastal Resources, and a CRM Special Project Unit by theSangguniang Panlalawigan5. Execution of MOA between the DENR, DA-BFAR CRMP, and the Provincial Government defining theirrespective roles in CRM. The agreement shifted role of CRMP from assisting municipalities to buildingthe capacities of CRM staff within the BEMO, and enable it to sustain CRMP’s role as technicalassistance provider to Bohol LGUs6. Identification of CRM learning areas in eastern and southern Bohol. BEMO assisted coastal municipalitiesin the conduct of PCRA, CRM planning and implementation, as well as in the conduct of M&E in thelearning area municipalities, covering 70% of coastal municipalities by 20017. Upon establishment of a CRM Certification System for Region 7 by the RDC-7, BEMO (through aprovincial EO) was appointed secretariat of the provincial CRM Certification TWG and tasked with theannual monitoring of CRM plans and evaluation of the performance of municipalities in CRM8. Creation of District Coastal Law Enforcement Councils (CLECs) to enhance inter-LGU collaboration.BEMO served as coordinating office of the CLECs. Law enforcement with full support of the provincialSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT77

2 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTCode Creates Wonders for Bohol COLLABORATIVE UNDERTAKINGS AMONG INTERNATIONAL,NATIONAL, AND LOCAL INSTITUTIONSand municipal governments in coordination with Philippine National Police (PNP), Philippine CoastGuard and community-based organizationsLESSONS LEARNED The experience highlighted the importance of strengthening legal and institutional arrangementsat the provincial level to institutionalise CRM. The Bohol Environment Code clarified the policyframework and set the management direction of CRM for the province The creation of the BEMO facilitated the operationalization of the framework and translated thedirection into concrete programs. It has systematized and standardized CRM implementationmethodologies and processes, thus allowing for lessons to be drawn and shared Even if the management of municipal waters is not a direct mandate of the province, the experiencehas shown that by using the specific powers and functions delegated to the province by national laws(i.e., legislation and enforcement of measures for environmental protection), it could build thecapacity of municipalities in CRM by providing technical assistance.78SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

GOOD PRACTICES IN COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2❙ COLLABORATION AMONG LGUSA current perspective being explored and advocated is the recognition of local governments of CRMas a basic service, especially for those whose areas of jurisdiction include coastal municipalities andbarangays. This implies that LGUs will assume responsibility by allocating resources for managingmunicipal waters and coastal resources. This also means undertaking CRM policy reform andplanning processes and putting together a CRM plan together with fisherfolk organizations,coastal communities, and other stakeholders. It likewise implies investment by the LGU in capacitybuilding, training of human resources in CRM-related fields, setting up systems and units specificallyto address CRM concerns of the municipality, and establishing infrastructure support to boost thelocal fishing industry, and in some cases, local tourism. Below is an example of a project that outlineshow collaboration among LGUs can yield positive results in CRM.SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT79

2 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTCOLLABORATION AMONG LGUSMULTISECTORAL PARTNERSHIP IN COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT:THE ILLANA BAY REGIONAL ALLIANCE (IBRA 9)Contact InformationIBRA ProgramManagement Office2nd floor Balgo Bldg.Capitol Compound,Pagadian CityGEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONIllana Bay coastal municipalities/city: seven municipalities, one city, oneprovince Zamboanga del SurRESOURCE MANAGEMENT ISSUES Degradation of coastal resources such as mangroves, coral reefs and seagrass beds Overexploited marine/fishery resources Rampant illegal fishing No program for the protection, management and rehabilitation of the bay; not apriority of LGUsCRM FRAMEWORK Rehabilitation of coastal natural resources Establishment and integration of coastal protection program into local developmentplans and programs Capacity building for key LGU personnel and program management staff Adoption of red tide monitoring measures80SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

GOOD PRACTICES IN COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2COLLABORATION AMONG LGUsIllana Bay, Zamboanga del SurPROGRAM OBJECTIVES Coastal management plan formulated and implemented involving the seven municipalities, one cityand the province of Zamboanga del Sur Formation of the IBRA 9 Council, a multisectoral partnership composed of the nine LGUs, NGOs andgovernment line agencies Formation of baywide Bantay Dagat Establishment of 10 marine sanctuaries throughout the whole bay Formation of functional M/CFARMCs in each of the eight LGUs Conduct of administrative and technical training for key LGU personnel and PMO staff ·Adoption of 11 common policies/ordinances by all LGUs involvedIMPACTSBiophysical Increase in fish population and diversity of fish species Mangrove areas now protectedSocio-Economic Increase in fish catchSocio-Cultural Provided opportunity for some rebels, pirates and illegal fishers to return to fishing and normal lifeGender Representation of women and youth in the IBRA 9 Council, Bantay-Dagat and FARMCsSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT81

2 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTIllana Bay, Zamboanga del SurCOLLABORATION AMONG LGUsInstitutional Policies for protection through the declaration of large areas as marine sanctuaries Adoption of 11 common coastal ordinances by the eight municipal/city LGUs; these ordinances werealso later on adopted by the LGUs of three smaller bays: Maligay, Sibuguey and Dumaguillas Institutionalization of inter-LGU collaboration through the formation of the IBRA 9 Council; thepooling of resources of the nine LGUs to support the PMO and its programs, providing counterpartfunding to the funds initially provided by LGSPELEMENTS OF SUCCESS Political will and cooperation among the nine LGUs involved in the program Initial support from an external agency (LGSP) which helped catalyze planning and organizingprocessINDICATORS OF SUSTAINABILITY Commitment and support from the pooled resources of LGUs involved in the management of IllanaBay and the creation of a Program Management Office (PMO) Institutionalization of management measures through the 11 common ordinances adopted; theformation of a baywide Bantay Dagat Formation of an institutional partnership among the LGUs, NGOs and Government Line Agenciesexpressed through the IBRA 9 Council Strengthening of technical and administrative capacity of LGU personnel and PMO staff through aseries of trainings82SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

GOOD PRACTICES IN COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2COLLABORATION AMONG LGUsIllana Bay, Zamboanga del SurREQUIREMENTS FOR REPLICATIONInstitutional Political will, commitment and support of the LGU (municipality/city/province) for the passage ofresolutions and ordinances, for the provision of human and financial resources, as well as theformation of effective mechanisms for management and law enforcementTechnical Capacities for consensus building, and management planning, as well as periodic monitoring andevaluationFinancial Funds to support organization/installation process, law enforcement, monitoring /evaluation,sustainable livelihoods, continuous research activities, and human resource developmentEXEMPLARY FEATURES Forging of inter-LGU partnerships for the management and protection of a common resource Creative use of the Local Government Code through the operationalization of Sec. 33, which providesfor LGUs to enact appropriate ordinances, group themselves, coordinate their efforts, services andresources for purposes beneficial to them Creative use of Fisheries Code (RA 8550) Sec 16, operationalizing the management of contiguous fisheryresources such as baysSource:IBRA9 Official nomination form to the Galing-Pook Awards. 2002.SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT83

CHAPTERTHREE3REFERENCES AND TOOLS

REFERENCES AND TOOLS CHAPTER3❙ BILATERAL AND MULTILATERALPROJECTS, PROGRAMS, AND AGENCIESPARTNERSHIPS IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FOR THE SEAS OF EASTASIA (PEMSEA)- INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION-UNDP-GLOBALENVIRONMENT FACILITY-DENR Promotes multi-country initiatives in addressing prioritytransboundary environment issues in the Gulf ofThailand, Bohol Sea, and Manila Bay. Reinforces and establishes a range of functionalnetworks to support environmental management. Builds national and regional capacity to implementintegrated coastal management programs.Regional Program DirectorDENR Compound, VisayasAvenue, Quezon City 1101Tel: (02) 920-2211, 926-9712Fax: (02) 926-9712, 426-3849Email: chuate@pemsea.org,joyce@pemsea.org,info@pemsea.orgWebsite: www.pemsea.orgSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT87

3 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTRESEARCH, TRAINING, AND INFORMATION RESOURCE CENTERSOUTHEAST ASIAN FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT CENTER/AQUACULTUREDEPARTMENT (SEAFDEC/AQD) Conducts technology verification and extensionprograms. Promotes and undertakes aquaculture research that isrelevant and appropriate for the region, to develophuman resources for the region, and to disseminateand exchange information on aquaculture.Division HeadBarangay Buyuan, Tigbauan,Iloilo 3021Tel: (033) 336-2965, 335-1009, 336-2937Fax: (033) 335-1008Email:pltorres@aqd.seafdec.org.phWebsite: www.seafdec.org.phCBCRM RESOURCE CENTER (CBCRM-RC) Undertakes learning and knowledge management,networks and links with other organizations, andconducts research, community organizations, coastalresource management, and capacity-building activities.Program Coordinator107-A PSSC Building,Commonwealth Avenue,Diliman, Quezon City 1101Tel: (02) 920-3368Fax: (02) 920-9968Email:cbcrm_rc@pacific.net.phWebsite: www.cbcrmrc.freeservers.com88SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

REFERENCES AND TOOLS 3MARINE RESOURCE DIVISION- PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AQUATIC AND MARINERESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (PCMARRD)TrainingsCoastal Management Training Program for LocalGovernments A consortium of institutions—ICLARM, HARIBON, DA-BFAR, DENR-CMMO, DOST-PCAMRD)—that offers a 12-day training course designed for LGUs. The trainingaims to:- Develop a pool of coastal managementpractitioners in LGUs from governmentorganizations, academe, NGOs, private sector, andPOs.Marine Resource DivisionPhilippine Council forAquatic and MarineResearch and Development(PCMARRD)Los Baños, LagunaTel: (049) 536-1566Fax: (049) 536-1566; 536-1582Email: mrd@laguna.net- Bring together major stakeholders who will work together in the formulation andimplementation of an ICM plan for each coastal municipality or city in the Philippines.National Course on Integrated Coastal ManagementA national course formed by a group of practitioners to train coastal managers in each regionof the country. The course is designed to develop skills in planning and implementation.These courses are available in the Philippines to groups of 25-30 persons at US$1,000/personinclusive of lodging, food, workshop materials, and field expenses.SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT89

3 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTCRM NET Generates information and knowledge on the coastalenvironment and coastal communities of the Philippines. Facilitates the exchange of experiences, information,and knowledge on the CBCRM and Integrated CoastalManagement (ICM) between and among the membersof CRM Net, and similar networks abroad. Fosters and nurtures the linkages between and amongthe various advocates, practitioners, and stakeholders incoastal resource management. Synthesizes, promotes, and advocates standards ofgood practice in CBCRM and ICM. Promotes an open and frank atmosphere for discussionsand exchanges between and among the members ofCRM Net and other similar networks in South and Northcountries.ChairpersonCRM Net SecretariatRoom 107-A, Ground Floor,Philippine Social ScienceCenter Bldg.,Commonwealth Ave.,Diliman, Quezon City,PhilippinesTel: (02) 927-9237Fax: (02) 920-3368Email:cbcrm_rc1@pacific.net.phWebsite:www.cbcrmlearning.org Creates a focal point for the interaction and exchange among all advocates and practitionersof CBCRM and ICM.90SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

REFERENCES AND TOOLS 3❙ ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONSMARINE SCIENCE INSTITUTE (MSI) Organizes a nationwide clam seeding project withlocal communities, dubbed “Seven Thousand Clamsfor Seven Thousand Islands” Educates the public on the significance of preservingthe remaining reefs and of enhancing andrehabilitating those already damaged.Marine Science Institute (MSI)University of the PhilippinesDiliman, Quezon CityTel: (02) 922-3921; 920-5301 to99 loc. 7428/7430Dr. Alino (02) 922-3959Fax: (02) 924-7678Email:pmalino@msi01.cs.upd.edu.ph;menez@msi01.cs.upd.edu.phMARINE SCIENCE INSTITUTE – COMMUNITY ECOLOGY GROUP (MSI-COMECO) Conducts research for generating basic informationnecessary for sustainable use, management, andconservation of marine environment. Provides community development and extensionactivities such as mangrove reforestation, ecotourism, andsolid waste management.Marine Science Institute –Community Ecology Group(MSI-COMECO)University of the Philippines,Diliman Campus,Quezon City 1101Tel: (02) 922-3921Fax: (02) 924-7678Email: pmalino@upmsi.phSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT91

3 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTATENEO CENTER FOR SOCIAL POLICY AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS (ACSPPA) Focuses on local government units at themunicipal level and all major players and Executive DirectorSocial Development Complex, Ateneostakeholders in the arena of localde Manila University Campus, Loyolagovernment.Heights, Quezon City 1108 Focuses on the areas of local governance Tel: (02) 426-6062, (632) 426-6061and decentralization, people’s participation Fax: (02) 426-65999Email: jcm30@ateneo.edu;in governance, government-civil societyprivatesector partnerships and Website:csppa@admu.edu.phcollaboration, and NGO policy influence. www.admu.edu.ph/auxunits/csppa.htm Engages in special projects concerningpolitics and governance which it sees as urgent and strategic given a certain conjuncture.SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT-UNIVERSITY OFTHE PHILIPPINES LOS BAÑOS (SESAM-UPLB) Provides short-term technical assistance to localcommunities and groups. Reaches out to the various sectors of society throughworkshops, seminars, training, publications, exhibitsand library services.DeanSESAM-UPLBUniversity of the Philippines, LosBaños Campus, Laguna 4031Tel: (049) 536-2251, 536-3080;536-2836Fax: (049) 536-2251Email:voe@mudspring.uplb.edu.ph,mvoe@agri.searca.org92SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

REFERENCES AND TOOLS 3COLLEGE OF SOCIAL WORK AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT-UNIVERSITYOF THE PHILIPPINES (CSWCD-UP) Provides training for community developmentpractitioners and social service workers for both CSWCD-UPUniversity of thegovernment and non-government sectors.Philippines Diliman Promotes gender awareness and gender-fair practices. Campus, Quezon City 1101 Offers a library that houses a sizeable collection of Tel: (02) 920-5301 to 99women’s resource and has become a hub of women’s locals 7428/7430, 922-3021Fax: (02) 929-8438studies for scholars and activists in and outside theUniversity of the Philippines. Conducts out-of-campus training on gender awareness and women’s issues.UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES IN THE VISAYAS (UPV) Conducts teaching, research, and extensionprograms. Project Sites: Panay Island, Cebu Island, Leyte IslandUniversity of the Philippines in theVisayas (UPV)UPV Campus, Miagao, Iloilo 5023-ATel: (033) 228-1534, 513-7014Fax: (033) 338-1534, 513-7012Email: prfjr@yahoo.comWebsite address: www.upv.edu.phSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT93

3 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTSILLIMAN UNIVERSITY MARINE LABORATORY (SUML) Conducts researches in taxonomy, biology,conservation, management, feasible mariculture onmarine and aquatic resources. Offers training courses and extension (outreachactivities) services.DirectorSilliman University, DumagueteCity 6200Tel: (035) 225-2599, 225-4606Fax: (035) 225-2500Email: misucrm@mozcom.comWebsite:www.mozcom.com/~misucrmSILLIMAN UNIVERSITY-ANGELO KING CENTER FOR RESEARCH ANDENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT (SUAKCREM) Conducts research on effects of marine reserves on fishpopulations and conservation research on Philippineherbs. Conducts community-based resource managementon small islands of Mindanao Sea; management offishery resources in Dapitan City, Zamboanga del Norte;and coastal resource management in Misamis Orientaland Camiguin Island. Project Sites: Bohol Strait, Bohol Sea, Sulu Sea, VisayanSea, main islands in the PhilippinesExecutive Director2/F Marine Laboratory, SillimanUniversity, Bantayan,Dumaguete City, NegrosOriental 6200Tel: (035) 422-5698, 422-5605Fax: (035) 225-2500Email:suakcrem@philwevinc.com,suakcrem@yahoo.com94SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

REFERENCES AND TOOLS 3❙ REFERENCEs◗ CASE BOOKSKaban-Galing. The Philippine Case Bank on Innovation and Exemplary Practices in Local Governance.Galing Pook Foundation, Ford Foundation, United Nations Development Program, United NationsInternational Children’s Educational Fund, Local Government Agency. 85 pp.Ferrer, de la Cruz, Domingo. Seeds of Hope. A Collection of Case Studies on Community-BasedCoastal Resources Management in the Philippines. College of Social Work and CommunityDevelopment University of the Philippines, in association with NGO Technical Working Group forFisheries Reform and Advocacy, 1996. 223 pp.Ferrer, E., L. de la Cruz and G. Newkirk (Eds). Hope Takes Root. Community-based Coastal ResourcesManagement Stories from Southeast Asia. CBCRM Resource Center, UP Social Action and ResearchDevelopment Foundation, Inc., UP College of Social Work and Community Development andCoastal Resources Research Network, Dalhousie University, Canada, 2001.Dacanay, M.M.V. et. al. Living Stories. Exemplary Philippine Practices on Environment and SustainableDevelopment. Foundation for a Sustainable Society, Inc., Foundation for the Philippine Environment,Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement, 1999. 232 pp.Community Based Strategies in Natural Resource Management. Ashra Voluntary Service Organization,The Foundation for the Philippine Environment, NGOs for Integrated Protected Areas (NIPA), 1999.216 pp.SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT95

3 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTE.M. Ferrer, et. al. Tagaporo: The Island Dwellers. Coastal Resource Profile of Barangay Dewey, Bolinao,Pangasinan. University of the Philippines College of Social Work and Community Development, 1994.Beating the Drums: Advocacy for Policy Reform in the Philippines. Co-Advocacy Working Group,Oxfam Great Britain, Oxfam America, National Center for Cooperation in Development, ChristianAid, Action for Economic Reform, Freedom from Debt Coalition, 1999. 83 pp.Ututalum,Villavicencio. Gender and Environment Alliances in Three Ecosystems. Philippines-CanadaLocal Government Support Program, 1999. 108 pp.A National Wetland Action Plan for the Republic of the Philippines. Protected Areas and WildlifeBureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Wetlands International-Asia Pacific,Nagao Natural Environment Foundation, Australian Agency for International Development,Worldwide Fund for Nature-International.Biyaheng Dagat. Venturing the Sea: The CB-FIRM Story. Center for Empowerment and ResourceDevelopment, 1998. 38 pp.Fellizar, Francisco, Jr. Community-Based Resource Management: Perspectives, Experiences and Policyissues. UPLB: Institute of Environmental Science and Management, 1993.◗ SOURCE BOOKS, TOOL KITS, TRAINING MANUALSUtilizing Different Aquatic Resources for Livelihoods in Asia: A Resource Book. International Institutefor Rural Reconstruction, International Development Research Center, Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations, Network of Aquaculture Centers in Asia-Pacific and InternationalCenter for Living Aquatic Resources Management, 2001. 416 pp.96SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

REFERENCES AND TOOLS 3Uychiaoco, S.G., et. al. Coral Reef Monitoring for Management. Marine Science Institute, MarineEnvironment and Resources Foundation Inc., University of the Philippines, Diliman, GuiuanDevelopment Foundation Inc., University of the Philippines in the Visayas, Tacloban, Voluntary ServiceOverseas-Philippines, Bohol Integrated Development Foundation, Inc., 2001. 92 pp.Roldan, Sievert. An Introduction to Coastal Resource Management for Local Government Officials andCommunity Organizers. Fisheries Resource Management Project, Bureau of Fisheries and AquaticResources, Department of Agriculture, 2001. 51 pp.Participatory Methods in Community-based Coastal Resource Management. 3 Vols. Silang, Cavite,Philippines: International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, 1998.Sustainable Livelihood Options for the Philippines and Information Kit. 3 Booklets. Department ofEnvironment and Natural Resources.Livelihood Options for Coastal Communities. Volume II. International Institute of Rural Reconstruction,Silang, Cavite and Small Islands Agricultural Support Services Programme. Cebu City, Philippines:1998. 74 pp.White, Trinidad. The Values of Philippine Coastal Resources: Why Protection and Management are Critical.Coastal Resource Management Project of the Department of Environment and Natural Resourcessupported by the United States Agency for International Development, 1998. 96 pp.Brzeski, J. Graham, and G. Newkirk. Participatory Research and CBCRM: In Context. Coastal ResourcesResearch Network, International Development Research Centre, 2001. 171 pp.Sustainable Coastal Resource Management (An Implementation Guide). Philippines-Canada LocalGovernment Support Program, Phase II (LGSP II).SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT97

3 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTMurray Li, Tania. Gender Issues in Community-based Resource Management: Theories, Applications andPhilippine Case Studies. UPLB: Institute of Environmental Science and Management, 1993.Primer On Protected Areas. Tanggol Kalikasan, Haribon. 173 pp.Guidelines and Consideration in the Establishment and Management of the Marine Protected Areasin the Philippines. Fisheries Resource Management Program, 2001Marine Protected Area Management. Fisheries Resource Management Program. n.d.Training of Trainers on CRM Planning. Fisheries Resource Management Program. n.d.◗ LEGAL REFERENCESRodrigo, Quicho Jr. The Environment on the Scale: Ipagtanggol ang Kalikasan II. Philippine JudicialAcademy, Tanggol Kalikasan, 2001. 204 pp.Compilation of Policy Issuances 1996-1998. Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau, Department ofEnvironment and Natural Resources. 314 pp.Arceli Librero, et. al. Abstracts of Ordinances and Resolutions on Environment and Natural ResourceManagement Regions III, V, XI. UPLB: Institute of Environmental Science and Management, 1995.◗ DATABASES/STATISTICSVergara, J.W.M., et. al. Reefbase 2000 Improving Policies for Sustainable Management of Coral Reefs.International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, 2000. 164 pp.Statistics on Philippine Protected Areas and Wildlife Resources. Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau,Department of Environment and Natural Resources, 2000. 275 pp.98SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

REFERENCES AND TOOLS 3◗ PROFILESGreen, S.J., et. al. Bohol Island: Its Coastal Environment Profile. Bohol Environment Management Office,Bohol and Coastal Resource Management Project, 2002. 174 pp.Coastal Resources Assessment of Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del Norte. Philippines-Canada LocalGovernment Support Program, Phase II (LGSP II).◗ NEWSLETTERS AND NEWS MAGAZINESInfonet, The NGOs for Fisheries Reform.CBCRM Regional Newsletter, The Community-Based Coastal Resources Management. Quarterly.Sagip Dagat, Fisheries Resource Management Project, Department of Agriculture and Bureau ofFisheries and Aquatic Resources, Quarterly.Asean Biodiversity, ASEAN Regional Center for Biodiversity Conservation, Quarterly.Suhay, National Integrated Protected Areas Programme-Department of Environment and NaturalResources.Haring Ibon, Haribon Foundation Inc.DA-BFAR News, Official Publication of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources.SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT99

3 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT◗ TECHNICAL REPORTS/CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGSReport of the 1st Asian Development Forum: Community-based Natural Resources Management: NGOExperience and Challenges. Asian NGO Coalition for Agrarian Reform and Rural Development(ANGOC), 1994. 91 pp.Report of the 3rd Asian Development Forum: Village-Centered Development: Towards SustainableDevelopment: Towards Sustainable Livelihoods for Asian Grassroots Communities. Asian NGO Coalitionfor Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (ANGOC), 1995. 132 pp.Report of the Regional Consultation on Small-scale Fisheries Development in Southeast Asia. Asian NGOCoalition for Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (ANGOC), 1989. 117 pp.Enhancing the Success of Integrated Coastal Management Initiatives. Technical Report 2. Partnershipsin Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA). Technical Report 2, 1996. 32 pp.Environmental Risk Assessment Manual. Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seasof East Asia (PEMSEA), 1999. 88 pp.Integrated Coastal Management in Tropical Developing Countries: Lessons Learned from Successes andFailures. Technical Report 4. Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia(PEMSEA), 1996. 66 pp.Manual of Practice: Contingent Valuation Survey for Integrated Coastal Management Applications.Technical Report 12. Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA),1997. 28 pp.Manual on Economic Instruments for Coastal and Marine Resource Management. Technical Report 19.Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), 1999. 89 pp.100SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

REFERENCES AND TOOLS 3Natural Resource Damage Assessment Manual. Partnerships in Environmental Management forthe Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), 1999. 121 pp.Sharing Lessons and Experiences in Marine Pollution Management. Technical Report 20. Partnershipsin Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), 1999. 94 pp.Water Use Zoning for Sustainable Development of Batangas Bay, Philippines. Technical Report 25.Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), 1999.◗ PUBLISHED ARTICLESPajaro, M. and C.M. Nozawa, and M. Lavides. “Sanktwaryos.” Haring Ibon. The Philippine BiodiversityConservation Magazine, January-March 2001. Haribon Foundation.Primavera, J.H. “Mangroves.” Haring Ibon. The Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Magazine, May-July 2001. Haring Ibon Foundation.Arciaga, O.C. “Sanctuaries of San Teodoro.” Haring Ibon. The Philippine Biodiversity ConservationMagazine, July-September 2000. Haring Ibon Foundation.Brunio, E.O. “The Jandayan Island Experience.” Haring Ibon. The Best of Philippine Biodiversity Issue8, January-March 2002. Haring Ibon Foundation.De la Paz, B. “What We Need to Know on the Issue of DAO 17.” Haring Ibon. The Philippine BiodiverisyConservation Magazine, October-December 2001. Haring Ibon Foundation.Carolino, D. and R.C. Capistrano. “Bringing Back the Mangroves.” Haring Ibon. The PhilippineBiodiverisy Conservation Magazine, October-December 2001. Haring Ibon Foundation.SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT101

3 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT❙ LIST OF POTENTIAL STUDY TOUR SITES ON CRMSTUDY TOUR SITES ESSENTIAL FEATURES CONTACT DETAILSCabangan, ZambalesInopacan,Western LeyteHinatuan Bay,Surigao del SurSustainable Livelihood Katipunan Micro CreditFinancing Program (KMFCP)Resource Management Marine Sanctuaries/MPAStrong Community/PeoplesOrganization KUMACAZA (PO Federation)Community/Peoples OrganizationResource Management Marine Sanctuaries/MPANGO-LGU Partnership Local Peoples Organizations PhilDHRRA Visayas Municipality of InopacanDevelopment Planning Sustainable Integrated AreaDevelopment (SIAD)Sustainable Livelihood Seaweed Farming Cooperative StoreSentro Para sa Ikauunlad NgKatutubong Agham atTeknolohiya (SIKAT)Unit 338 Eagle CourtCondominium, 26 Matalino St.,Quezon CityTel: (02)4368950PhilDHRRA Visayas RegionalSecretariatProgramme Manager16 Queens Road, Cebu CityTel: (032) 412-6840Municipal Government ofInopacanInopacan, Western LeyteCenter for Empowerment andResource Development (CERD),Inc.102SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

REFERENCES AND TOOLS 3STUDY TOUR SITES ESSENTIAL FEATURES CONTACT DETAILSBaliangao,Misamis OccidentalResource Management Marine Protected Area(Municipal and Barangay)Civil Society-LGU Partnerships CERD Municipality of Hinatuan Peoples OrganizationsResource management Wetland Park/ProtectedSeascape Mangrove Forest Mt. Malindang Protected AreaNGO-Inter-LGU Partnerships Pipuli Foundation Municipality of Plaridel Municipality of Baliangao Danao Bay ResourceManagement Office (POmanaged)Management Planning Protected Area PlanningExecutive Director102-E R&L Bldg.,Kamuning, Quezon CityTel: (02) 925-1642Municipal Government ofHinatuanHinatuan, Surigao del SurPipuli Foundation,Inc.Dy Apartment,Bernad Subdivision,Ozamiz City, Mis. Occ.Tel: (088) 521-1992Website:www.ozamiz.com/earthcallsBaliangao Wetland Park BoardDanao Bay ResourceManagement CouncilSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT103

3 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTSTUDY TOUR SITES ESSENTIAL FEATURES CONTACT DETAILSApo Island,Dumaguete City,Negros OrientalHonda Bay, PalawanResource Management First Marine Protected AreaPartnerships Academic Institutions –Silliman University Province of Negros Oriental Peoples/CommunityOrganizationsPolicy Advocacy and ParalegalWork Lobbying BFAR Paralegal Assistance to affectedcommunitiesPartnerships ELAC City Government of Palawan Peoples OrganizationsProvincial Government of NegrosOrientalSilliman UniversityDumaguete City, Negros OrientalTel: (035) 422-5698Environmental Legal AssistanceCenter, Inc (ELAC)271-E Malvar St.,Puerto Princesa City, PalawanTel: (048) 433-5183Email: gerthie@mozcom.comPalawan NGO Network, Inc.(PNNI)No. 3 Zanzibar Bldg., Rizal Avenue,Puerto Princesa City, PalawanTel: (048) 434-3370City Government of PuertoPrincesa104SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

REFERENCES AND TOOLS 3STUDY TOUR SITES ESSENTIAL FEATURES CONTACT DETAILSIllana Bay, MisamisOccidentalProvince of BoholGuiuan, Eastern SamarInter-LGU Partnerships Illana Bay Regional Alliance 9 FSP Project SiteResource Management Marine Sanctuaries/MPAsInter-LGU Partnerships Bohol EnvironmentalManagement Office CRMP Project SitesResource Management MPAs/ Marine SanctuariesResource Management MPAs/Marine Sanctuary Integrated Seaweed Farming Coral Reef MonitoringSustainable Livelihood Ecotourism CooperativesIllana Bay Regional Alliance 9(IBRA 9)2nd floor Balgo Bldg.Capitol Compound, Pagadian CityBohol Environmental ManagementOffice (BEMO)Provincial Government of BoholTagbilaran CityHaribon Foundation4th Floor Fil-Garcia Bldg., KalayaanAve. Quezon CityTel: (02) 433-4363Website: www.haribon.org.phGuiuan Development FoundationMargarita de la Cruz117 P. Zamora St., Tacloban City, LeyteTel: (053) 325-6592SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT105

3 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTSTUDY TOUR SITES ESSENTIAL FEATURES CONTACT DETAILSStrong Community/PeoplesOrganizations 22 Peoples OrganizationsLingayan Gulf, PangasinanMunicipality of San TeodoroMunicipality of BolinaoResource Management MPAs/Marine Sanctuary Coral Reef Management Mangrove ReforestationInter-Agency Partnerships Academe LGUs Community/PO NGOsUniversity of the PhilippinesMarine Science InstituteUP-Diliman, Quezon CityTel: (02) 922-3921UP- College of Social Work andCommunity DevelopmentUP-Diliman, Quezon CityTel: (02) 920-5301 to 99Haribon Foundation4th Floor Fil-Garcia Bldg., Kalayaan Ave.Quezon CityTel: (02) 433-4363Website: www.haribon.org.phProvincial Government ofPangasinanMunicipal Governments of SanTeodoro and Bolinao106SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

REFERENCES AND TOOLS 3STUDY TOUR SITES ESSENTIAL FEATURES CONTACT DETAILSIsland Garden City of SamalBatangas Bay, BatangasResource Management Mariculture ParkInter-Agency Partnerships BFAR City of IgaCoS SEAFDECResource Management Integrated CoastalManagement Public Private PartnershipsInter-Agency Partnerships PG-ENRO/LGUs of BatangasBay Region Academe Batangas Bay Industries Batangas Coastal ResourceManagement FoundationThe City MayorCity HallIsland Garden City of SamalProvincial Government of BatangasBatangas PG-ENROCapitol Site, Batangas CitySERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT107

3 COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTSTUDY TOUR SITES ESSENTIAL FEATURES CONTACT DETAILSBarangay Hugom, Laiya,San Juan BatangasResource Management MPA Pilot site for reefrehabilitation through coraltransplantationPartnerships Beach Resort Owners Hayuma Foundation LGUs – (barangay level)Capability Building Paralegal Training Participatory Coral ReefMonitoringHayuma Foundation, Inc.87-A Scout de Guia,Diliman, Quezon CityTel: (02) 372-2884108SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

LGU MANDATES AND POLICIES IN COASTALRESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINESANNEXESThere are several policies that impact on coastal resource management in the Philippines.However, during the last decade, RA 8550 known as the Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998and the RA 7160 also known as the Local Government Code of 1991 provided significantchanges in the fisheries and environment sectors and provide enough mandate to LGUs to getinvolved in coastal resource management.These laws were followed by various policy issuances that provide implementation guidelines forvarious provisions of the Code. Despite the modest opportunities offered by the law for more activeparticipation of small fisherfolk and civil society groups in decision-making and resourcemanagement, several issues and concerns still remain whose resolution require the political willand cooperation of various stakeholders. This is especially true for city and municipal localgovernment units, whose role has been particularly highlighted by virtue of its jurisdiction overmunicipal waters. Among the issues that stimulated a lot of reaction recently was the issue ofdelimiting access to municipal waters through delineation, as articulated in DAO 17-2001.The following are highlights of national policies that impact on coastal resource management inthe country and provide LGU mandates to pursue CRM in their respective area.SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT109

COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT❙ LGU Mandates inCoastal Resource Management◗ PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION 1986Article II, Sec. 16.Right to balanced and healthful ecologyArticle II, Sec. 2 (Regalian Doctrine)State ownership of natural resourcesArticle XIIIRight of people to participate in decision making at all levelsArticle XII, Sec. 2Priority to small fishers and fishworkers in the utilization of natural resources in rivers, bays, andlagoonsArticle XIII,Sec. 7Right of subsistence fishers to the use of communal fishery resources; support to fishers; protectionof offshore fishing grounds against foreign intrusion◗ DENR ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER (DAO) 2001- 17 GUIDELINES FOR THEDELINEATION AND DELIMITATION OF MUNICIPAL WATERSSection 4 (C) Role of Local Government Units1. Request the NAMRIA to delineate/delimit the boundaries of their municipal waters;2. Conduct public hearings and consultations in relation to the proposed delineation/delimitation;110SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

ANNEXES3. Settle disputes with adjacent or opposite municipalities arising from the delineation/delimitationthrough the Sangguniang Bayan/Panglungsod or Panlalawigan or in any appropriate body;4. Enact ordinances setting forth the extent of its municipal waters, incorporating thereof themaps or charts and technical descriptions.◗ REPUBLIC ACT 7160, ALSO KNOWN AS THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE OF 1991Provisions that refer to LGU Role In Natural Resource Management:Book II Section131, Item (r) on the LGCDefinition of municipal watersSection 3, item (i)Local government units shall share with the national government the responsibility in themanagement and maintenance of ecological balance within their territorial jurisdiction, subjectto the provisions of this Code and national policies.Section 16Role of the Local Government in the Promotion of the General Welfare.“ …ensure and support,among other things, the preservation and enrichment of culture, promote health and safety,enhance the right of the people to a balanced ecology, encourage and support the developmentof appropriate and self-reliant scientific and technical capabilities, improve public morals, enhanceeconomic prosperity and social justice, promote full employment among their residents, maintainpeace and order, and preserve the comfort and convenience of their inhabitants.Section 17 (Basic Services and Facilities), item (b) number (2) (i)“Extension and on-site research services and facilities related to agriculture and fishery activitieswhich include dispersal of livestock and poultry, fingerlings and other seeding materials foraquaculture; palay, corn, and vegetable seed farms; quality control of copra and improvement andSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT111

COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTdevelopment of local distribution channels, preferably through cooperatives; interbarangayirrigation system; water and soil resource utilization and conservation projects; and enforcementof fishery laws in municipal waters including the conservation of mangroves.”Number (2) (v) of the same section:“Solid waste disposal system or environmental management system and services or facilitiesrelated to general hygiene and sanitation.”Number (3) (i) of the same section:“Agricultural extension and on-site research services and facilities; and assistance in the organizationsof farmers’and fishermen’s cooperatives and other collective organizations, as well as the transferof appropriate technology.”Number (3) (iii) of the same section“Pursuant to national policies and subject to supervision, control and review of the DENRenforcement of forestry laws limited to community-based forestry projects, pollution control law,small-scale mining law, and other laws on the protection of the environment”Section 33 of the LGC“Local government units may, through appropriate ordinances, group themselves, consolidate orcoordinate their efforts, services and resources for purposes commonly beneficial to them. Insupport of such undertakings, the local government units may, upon approval by the sanggunianconcerned after a public hearing conducted for the purpose, contribute funds, real estate, equipment,and other kinds of property and appoint or assign personnel under such terms and conditions asmay be agreed upon by the participating local units through Memoranda of Agreement.”Section 35“Local government units may enter into joint ventures and such other cooperative arrangementswith people’s and non-governmental organizations to engage in the delivery of certain basic112SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

ANNEXESservices, capability-building and livelihood projects, and to develop local enterprises designed toimprove productivity and income, diversity agriculture, spur rural industrialization, promoteecological balance, and enhance the economic and social well-being of the people.”Section 36“A local government unit may, through its local chief executive and with the concurrence of thesanggunian concerned, provide assistance, financial or otherwise, to such people’s and nongovernmentorganizations for economic, socially-oriented, environmental, or cultural projects tobe implemented within its territorial jurisdiction.”◗ REPUBLIC ACT 8550 THE PHILIPPINE FISHERIES CODE OF 1998Provisions that impact on the role of LGUs:Article 1 Municipal FisheriesSec. 16Jurisdiction of Municipal/City GovernmentsSec. 18Users of Municipal WatersSec. 19Registry of Municipal Fisherfolk. The LGU shall maintain a registry of municipal fisherfolk….Sec. 22Demarcated Fishery RightSec. 23Limited Entry into Overfished AreasSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT113

COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTSec. 24Support to Municipal FisherfolkArticle 3 AquacultureSec. 51License to operate Fish Pens, Fish Cages, Fish Traps and other Structures for the Culture of Fish andOther Fishery ProductsSec. 52Pearl Farm LeasesSec. 53Grant of Privileges for Operations of Fish Pens, Cages, Corrals/Traps and Similar StructuresSec. 56Non-Obstruction to Defined Migration PathsSec. 57Registration of Fish Hatcheries and Private Fishponds, etc.Article 4 Post-Harvest Facilities, Activities and TradeSec. 59.Establishment of post-harvest facilitiesSec. 60Registration and Licensing of all Post-Harvest Facilities114SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

ANNEXESArticle II The FARMCSSec. 68Development of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources in Municipal Waters and Bays- Fisherfolk and theirorganizations residing within the geographical jurisdiction of the barangays, municipalities of citiesthe concerned LGUs shall develop the fishery/aquatic resources in municipal waters and bays.Sec. 69Creation of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Councils (FARMCs)Sec.73The M/CFARMCSSec.74Functions of the M/CFARMCsSec.75Composition of the M/CFARMCsSec.76The IFARMCSec.77Functions of the IFARMCsSec.78Composition of the IFARMCsSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT115

COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTSec.79Source of Funds of the FARMCsChapter IV Fishery Reserves, Refuge and SanctuariesSec. 80Fishing Areas Reserved for Exclusive Use of GovernmentSec. 81Fish Refuge and SanctuariesChapter VII General ProvisionsSec. 108Fisherfolk Settlement AreasSec. 109Municipal Fisheries Grant FundSec. 111Fishing Vessels Development FundSec. 112Special Fisheries Science and Approfishtech FundSec. 114Other fisheries financing Facilities116SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

ANNEXESSec. 120Extension ServicesSec. 124Protection of Sensitive Technical Information◗ REPUBLIC ACT 8435 - AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES MODERNIZATION ACT OF1997Provisions that Impact on the Role of LGUs:Chapter 1Strategic Agriculture and Fishery Development ZonesSec. 6Network of areas for agriculture and agro industrial development. Department shall consult withLGUs, NGOs, farmers/fisher groups, other agencies in the identification of SAFDZs within thenetwork of protected areas for agriculture and agro-industrial developmentSec. 9Delineation of SAFDZSec. 10Preparation of land use and zoning ordinancesSec. 19Role of other agencies. Shall support the Department in the implementation of Agriculture andFisheries Modernization Plan (AFMP). DILG shall provide assistance in mobilizing resources underthe control of the LGUs.SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT117

COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT❙ COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT POLICIES◗ ON FISHPONDS AND MANGROVE CONVERSIONPD 705 (1975)Revised Forestry code: retention (and exclusion from pond development) of 20 m-wide mangrovestrip along shorelines facing oceans, lakes, etc.PD 953 (1976)Fishpond/mangrove leaseholders required to retain or replant 20-m mangrove strip along rivers,creeks.PD 1586 (1978)Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) system (covering resource extractive industries such asfishponds.)RA 8850The Philippine Fisheries CodeBFAR AO 125 (1979)Conversion of fishpond permits and 10 to 25 year Fishpond Lease Agreement or FLA (to acceleratepond development).MNR AO 3 (1982)Revision of guidelines in classification and zonation of forest land.DENR AO 76 (1987)Establishment of buffer zone: 50 m fronting seas, oceans and 20 m along riverbanks; lessees of pondsunder FLA required to plant 50 m-mangrove strip.118SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

ANNEXESRA 6657 (1988)Exemption of fishpond areas from Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law for 10 years.BFAR AO 125-1 (1991)Increase in fishpond lease from US$2 to US$40/ha/yr effective 1992.BFAR AO 125-2 (1991)Full implementation of AO 125-1. Delayed.DENR AO 34 (1991)Guidelines for environmental clearance Certificate (applicable to fishponds).DENR AO 21 (1992)Implementing guidelines for EIS.RA 7881 (1995)Fishpond exemption from agrarian reform extended.◗ ON MANGROVE CONSERVATION AND REHABILITATIONRA 8850The Philippine Fisheries CodeRA 7161Prohibition on mangrove cutting amending PD 705PD 705 (1975)Revised Forestry Code: Mangrove strips in islands, which provide protection from high winds,typhoons shall not be alienated.SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT119

COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTPP 2151 & 2152 (1981)Declaration of 4,326 hectares of mangroves as wilderness areas and 74,767 hectares as forestreserves.PP 2146 (1982)Prohibition on mangrove cutting.MNR AO 42 (1986)Expansion of mangrove forest belt in storm surge, typhoon prone areas: 50-100 meters alongshorelines, 20-50 meters along riverbanks.PD 10673 to 20 m of riverbanks and seashore for public use: recreation, navigation, flotage, fishing andsalvage: building of structures not allowed.DENR AO 77 (1988)Implementing guidelines of Integrated Social Forestry Program (provides incentives in comanagementof forest resources through provision of legal tenure).DENR AO 15 (1990)Policies on communal forest, plantations, tenure through Mangrove Stewardship Contracts,reversion of abandoned ponds to forest areas; ban on cutting of trees in FLA areas; prohibition againstfurther conversion of thickly vegetated areas.DENR AO 9 (1991)Policies and guidelines for Mangrove Stewardship Agreement.120SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

ANNEXESRA7160 (1991)Local Government Code: devolved management/ implementation of community forestry projects;communal forest

COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTFAO 214 (2001)Code of Practice for AquacultureFAO 216 (2001)Obstruction of Navigation in Streams, Rivers, Lakes and BaysFAO 217 (2001)Obstruction to Defined Migration Paths◗ REGULATIONS AND DETERRENCERA 6541Prohibition and punishment of electro fishingRA 8850The Philippine Fisheries CodeRA 7942Quarrying of ResourcesPD 1198Limit gathering of coralsPD 1219Regulation and conservation of coral resourcesPD 463Mineral resources Development Decree – penalty relative to mining pollution122SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

ANNEXESPD 705Forestry Code, Sec 16◗ PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION OF MANGROVE AREASPD 984Pollution Decree of 1976◗ GUIDELINES ON WASTE AND EFFLUENT MANAGEMENTRA 9003Solid Waste Management ActRA 6969Anti-Toxic and Hazardous Substances ActDENR AO 03Policies and guidelines for the award and administration of Mangrove Stewardship AgreementDENR AO 15 (1990)Regulations governing the utilization, development, and management of mangrove resourcesDENR AO 34 (1990)Revised water usage and classification/water quality criteriaDENR AO 35 (1990)Establishes effluent standardsSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT123

COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTDENR AO 34 (1991)Guidelines for the issuance of environmental compliance certificate for fishpond developmentFAO 11Rules and regulation for marine molluscs protectionFAO 125Rules and regulations governing the granting of 25 years FLAsFAO 144Rules and regulations on commercial fishing: Licensing RestrictionsFAO 163Prohibiting the operation of “muro-ami” and “kayakas” in all watersFAO 164Rules governing the operation of “hulbot-hulbot” in Philippine watersFAO 3Providing for the conservation of “banak”(mullet), establishing a closed season from November 15to January 15 of each year, and regulating construction of fish corrals to be 200 m apart◗ RESOURCE PROTECTIONRA 6969 and DENR AO 29Toxic substances and hazardous and nuclear waste control act of 1990 and implementing guidelines124SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT

ANNEXESRA 7586Establishment and management of national integrated (NIPAS ACT) protected areas system inremarkable areas and biologically important public landsPD 856Industrial hygiene; sewage disposalPD 976Prevention and Control of Marine Pollution; EMB to promulgate rules and policies about marinepollution; Phil Coast Guard to enforce laws, rules and regulations governing marine pollutionRA 9147Wildlife Conservation ActPD 1067 (Article 73/74)Protection of swamps and marshes protected from drainage operation and developmentPD 1152 (Phil Environment Code)Management of air and water quality and land usePD 1586Every project to comply with an Environmental Impact Statement SystemDENR AO 76Establishment of buffer zone in coastal and estuarine mangrove areaSERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT125

COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTRA 716Local Government Code of 1991 pertains to devolution of some national government functionsto the municipal government units as well as participation of people’s organizations and NGOs inlocal governanceEO 117Establishment of the inter-agency task force for coastal environmental protectionDA-DILG Memo of AgreementDevolving to the LGUs authority to grant licenses for, among others, gathering of aquarium fishes,shelled molluscs; establishment of seaweed farms, etc; and authority to establish closed seasonsin municipal watersJoint AdministrativeOrder 3 (DA-DILG) Implementing guidelines on the 15-km municipal water, including provision forzonificationAOBFARDENRMNRPDPPRA- Administrative Order- Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources;- Department of Environment and Natural Resources- Ministry of Natural Resources- Presidential Decree- Presidential Proclamation- Republic Act126SERVICE DELIVERY WITH IMPACT: RESOURCE BOOKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT