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principal chiefs, whose tent was near that whichwe occupied, had a female slave of abouttwenty years of age. I saw her always on theoutside of the door of the tent, exposed tothe severest cold; and having asked theI was told that she was a slave. Thereason,information induced me to speak to her masterin the hope of procuring some mitigation of thehardships she underwent; but he gave me foranswer that he had taken her on the other sideof the western mountains; that at the sametime he had lost a brother and a son in battle;and that the enterprise had taken place inorder to release one of his own nation who hadbeen a slave in her's, and who had been usedwith much greater severity than that whichshe experienced. The* reality of the last ofthese facts appeared to me to be impossible.The wretched woman fed and slept with thedogs, scrambling with them for the boneswhich were thrown out of the tent. When hermaster was within she was never permitted toenter; at all seasons the children amusedthemselves with impunity in tormenting her,thrusting lighted sticks into her face, and ifshe succeeded in warding off these outragesshe was violently beaten. I was not successfulin procuring any diminution of her sufferings,but I drew some relief from the idea that theirduration could not be long. They were tooto be sustained.heavyIt is known that some slaves have the good296
anfeSltsbcnturcs?fortune to be adopted into Indian families,and are afterward allowed to marry in them,-but among the Osinipoilles this seldom happens;and even among the Chippewa, wherea female slave is so adopted and married Inever knew her to lose the degrading appellationof wakan, a slave* 565This word wakan, which in the Algonquin languagesignifies a slave, is not to be confounded with wakan orwakon, which in the language of the Nadowessies andOsinipoilles signifies a spirit or manito. Author.297
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Alexander Henry'sTravels and Advent
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ClassicsAlexander Henry'sTravels an
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'prefacenity to earn high wages in
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'prefacetruce in a perpetual warfar
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Content^PAGE19. Return to Mackinac
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SJnttotiurtfottis the year of our L
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Jî^toricalhis boats being wrecked
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^ntrotwctionand paid one or more vi
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^ntrotiuctioncorrection in various
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Details aside, the most important a
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lîgtoricalas the desert of Sahara,
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TRAVELSAND ADVENTURESINCANADAANDTHE
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ToThe Right HonourableSIR JOSEPH BA
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prefaceIndians, nor any theory of t
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EMBARKING UPON THE FUR TRADEwhen th
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anti3ltibcnturcAt this time, having
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only so much clothing as I had fort
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anfchad made his discovery, recomme
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Crafcrig antithe atmosphere grown m
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anfrhe uniformly fulfilled with hon
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THE VOYAGE TO MACKINACinland naviga
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ant!described will sufficiently exp
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Cratoelg an&and pursued our course
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anfcwide, and which falls into the
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anfcAt twelve miles from the second
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anfcseveral families upon whom they
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auto&tifccntureOn the morning of th
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Chapter 3ARRIVAL AT MACEJNACOUR cou
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an&assistance of an Indian we took
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anfcmouth of the river a meadow, ca
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antientered and assimilating myself
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anfc3ttitoenturewhich we passed the
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Chapter 4RECEPTION AT MACKINACEAVIN
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anfcand from Montreal. Michilimacki
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had in his countenance an indescrib
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anti"Englishman, your king has neve
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Cratoelg attfcthem into Lake Michig
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atifcin this country, and of your h
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atoelganfcEarly the next morning a
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Cratoelg anti&&toetttitrethe St. Jo
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anfcThe sociable disposition of the
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antithe ice by the end of a pole. A
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A VISIT TO SAULT STE. MARIEdesirous
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Cratoelg anbwhich are found here du
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DESTRUCTION OF THE FORT AND RETURN
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anfcThe commandant and all the rest
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Cratoelg anb 2tiitocnturchere to ou
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anfcThe lands between the Bay of Bo
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ant*there till after my clerks shou
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Crafcelg and&Dtornturc$four in numb
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antihe had just returned from his w
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antiments, of which I had a large q
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anfcthere being a canoe prepared to
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antithere was only a low fence, ove
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anfcwere in the house. M. Langlade
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and &&toenturegtaken, they returned
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Cratoelg anti&trtmtturcis?upon as m
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anfcfears on this subject to M. Lan
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antitobenturc$his grasp. This was n
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morning, being again called down, I
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THE JOURNEY TO BEAVER ISLANDF | ^HE
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anfcpurpose of saving our lives, th
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attfcI was left untied; but I passe
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12RESCUED BY WAWATAMAT hour elapsed
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Cratoelg anfcand the consequences w
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anfcAfter an absence of about half
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Cljaptct; 13THE ADVENTURE OF THE BO
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All the Indian canoes were immediat
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Cratodg anfcsound of a foot reached
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A FEW.chapter,mTHE ARTS OF THE MEDI
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anfcwas all that I seemed destined
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anfcthe ground, and inhaling the ni
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anUUpon its disappearance he began
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antibreath escape, and from which a
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Chapter isREMOVAL TO THE AU SABLEOU
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antito which we were bound. They ar
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in procuring food. At two years old
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antiSlfctoenturegraccoon he gives n
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atifcThe master of the family was t
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antitracks of animals in momentary
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attfcgun and ammunition, and was th
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Chapter 17A BEAR HUNTfTAHE sun was
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anfr%frtenturcgdown. This day's wor
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Crabclg anfr%frbenturcgremaining th
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Chapter isDEATH OF A CHILDOUR venis
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andit remained till we went to the
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isRETURN TO MACKINACwe remained on
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anfcthe satisfaction of learning th
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Crafccitf att& tiftcnturrIndians to
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20FLIGHT TO THE SAULTUNABLE, theref
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anfr%frfrcnturegnation; and she was
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anfr%frfrenturegfrom Michilimackina
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antihis ambassador, and tellyou tha
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Chapter 21INVOKING THE GREAT TURTLE
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anfcwere heard, in which a diversit
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anfcand every man will return in sa
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Chapter 22VOYAGE TO FORT NIAGARAthe
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antialong the ground in visible goo
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design to put him to death. He assu
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andand encamped, in the evening, fo
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Crafcdg anfcarriving at Detroit, to
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Cratoelg anfcmilitary discipline ac
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anfcOn the day following that of th
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PART TWO.LAKE SUPERIOR AND THE CANA
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J^cnrpat six shillings each; marten
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&lejtanberwound which he received f
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clothing left among them. Under the
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'The Chippewa of Chagouemig are a h
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9its former possessors ;but it is n
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lake. On his receiving my consent,
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hundred strong and that on the four
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IFAMINE AT THE SAULTPASSED the wint
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crime of which he was accused. From
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meal 'sprovision for each person. H
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Great Hare are as varied as his nam
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Siejcanbernation I have already had
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the quantity of water everywhere ex
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left naked, and the birds had fled
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first evening, reckoning upon a pro
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At night we reached the Sault. Our
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Jjjenrpblown upon the former by a s
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same time laying the keel of a sloo
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.Ahave been produced by the damming
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eached in eighteen hours, with a fa
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which to the last had daily present
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dint of labor performed between the
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&iejcantierlying between Lake Super
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almost entirely of rock. The larges
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principally in birch, pine, spruce,
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SUcjranfcerJênrpChippewa of fifty
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are not large enough to carry provi
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Iênrpof the Winipegon are still fu
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above the ear; and this roll, like
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another dialect of the same. In the
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severe gale, from the dangers of wh
Page 290 and 291: twenty-fifth, by which time the sma
Page 292 and 293: there was in the French time a fort
Page 294 and 295: that if we passed now he could put
Page 296 and 297: landers from the Orkney Islands, an
Page 298 and 299: was frozen over. Happily we were no
Page 300 and 301: aicranbcrmercury contracted one-eig
Page 302 and 303: fashion. Our clothing for night and
Page 304 and 305: a foot of snow had fallen upon our
Page 306 and 307: chocolate would keep us alive for f
Page 308 and 309: This day, the twenty-fifth, we foun
Page 310 and 311: The Plains cross the River Pasquaya
Page 312 and 313: Chapter nA JOURNEY ON THE PLAINSdep
Page 314 and 315: left our encampment at an early hou
Page 316 and 317: the great chief of the nation, whos
Page 318 and 319: mile and a half long. Shortly after
Page 320 and 321: followed him accordingly, and he ca
Page 322 and 323: that of the Indians in general. His
Page 324 and 325: custom of the Indians, who say that
Page 326 and 327: lljenrpthe dried meat and skins of
Page 328 and 329: INChapter 13CUSTOMS OF THE RED MENt
Page 330 and 331: ack by shaking skins before their e
Page 332 and 333: Pasquayah, or Sasca,tchiwaine, and
Page 334 and 335: Many travelers have described the m
Page 336 and 337: SUejtanberispoured upon a red-hot s
Page 338 and 339: inventory of what is supposed to be
Page 342 and 343: Chapter 14THE RETURN TO FORT DES PR
Page 344 and 345: tents. We were not long arrived bef
Page 346 and 347: that important utensil, the kettle.
Page 348 and 349: A stroud blanket10 beaver skinsA wh
Page 350 and 351: quantity of fish diminished, insomu
Page 352 and 353: threegood health and had built a ho
Page 354 and 355: Nothing human had hitherto discover
Page 356 and 357: to enter our house during all the n
Page 358 and 359: The women were dirty,these people o
Page 360 and 361: By means of these commodities many
Page 362 and 363: t)cnrpwere lately from the Grand Po
Page 365 and 366: ABITIBI Lake, route by, 228.Abitibi
Page 367 and 368: Boutchitaouy Bay, arm of Lake Huron
Page 369 and 370: Cocking, Matthew, explorations of,
Page 371 and 372: Frobisher, Benjamin, memorial on No
Page 373 and 374: life, 129; lost, 132-37; bear hunt,
Page 375 and 376: Les Cedres, Henry visits, n.Leslie,
Page 377 and 378: Mosquitoes, on Matawan River, 29; a
Page 379 and 380: Plains, of Saskatchewan, extent, 25
Page 381 and 382: Saskatchewan (Bourbon, Pasquayah) R
Page 383 and 384: Venison, method of drying, 132; qua
Page 392 and 393:
..I 1 ',&.
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