TOURISM CONSTRAINTS OF UMLAZI TOWNSHIP RESIDENTS ...

TOURISM CONSTRAINTSOFUMLAZI TOWNSHIP RESIDENTSByNTOMBIZODWA JULlA MBONGWEA dissertation of limited scope submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partialfulfilment of the requirements for course-work of Master of Arts degreein the Centre for Recreation and Tourismat the University of Zululand.KWADLANGEZWANOVEMBER 1998

(iii)DECLARATIONI declare that this research study: Tourism constraints oJUmlazi township residents,except where specifically indicated to the contrary in the text, is my own work bothin conception and execution. All the sources that have been used or quoted havebeen duly acknowledged by means ofcomplete references.Signed0...'_.. -. .::-- ~ ....'.

(iv)ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIt is gratifying to acknowledge the debts owed to others in the composition of aresearch project and to remember that it was not a totally solitary effort. In particularI wish to thank my supervisor, Professor J. Butler-Adam for his guidance andsupervision. I would also like to thank Professor L.M. Magi for his encouragementand patience. The support that I received from my col1eagues in the University ofZululand library is greatly appreciated. Mr A.L.Mthembu, lecturer in theGeography Department assisted me in many ways in completing this study.Hisassistance is also greatly appreciated.Special appreciation goes to all the respondents from Umlazi township, who werewilling to answer the questionnaires. Without their support this research paperwould not be completed.I am also grateful to the Financial Aid Bureau ofthe University ofZululand for theirfinancial assistance. My family deserve my appreciation for their invaluable support,encouragement and especially for helping me in administering the questionnaires.My appreciation also goes to Ms Sphiwe Ntuli who sacrificed her time and spenthours typing this work."

(v)DEDICATIONThis work is dedicated to my late father, Christopher Alex, who laid the foundationfor my education and my mother Lillian Mati, whose endless prayers have alwayscarried me through all my endeavours.'.

(vi)TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTERPAGEAPPROVALDECLARATIONACKNOWLEDGEMENTSDEDICATIONABSTRACT(ii)(iii)(iv)(v)(xii)1. ORIENTATION OF THE STUDY1.1 Introduction 11.2 Background to the problem 21.3 Presentation ofthe problem 21.4 Aims ofthe study 31.5 The research hypotheses 31.6 Definition ofterms 31.6.1 Tourism 41.6.2 Constraints 41.7 Limitations 51.8 Research methodology 51.8.1 Sample design 51.8.2 The instrument 61.8.3 Method ofanalysis 61.9 Conclusion 7....'.

(vii)2. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE 82.1 Introduction 82.2 The social importance oftourism 82.3 Improving the quality oflife and standard ofliving 102.4 Promoting national understanding and peace 152.5 The educational value oftourism 192.6 Tourism constraints 222.6.1 Lack offinance 222.6.2 Lack ofknowledge and awareness 242.6.3 Fear ofcrime 262.7 Conclusion 293. PHYSICAL SETTING OF THE STIIDY AREA 313.1 Introduction 313.2 KwaZulu-Natal from a tourism perspective 323.3 Socio-economic position ofKwaZu1u-Natal 333.4 Jurisdiction ofthe study area 333.5 Geographical setting 333.6 Demographics ofthe study area 353.7 Conclusion 384.PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA4.1 Introduction4.2 Personal particulars ofthe respondents4.2.1 Age ofthe respondents4.2.2 Income ofthe respondents3939404041",

(viii)4.2.3 Kind ofwork done by the respondents 424.2.4 Sex ofthe respondents 434.2.5 Marital status ofrespondents 444.2.6 Number ofthe dependents ofthe respondents 454.2.7 Response to whether respondents do travel or not 464.2.8 Reasons for not travelling for tourism purposes 464.2.9 Frequency oftravel 484.2.10 Form oftransport 494.2.11 Form oftourism usually engaged in 504.2.12 Kinds ofplaces visited 514.2.13 Form ofcompany 524.2.14 Length of stay 534.2.15 Type ofaccommodation normally usedby respondents 544.2.16 Knowledge about tourism 554.2.17 Respondents' perceptions about theirfinancial position 574.2.18 Perceptions ofcrime 574.2.19 Perceptions ofviolence 584.2.20 Perceptions ofaccidents 594.2.21 Perceptions ofother threats like diseases 594.3 Summary offindings 604.3.1 Hypothesis I 604.3.2 Hypothesis 2 614.4 Conclusion 62

(x)FIGURESFIGURE DESCRIPTIQNPAGE4.1 Age ofthe respondents 404.2 Income ofthe respondents per month 414.3 Kind ofwork 424.4 Sex 434.5 Marital status 444.6 Number ofdependants 454.7 Travel for tourism purposes 464.8 Reasons for not travelling 474.9 Frequency oftravel 484.10 Form oftransport usually used 494.11 Form oftourism usually engaged in 504.12 Kind ofplaces usually visited 514.13 Form ofcompany 524.14 Type ofgroup 534.15 Length ofstay 544.16 Type ofaccommodation normally used 55'.

(xi)TABLESTABLE DESCRIPTION PAGE3.1 Geographical distribution ofthe Umlazi population bypopulation group and gender 353.2 Geographical distribution ofthe economically active Umlazi population 374.1 Knowledge about tourism 564.2 Perceptions about financial position 574.3 Respondents' fear ofcrime 584.4 Fear ofviolence 584.5 Fear of accidents 594.6 Fear ofother threats 60, .

(xii)ABSTRACTThe tourism industry is today recognised as being an activity ofglobal significance.It is therefore not surprising that tourism is receiving attention from governments,the private sector and academics. Here, in South Africa too, tourism is receiving thisattention yet there are commlmities in this country which still do not enjoy theopportunities offered by tourism.It is for this reason that a study of tourismconstraints ofUmlazi township residents is undertaken.This study aims at determining the constraints that are a hindrance to the Umlazitownship residents' participation in tourism. The main concern ofthe study is whysome people do not travel to visit other places in their own country.It emerged from this study that lack offinance is the main reason why the Umlazitownship residents do not travel. Other reasons that were revealed in the study werelack ofknowledge, fear ofcrime and fear ofaccidents.In View of these findings the study makes some recommendations. Theserecommendations are related to the problems oflack offinance, lack ofknowledge,fear ofcrime and fear ofaccidents.To overcome the problem of finance it is recommended that communities formgroups and organise saving schemes to help them towards saving for tourism. Thesegroups can also organise group tours at reasonable cost. The private sector shouldorganise incentive tours for their employees. There should be joint action among

(xiii)various provincial governments and travel organizations in the different provincesin order to promote domestic travel by low income groups. The government shouldalso establish special programmes for the unemployed youth in order to allow themopportunities to travel.To deal with lack ofknowledge, provision ofinformation must be given priority ina country like South Africa, where a majority of its people have been left out oftourism in the past.In order to alleviate crime, people should not rely on law enforcement alone.Communities must be involved in dealing with crime. The government must providecounselling services for the victims of crime so that the fear of crime can beaddressed.To encourage drivers and pedestrians to be careful on the roads, campaigns likearrive alive, siyabakllllmbllla, drive alive, should be encouraged. This cancontrIbute towards limiting the number ofroad accidents in this country. This shouldalso be a continuous exercise and not just for certain seasoIlS.The recommendations in this study are not intended only for the area in which thisstudy was undertaken, but for all those communities that face similar constraints.

CHAPTER 1ORIENTATION OF THl(STUnY1.1 INTRODUCTIONTourism is a social activity. It has the potential to make a massive positive impacton society. Ifpersonality is, in part, the compilation ofexperience, then the touristexperience is the important part ofthe formation ofour personalities (Ryan,1991).Tourism is thus important in the lives of individuals and communities. In spite ofthis, however, a number offactors hinder some people's participation in tourism.This research project aims at determining the constraints that hinder the participationof the Umlazi township residents - who are predominantly black, in tourism. Thestudy also aims at suggesting ways oflirniting these constraints.The purpose of this chapter is to give some orientation ofthe entire study. Thischapter therefore, firstly discusses the background to the problem. Secondly, thechapter presents the problem. The aims ofthe study are then discussed, followed bythe research hypotheses. It is in this chapter that the key concepts that are used inthe study are defined. The limitations under which this study was conducted are alsogiven and lastly, the methodology which indicates how the investigation wasconducted is discussed.I, ,

1.2 BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEMIn the recent past, the tourism industry in South Africa served the needs andaspirations of only a small section of the South African population. The blackpeople, who are in the majority ofthe South Afucan population, were neglected. Asa result, most black people do not really know what the concept of tourismembodies.It is important to introduce the concept oftourism to this previously disadvantagedgroup ofpeople. Black people must be made to understand what tourism is, howit works, what benefits it holds for individuals as well as for communities and how

1.4 AIMS OF THE STUDYThis study thus aims at:1.4.1 detennining the factors that are involved in hindering blacks' participation inoutbound tourism; and1.4.2 suggesting ways in which these constraints can be eliminated.1.5 THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS1.5 This study seeks to analyse the coristraints that hinder participation ofUmlazitownship residents in tourism, with a view to finding ways and means toeliminate these constraints. Therefore, the following hypotheses arepostulated:1.5.1 it is hypothesized that lack of finance and lack of knowledge are the mainconstraints in tourism participation among the Umlazi township residents; and1.5.2 it is also hypothesized that fear ofcrime, violence and accidents are the otherconstraints in tourism participation among the Umlazi township residents.1.6 DEFI ITIO OF TERMSIn order to clarify what is meant by tourism constraints in this particular study, thetwo terms will be defined:3, .

1.6.1 TourismAccording to Pearce (1988), tourism is the relationship and phenomena arising outof the journeys and temporary stays ofpeople travelling primarily for leisure andrecreation purposes.This definition does not include travelling for business purposes in tourism. It alsodoes not specify any time limits.For the purpose ofthis study, tourism refers to all travel, for whatever purpose, thatresults in one or more nights being spent away from home - as defined in theTourism White Paper of 1996.1.6.2 ConstraintsThe Australian concise Oxford dictionary (1992) defines a constraint as a limitationon motion or action.In this study, tourism constraint refers to a limitation onmovement from one's place ofresidence to another area for one or more nights.,The area that is covered in this study is the Umlazi township which is situated about25 kilometres south-west ofthe city ofDurban. This area is divided into 25 sections(named alphabetically from A to Z with AA, BB and CC and without I, 0, X, andY) and has a population of about 299 275 as estimated in the KwaZulu-NatalProvincial Statistics ofl995.The study limits itself only to those constraints thataffect outbound tourism, that is, it concentrates on the residents ofUmlazi townshipas potential tourists and not as hosts.4

1.7 LIMITATIO SThe study is conducted under certain limitations. These are:a. limited finance to carry out the study;b. limited time available for research; andc. limited literature that is written on the social aspects oftourism as mostliterature concentrates on the economic aspects oftourism.1.8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThe method that will be used in conducting this research is discussed to cover thesample design, the research instrument and the method ofanalysis.1.8.1 Sample designThe method ofrandom sampling is used to obtain a representative sample of thestudy population. The respondents comprise of residents ofall the 25 sections ofthe Umlazi township. The sample size is estimated at about 200 respondents.The respondents are stratified by age, personal income, gender, and marital status,the kind ofwork they do, and the number oftheir dependants. These six variableswere chosen because they are all important in determining whether a person is ableto engage in tourism or not.5.,

People may not be able to travel because they are young and still at school and thusdo not earn an income. Females are likely to fear crimes like rape, which may notbe feared by males. For females, this can be a barrier to travel.Marriage is usually associated with more responsibilities. A married person maynot be as free to travel as a single person might be.Personal income, the kind ofwork a person does, and the number ofdependants canhave an influence on a person's potential to travel because all these have a bearing, .on a person s mcome.1.8.2 The instrumentInformation from the respondents was obtained by using questionnaires that wereadministered person-to-person. Questions asked were mostly closed-endedquestions with a few open-ended questions. The questions were all written inEnglish. The reason why there were no Zulu questionnaires is because thequestionnaires were administered person to person and the researcher was able togive Zulu translations whenever a need arose.1.8.3 Method of analysisThe data was analysed by using the computer program - Statistical Analysis Systems(SAS) that is available at the University ofZululand, Geography Department.6, ,

1.9 CONCLUSIONThe main focus ofthis chapter is to highlight what this research project is about, andto highlight the limitations that the researcher was working under. In order to putforward a framework towards lmderstanding the issues under study, the nextchapter, chapter 2, gives the theoretical perspective ofthe study. In chapter 3 thephysical settffig ofthe study area is presented. The reason for doing this is becauseit is important to give a clear picture of the area where the study was undertaken.This is followed by chapter 4 where data is presented and analysed. Chapter 5 givesthe recommendations, and conclusion.7

CHAPTER 2THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE2.1 INTRODUCTIONIn this chapter an introduction to the social benefits oftourism is presented. Thediscussion also includes a background on tourism constraints.The aim of thechapter is to highlight the social benefits oftourism that are sometimes lost or lostsight of, because of various constraints which operate in the tourism arena. Thistheoretical perspective is intended to show why attention should be given to tourismconstraints ofthose communities which do not enjoy the benefits oftourism. Thecommunity ofUmlazi township is regarded as one ofsuch communities.2.2 THE SOCIAL IMPORTANCE OF TOURISMMuch ofthe literature on tourism concentrates on its economic benefits. Much timeis spent finding ways and means to develop tourism products because the economicvalue oftourism is frequently given prominence. Attention is paid to exploiting thetourism market, while the crucial issue ofovercoming the barriers to participationis often neglected.Very little has been written on the llnportance oftourism in improving the qualityof life of individuals and communities at large. Mathieson and Wall (1982) statethat most ofthe early studies ofthe effects of tourism were restricted to economicanalysis and enumerated the financial and employment benefits which accrued todestination areas as a result ofthe benefits oftourism. These studies rarely analysed8'.

the benefits oftourism to the tourists themselves. Recent studies do not differ muchfrom these early studies in this respect.This approach to tourism is one-sided and it ignores the fact that the social analysisoftourism is also important. Tourism is not just about destinations and hosts. It isabout people who travel to various destinations and who, in the process, come intocontact with other people and with new environments. All of these aspects oftourism deserve equal attention.Literature that does deal with the social aspects oftourism usually considers onlythe negative social effects of tourism. These stress the damage tourism does topeople as well as to the environment; the effects this damage has on a society, andthe problems that may arise. It is unfortunate that many writers on the socialimpacts oftourism have a tendency to react in a negative way to the developmentof tourism because they lose sight of the fact that there are many positive andimportant social aspects to tourism (Lickorish, et al., 1997). There are communitieswhich do not enjoy these social aspects oftourism, particularly in this country. Asa result ofthis lack ofliterature, these constraints are not addressed.Some efforts have, however, been made to conduct studies on the social aspects oftourism.One of these studies is the study to determine the barriers to tourismparticipation which was conducted by the Joint English Tourist Board !Trade UnionCongress Study group on Tourism, in 1974. In the study, the main aims were todetermine what people expected from a holiday, and to identify the people whocould not take holidays and the factors that prevented them from participating.9

Emanating from the findings of this study, the group came to the conclusion thatamongst other things, taking a holiday in the context of late twentieth centurytourism, is not a luxury but a social need (Glyptus, 1989).The tourism industry, therefore, affects us in many ways. It is beneficial not onlybecause of its economic value, but also because ofthe valuable role it plays in thesocial well-being of individuals and communities by, amongst other things,improving their quality of life and standard of living, promoting nationalunderstanding and peace and being ofeducational value.2.3 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE AND STANDARD OFLIVINGTourism has an important role to play in communities where there is a heightenedconcern about the quality oflife and potential social instability. This concern couldbe directed to the whole community or sometimes to specific groups in thecommunity.As early as 1975, the Department ofthe Environment in London wrote in its WhitePaper that the social stresses in many young people are enormous, especially in bigcities. The White Paper indicated that the stresses must be tackled before theyresult in costly crises (Glyptus, 1989).The South African situation is not much different from the situation described above.Young people in South Africa (about 50 percent of the population) facetremendous stress. Higher education is expensive; there are few new jobs availableand a sense ofsocial alienation is growing.South Africa is also still characterisedIQ"

y a high rate of social instability and the quality of life for a majority of SouthAfricans leaves much to be desired.In 1991 McLeod wrote about the youth ofSouth Africa in the TIME magazine. Hereferred to these yOllllg people as the lost generation. These are millions of youngmen who have been destroyed by apartheid and the liberation struggle. They are thedeprived youth who live in the black urban townships "where the standard fourroomhouse shelters an average often people" (MacLeod, 1991).According to Nigel Worden (1994) Umlazi township is one of the areas wherepolitical tensions ran high in the 1980's. He further points out that the conflict inNatal grew in intensity when elsewhere it was suppressed. This left behind thesedestroyed young men.The youth that was destroyed during this period became school drop-outs who arenot employed.They are unable to get jobs because of the high rate ofunemployment in South Africa, but particularly because they are not skilled.These young men are highly stressed. Their stress is manifested in the high rate ofcrime and violence that South Africa is facing at the moment. Exposure to creativeways ofspending their leisure time can do much to improve the quality oflife ofthisyOllllg generation. Tourism is one way in which they would dispose oftheir leisuretime positively.11

In this regard, youth tourism requires the most urgent and active attention fromplanners, since these young people have no income for travelling. A positive policyshould be carefully thought of that could provide youth with opportunities andfacilities for travel.The White Paper on Tourism (1996) suggests that the government should considerestablishing special programmes to address the needs ofthe young people. Suchprogrammes would be:*programmes that would encourage and develop a youth travel market whereyoung men and women would be offered special prices for travel andaccommodation;*development of youth hostels, exchange programmes between and amongprovinces, summer camps, and other such programmes;*the creation ofjobs in the tourism industry, like tour guides and trackers, toexpose young people to the travel and tourism industry and to offer themtravelling opportunities while also earning some income.Umlazi township is only about 8 km from the Durban International Airport. Jobs canbe created in this airport that would expose young people of this township totourism.Tourism can benefit people whose quality of life needs improving because itprovides a sociable and socializing experience which adds an important dimensionto an integrated community life.Tourism can bridge gaps between groups and12,

cultures because it influences national understanding and appreciation of otherpeople. Tourism, particularly domestic travel, acquaints citizens with the other partsof their country and builds appreciation for the homeland (MacIntosh, et al., 1995).AB visitors and hosts mingle socially and become acquainted, the awareness ofeachother's characters and qualities increases, building respect and appreciation in bothgroups. Visitors are influenced by contrasts in culture and this brings about anincreased understanding for the qualities of life in the society visited that may notbe present at home, (MacIntosh, et al., 1995) although these effects cannot beguaranteed because many people travel with all their mind-sets well and truly inplace.For elderly people in the community, recreation can be enriching. Tourism, as aform ofrecreation, has a considerable role to play in the social life of the elderly.Tourism is also an ideal form ofrecreation for the elderly because the elderly peopleare free from the burden of raising children and from the hassles of employment.Ideally, they have all the time in the world. Instead, the problem that the elderly areusually faced with is the problem ofboredom and loneliness. This may not be truein the case ofthe African elderly but they also need to be given a chance to enjoytourism.A study conducted by the Council ofSocial Agencies in Virginia, U.SA, revealedthat about half ofthe interviewees over sixty, had nothing to do all day (Williams,1991). This time could be used positively in tourism where the aged could formfiiendships and simply have fun.13'.

Tourism can have a variety ofobjectives - scenic, historic, educational, recreational,and so on, and all this is highly enriching. For them, too, programmes that aresuitable for the elderly can be established to enable them to enjoy tourism.In modem societies both spouses in a family are usually employed. Children areattending school - some away from home. This type offamily does not have enoughtime to spend together as a family. Tourism brings about opportunities for parentsand children to spend time together. Because the time spent in tourism is free frommost of the pressures and concerns ofdaily life, it tends to be quality time that canresult in an improved quality oflife for the families.Another way in which tourism can improve the quality oflife of individuals is bystatus and social enhancement amongst one's peers. This can be gained on the basisofthe holiday taken - the mode oftransport used, the destination chosen, the formof accommodation used and also the activities enjoyed (Ryan, 1991). The abilityto travel and the type of holidays one enjoys, puts one somewhere up the socialladder when referring to his lifestyle. This confirms one's self identity and one'sposition amongst one's peers. Prestige and a feeling of self worth is gained thisway. The person's social position and status gets somehow enhanced.Even to the host community, tourism has a beneficial effect of improving theirstandard of living - hence their quality of life.This happens in the form ofenhancements in infrastructure that mighthave been initially intended for thetourists in mind. Examples of these could be improvements on roads, recreationfacilities, catering services, and other services.14"

We cmmot expect the quality oflife ofany comrrllmity to be improved while thereis no peace in that community. Let us consider how tourism can contribute towardspromoting peace and national understanding amongst communities. This isimportant in communities like Umlazi where people have experienced differentforms ofviolence.2.4 PROMOTI TG NATIONAL UNDERSTANDI G AND PEACEAmong the positive benefits that can be attributed to the social impacts oftourismis the promotion of national peace and goodwill. There is a popular belief thattourism can bring about national understanding and world peace.MacIntosh, et al., (1995) cite a case of a global conference that was held inVancouver, Canada in 1988. The theme ofthis conference was: Tourism: a vitalforce for peace. The aim ofthis conference was to explore ways in which tourismcould contribute to mutual understanding and appreciation among people.Thismutual understanding and appreciation was regarded as something that could be animportant recipe for peace.This conference brought about a recognition that tourism has the potential to be thelargest peacetime movement in the history ofhuman kind. This was attributed to thefact that tourism involves different cultures, traditions, religions, heritage, and otheraspects ofcommunity life, and is, therefore about people. It provides contact amonghumans, making understanding among peoples of different cultures, religions,traditions, races and heritage possible.15

It was clearly demonstrated in this conference that tourism has the potential to makethe world a better place in which to live (MacIntosh, et al., 1995). In 1980 theWorld Tourism conference in Manilla had already declared that tourism is a vitalforce for world peace (Theobald, 1994)......The role oftourism as an ambassador and vehicle for both national and internationalunderstanding and peace has also been recognised by international bodies such asthe United Nations., World leaders and statesmen have also acknowledged theimportance oftourism in bringing about peace. Theobald (1994) quotes PresidentJohn F. Kennedy as having said, in 1963:Travel has become one ofthe great forces for peace andunderstanding in our time. As people move throughoutthe world and learn to know each other, to understandeach other's customs and to appreciate the qualities ofthe individuals ofeach nation, we are building a level ofinternational understanding which can sharply improvethe atmosphere for world peace (Theobald, 1994: 27).In recent times, researchers define peace as the absence ofviolence rather than justthe opposite of war(MacIntosh, et al., 1995). It is important to highlight thepositive role played by tourism in promoting peace if we view peace from thiscontext, seeing that South Africa is presently plagued by violence, particularlypolitical violence and taxi violence.South Africa has entered a period oftransition. Relations among all South Africansneed now to be based on mutual understanding, trust and respect - rather than fearbred from isolation that has been brought about by the South African apartheid lawslike the Separate Amenities Act, the Influx Control Act, and other such laws. Thismutual understanding, trust and respect should be manifested in peace. The16

transition that is accompanied by peace can truly make a good start in the buildingof a New South Africa - the Rainbow Nation, as declared by President NelsonMandela in his inaugural speech in 1994.Since the travel and tourism industry has been recognised as an instrument forbringing about peace, South Africans would benefit from it during this time oftransition. Each person, either as a tourist or a host, can contribute to the transitionby extending a hand in friendship. In so doing, the message ofpeace can permeatethrough all those who are involved in tourism. Well designed and properlydeveloped tourism has the potential to bridge the gap that separate people of diverseraces, colours, different stages of social and economic development.All thesepeople can come to appreciate the rich human, cultural and ecological diversity thatis offered by our world mosaic to evolve mutual trust and respect for one anotherand the dignity ofall life on earth (Van Harssel, 1994). Tourism can do much goodfor the Umlazi township residents because they have suffered this isolation.In the case of domestic tourism the effect is even greater because domestic tourismcan act as an integrating force for strengthening national sentiment. By travellingto different parts ofthe same country, people begin to experience pride in theirnational heritage and a sense of national unity mighthelp to prevent regionalfragmentation.Visits to national historical monuments, stately homes and ancient battle fields cando much in the long run to create a sense ofthe past and strengthen the politicalunity of a country.If the individual characteristics and identities of the variousregions are not submerged and lost, such travel can benefit both tourists and hostsalike (Archer, 1995).I7'.

When dealing with peace we must not only concentrate on peace between humanbeings. There is also another form ofpeace that is lacking in our communities - thatof the non-abusive use ofthe natural environment. There is an escalating rate ofviolence to our environment. This type ofviolence threatens the survival of a widerange ofanimal and plant species. Some ofthese species have become endangeredand others have even become extinct.Here we are referring to the destruction of forests for the purposes of gettingfirewood and building materials. We are referring to the toxic wastes that penetratethe land water systems, poaching, hunting, and many other forms ofviolence thatdestroys the environment (MacIntosh, et aI., 1995).Through responsible tourism people recognise that sustainable development requiresa custodial relationship between men, the environment and all its inhabitants. Thistype of behaviour and awareness promotes living in harmony and peace withnature (MacIntosh, et al., 1995).Hawaii and Africa are examples ofplaces where people are striving to gain peacewith the environment through responsible tourism. The residents ofHawaii havetaken a finn stance to correct environmental problems in their country and also toprevent problems even before they arise. Laws and regulations are being enacted topreserve the rainforest and to protect native species, many ofwhich are unique toHawaii. Most, if not all these measures were prompted by increased publicappreciation ofthe nature and ecology ofHawaii and the recognition that ifHawaiiloses its natural beauty and resources, it would also lose its tourism industry.18'.

Wildlife, beach resorts and native crafts are primary tourist attractions in central andeastern Africa. Most tourists who visit the area are interested in viewing the diverseanimal population ofmammals, reptiles, and amphibians. People who live in theseareas, however, live a primarily agricultural lifestyle. Much of the land in theseareas is not suitable for farming. In spite ofthis, East Africans are prohibited fromhunting game inside the parks. Because of this the East Africans have becomeresentful ofthe wildlife parks and suspicious oftourism.To bring about peace between people and the environment, the governments ofsome African countries implemented programmes that allowed the local people toshare in the benefits of tourism.This encouraged the local people to adopt afavourable view toward both tourism and wildlife preservation (Foster, 1995).Tourism can thus be regarded as an important vehicle for promoting peace, peacewith other fellow human beings and also peace with the whole environment.Reaching this goal would result in the most peaceful world that can ever beenvisaged. Besides improving the quality oflife ofindividuals and communities andpromoting national peace and understanding, tourism has a role to play in theeducation ofindividuals and communities.2.5 THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF TOURISMWhen looking at tourism from its historical perspective, one discovers that tourismcame about because ofthe gradual increase in wealth, the extension ofthe merchantand professional classes, the effects of the reformation and the circularization ofeducation stimulated interest in other countries, and most importantly, theacceptance oftravel itself as an educational force (Lickorish and Jenkins, 1997).19'.

By the seventeenth century travel was becoming accepted as part ofa gentleman'seducation. Young men who were preparing for their various careers wereencouraged to go to places on what Lickorish and Jenkins (1997) call an earlyversion ofthe Grand Tour.According to Butler and Hinch (1996) the origins of tlle Grand Tour itself werebased on the necessity for well educated English men and women to learn fromother cultures. This gives an indication that, since the beginning ofwhat could betermed tourism, there has always been a realization that tourism has an educativevalue in people's lives.This confirms the idea that tourism profoundly affectsindividuals and families who engage in it by inducing behavioural changes in tlIem.These effects oftourism are enlightening and educational.For tlIe growing child, tourism can bring about an environmental educationalexperience. The environment can be a city street, a mountain, a village, a beach, astretch ofcountry road, a forest or any other type ofenvironment one can think of.Any of these can be used to give reality, relevance and practical experience forlearning.Increased awareness of aspects of tlIe environment can be expected toresult from direct contact with the environment.This is particularly true for children as they are openly curious.They want to makesense ofthings and the world at large; and desire to gain competence and controlover themselves and the environment The children are open, receptive andperceptive. They do not shut themselves offthe strange, confused and complicatedworld tlIey experience. Children observe the world closely and sharply and try totake it all in (Segien, 1985). Children want meaning in any new situation andenvironment. Tourism is an effective way for creating situations in which tlIis20'.

curiosity can be satisfied. Some ofthe children in Urnlazi township have never beenexposed to country life. These children can benefit from visiting places in thecountryside.Opportunities to learn from the outdoors can also be used to develop important skillsin adulthood. These could be skills for data gathering such as observation and socialskills such as aesthetic appreciation. Environmental awareness can be fostered bylinking learning to direct experiences in the environment and allowing learning tobe captivated by the complexity and wonder ofthe natural systems (Gilbert, 1996).Furthermore, there can never be any tourism ifthere were no travelling involved.At the heart oftourism is the concept oftravel. Travelling offers the tourist a chanceto see new and strange sites and to learn about other places of a cOtmtry or theworld (Ryan, 1991). Having studied history or read history books, tourism bringsone face to face with the sites ofhistory. In KwaZulu-Natal alone there are manyhistorical sites, museums and many other places ofinterest that can be visited by theresidents of Urnlazi township. On the 16th of December 1998, a historicalmonument was unveiled in Ncome (Blood River). This is one ofthe many placespeople can visit. Through tourism one is able to see the original great works ofartinstead of their reproductions.Tourism gives one an opportunity to discoverdifferences from similar things. This is eye opening and has tremendous educationalvalue.In spite of these benefits of tourism, there are still some constraints that hinderpeople from participating in tourism. These constraints will be discussed now.21'.

2.5 TOURISM CONSTRAINTSIt may be true that tourism is important in improving the lives of individuals and-', -communities, but some people do not have the opportunity to enjoy tourism becauseof various constraints. The issue of constraints on tourism is, however, complexbecause what might be a constraint to one person need not deter another fromparticipating in tourism.responsible for hindering participation in tourism.There are, however, factors that are known to beThese are:lack offinance;lack ofknowledge and awareness;and fear ofcrime.2.5.1 LackoffmanceTo a very large extent, economic factors determine who travels and who does not.Economic factors are influenced by many factors like the size ofthe family a personis expected to support.Any attempt to uncover the barriers to participation in tourism should start bylooking at the economic realities and, in particular, the realities of poverty.According to Hartsthorne (1996), about forty six percent of the South Africanpopulation, that is, over eighteen million people, live in poverty. For about threemillion households in the country, one third are amongst the poorest ofthe poor. Inthe case of blacks, fifty seven percent are defined as poor.Umlazi township isoccupied by only blacks and thus falls in this category.22"

When looking at this picture it becomes clear that poverty is one of the majorbarriers in tourism participation among blacks in South Africa. Poor people arepeople who will never be tourists. When these people speak oftravel they meangoing on foot, or in a crowded bus, taxi or train to the next village or town.Possibly, poor people will travel for a wedding or a funeral or religious festival,but their travel will rarely be purely for pleasure. Family incomes are barelysufficient for survival and there is no extra money for luxury travel. Indeed, whenthey think ofluxury their minds cannot stretch ~ar beyond a bottle of soft drink ora better meal (O'Grady, 1981).The concept ofa paid holiday or expenditure on leisure travel is totally outside theconceptual framework ofa poor person. In a hierarchy ofneeds, the need to travelcomes after a long list ofbasic needs like food, shelter, clothing, health and manyother necessities. Amongst the list ofthe basic needs tourism does not feature at all.The observation that was made by Mathews (1994) proves that blacks in SouthAfrica have not been able to participate in tourism because of the financialconstraints. Mathews (1994) states that although tourism data are not compiled byrace, historically the majority of departures, and even a greater preponderance interms of expenditures, have been ofnon-black travellers. Both the domestic andoutbound markets have been overwhelmingly white. Mathews (1994), however,expects a very different outbound profile in the near future because ofthe expectedincrease in the real disposable income ofthe black majority (which numbers somethirty million ofa forty million total population).23"

The problem offinance needs special attention. The provision oflow cost holidays,the improvement of statutory arrangements for assisting those in need, theencouragement ofthe voluntary sector to provide holidays for deprived groups andenhanced responsibilities for the tourist boards to help those who are not able totravel may be a solution.Unfortunately, even for those who can afford tourism there are still other factors thatmay hinder them from enjoying their money on tourism. One of these factors isignorance. This is particularly true in black townships like Umlazi where peoplehave never been meaningfully exposed to this industry (White Paper, 1996) andwhere the illiteracy rate is said to be high (Official South African Local GovernmentYearbook 1997/1998).2.5.2 Lack of knowledge and awarenessThe movement ofpeople to various tourism destinations depends largely on theirawareness ofthe existence ofsuch destinations and ofthe variety ofamenities andactivities provided for them. Lack of awareness oftravel destinations that wouldbring pleasurable satisfaction is one ofthe major barriers to travel. In cases whereone is not familiar with travel destinations and activities oftravel in general, the fearofthe unknown becomes a major barrier to the enjoyment and excitement ofnewexperiences.Lack ofknowledge about travel destinations and activities is one thing, but lack ofknowledge about the whole concept oftourism is even more inhibiting. In SouthAfrica, blacks have been left out ofthe tourism industry in the past. They were notexposed to the industry and did not benefit from it. This lack ofinvolvement and24'.

exposure deprived blacks of the knowledge and even awareness of what ishappening in tourism.The document on the Reconstruction and Development Program has this to sayabout the exclusion ofblacks from the tourism industry:Tourism in South Africa has been geared essentially tothe local white and overseas markets, and has beenadversely affected by apartheid and the resultantsanctions. All aspects of tomism were provided on aracial basis, including infrastructure, lodgings and evennational parks and game reserves and recreational areas(The Reconstruction and Development Program, 1994 :106).This led blacks to believing that tourism is not for them but only for white peopleand overseas tourists. Blacks were left ignorant of what tourism really is.According to the White Paper on Tourism (1996), there is a perception amongstblacks that tourism refers only to people travelling around and staying in hotels. Toa black person, the wider opportunities offered by tourism are not generally knownor appreciated.One ofthe greatest deficiencies in the South African tourism industry is the absenceof education and training and awareness of opportunities in this industry.Thepreviously neglected groups in the South African society are highly affected by thislack of education. In the townships like Urnlazi and in rural areas, there are noinformation centres and the residents are not exposed to any form ofeducation abouttourism.tackled.The job oflevelling the playing field is a massive one but it needs to be25'.

Another problem with lack ofeducation is that tourists need to be sensible, wellinfonnedand able to take precautions in order that they can make a contribution totheir safety while they are away from home.Lack of knowledge and awareness expose them to being victims of criminalactivities and other dangers. Ignorance can thus contribute to the fear of crimewhich will be discussed below.2.5.3 Fear of crimeFear ofcrime has long been a well documented issue. In many parts ofthe westernworld fear of crime has become a major social and political issue. In the UnitedStates of America, for example, in reaction to the considerable increase in crimeexperienced in the 1980s, the public began to demand greater relief for thosethreatened by crime.The attention ofacademics, researchers and policy makers shifted to the direct andindirect victims ofcrime. The focus ofresearch endeavours was then directed to theimpact ofcrime at community and individual level.The results ofthese studies has shown that fear ofcrime has a crippling effect onthe quality oflife ofcommunities. Fear ofcrime was found to be extending to theforced alteration of daily living habits as well as to the negative psychologicaleffects ofliving in a state ofconstant anxiety (Glanz., 1989).26, ,

The consequences ofthis fear ofcrime are numerous and can take various forms.Fear can lead to avoidance behaviour - as when normal activities are curtailed andcertain areas are avoided.People can change their lifestyles in order to protectthemselves from crime. People can avoid getting into aeroplanes because ofthe fearof hijacking. They can avoid using road transport because of the fear of carhijacking and violence - particularly taxi violence which is so prevalent on the SouthAfrican roads at the moment. All this impacts heavily on tourism. People also stoptaking holidays because they fear that their houses will be broken into during theirabsence.In the proceedings of a conference entitled Managing Crime in the New SouthAfrica: A Practical and Affordable Approach, held in Pretoria in 1992, Glanz hadthis to say about the rate ofcrime in South Africa:Few would dispute the contention that the problem ofcrime in South Africa has reached critical proportions.The threat to personal safety which. is felt by mostcitizens is eroding the very fabric ofsocial life. Peopleare restricting their social activities and altering theirnormal behaviour patterns because of the fear ofcrime.The more affluent members of society have surroundedtheir homes with high waIls and have installed extremelysophisticated security systems. Those with limitedresources live with the constant threat ofpersonal attackand loss ofproperty (Glanz, 1993: 11 0).This increasing crime rate is experienced at a crucial period when South Africa iscontemplating the opportunities presented by the lifting of international trade andcultural sanctions after the abolition of apartheid.Some of the opportunitiescontemplated is the development of the tourism industry both nationally andinternationally. The liberaIization of air regulation for both domestic and27'.

international flights also contributed to the generally greater acceptability ofvisitingSouth Afiica as a tourist destination. However, some factors are hindering progresstowards reaching this goal. One of the disturbing factors is the internationalawareness ofcontinuing criminal activities in South Afiica, which has resulted in thecancellation ofbookings, causing visitor arrivals to remain disappointingly low,(Laws, 1995) despite the fact that South Afiica has many attractions to offer. Itmight be true that in many instances the probability of a tourist being killed orinjured is very low, but Wilkinson (1993) argues that the perceptions ofthe public,influenced by often sensationalised media coverage, are what count the most.Wilkinson (1993) also contends that the form of crime most damaging to tourism isthat which is explicitly aimed at tourist targets, succeeds in causing death or seriousinjury to even very small numbers oftourists and where at least some ofthe crimestake place at popular tourist centres or sites.Unfortunately, tourists have beenvictims ofcrime in South Afiica in the recent past. Deaths have resulted from thesecrimes. These crimes received negative publicity from the newspapers and evenon national and international television. The few crimes that are committed totourists in the Durban beachfront, for example, can create a bad impression to theresidents ofthe Durban and surrounding areas. This can create an impression thatifthey visit other places, they may become victims ofsuch crimes.The truth could be that the vast majority ofthreats to the safety ofthe tourists arenot susceptible to effective remedial or preventive measures by the government orby the travel and tourism industry itself. People know that they have a duty toprotect themselves and their property. They know that to reduce the high risks totheir own safety and to the safety oftheir property, they should take all possibleprecautions, such as avoiding unnecessary trips. As soon as people start taking28, .

such decisions, tourism becomes one of the first social(Wilkinson, 1993).activities to sufferThis is particularly true to communities where people do not have the financialmeans to protect themselves, like using sophisticated antihijack systems, insuringtheir property, and taking such other precautions and who also fear losing the leastthat they have.Crime has a detrimental effect on tourism. Persisting high levels of crime continueto threaten stability and national security in an increasing number of countries,including South Africa.Even in cases where governmental sovereignty is notdirectly undermined, crime has detrimental effects on socio-economic developmentincluding tourism development. The area under study is a South African township.It is also affected by the high level of crime.2.4 CONCLUSIONThe above discussion has shown the importance oftourism to the tourist himself aswell as the obstacles faced by the potential tourists. What emerges after thisdiscussion is the question ofhow these can be balanced. This is a difficult challengethat faces many role players in the tourism industry.The national government; the provincial government; the local government; theprivate sector; the media; the communities and many other potential role playershave a crucial role to play to ensure that all South Africans have equitable access totourism opportunities.29'.

Highlighting the social importance of tourism and the barriers to travel is importantfor this study because the study is concerned with the barriers that hinder certaincommunities from tourism and with suggesting ways in which these barriers can beeliminated. The chapter on recommendations will focus on suggesting ways inwhich barriers that hinder the disadvantaged communities from tourism can beeliminated.30'.

CHAPTER 3PHYSICAL SETTING OF THE STUDY AREA3.1 INTRODUCTIOIt is important to give a clear picture of the area in which this research wasundertaken. The relevant background infonnation about Umlazi township will begiven in this chapter. This will be done by firstly describing the province in whichUmIazi is situated. This description will highlight the position ofthe province withregard to its tourism destinations and attractions. This is intended to expose the vasttourism opportunities in the province where the study area is situated. The socioeconomicposition of the province will also be discussed. The socio-econornicposition ofthe province is included in order to give a picture ofthe socio-econornicposition ofUmIazi township. This discussion will be followed by the descriptionofthe geographical setting and the demographics ofthe study area.3.2 KWAZULU-NATAL FROM A TOURISM PERSPECTIVEUmIazi is a township that is found in the south coast ofKwaZulu-Natal, one ofthenine provinces in South Africa. It is situated about 2Skm from the city ofDurban,the largest city in KwaZulu-Natal and the third largest city in South Africa. The cityof Durban is a favoured tourism destination for both domestic and internationaltourists.31..,

A visitor who comes to KwaZulu-Natal will probably disembark at the DurbanInternational Airport which is just about 8km from Umlazi township. Alternatively,the visitor may disembark at Durban Harbour which is approximately 30km fromUmlazi.KwaZulu-Natal has a subtropical coastline, sweeping savannah in the east and themagnificent Drakensburg mountain range in the west. This subtropical coastline hassome of South Africa's best protected indigenous coastal forests which can be ofgreat interest to tourists. One ofthese forests is the DtTh.lIduku forest.Besides being a holiday destination, KwaZulu-Natal also provides outstandingecotourism opportunities. The Drakensberg reserves and many attractions of thismountain range draw visitors from different places. Umfolozi Game Reserve is oneof the oldest game reserves in this country and it is found in Kwazulu-Natal.Tourist destinations in KwaZulu-Natal include Midrnar-Dam water recreation, thecoral reefs and fishing ofSodwana Bay, and many others. Shakaland is one oftheprovince's unique tourist attractions which offers tourists Zulu traditional experience(Official South African Local Government Yearbook 1997/98:277). Tourists canalso visit industries in the province for industrial tourism. Richards Bay Minerals isan example ofan industry where visitors can experience this fonn oftourism.32

3.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC POSITION OF KWAZULU-NATALKwaZulu-Natal is regarded as the second highest densely populated province inSouth Africa with some 8,7 million people living on its 92 180km 2 of land. Thisprovince is characterised by a low literacy rate. Its literacy rate is lower than that ofthe national average. Its labour force is relatively poorly skilled and currentlyKwaZulu-Natal employs less than half ofthe potential labour force in the formaleconomy (Official South African Local Government Yearbook 1997/98:277).3.4 JURISDICTION OF THE AREAThe study area is part of the Central Metropolitan Local Council of the greaterDurban Metropolitan area. This area includes the former municipal areas of theDurban City Council and Yellowoodpark. Also included in this area are thetownships ofKwaMashu, Ntuzuma, Inanda and ofcourse, Umlazi. Iningizimu alsofalls under this area (see figure 3.1). This sub-structure region is the core of SouthAfrican's second largest metropolitan complex. It is also regarded as the economichub of the whole KwaZulu-Natal province (Official South African LocalGovernment Yearbook, 1997/98:289).3.5 GEOGRAPHICAL SETTINGUmlazi township is situated about 30km south west of the city ofDurban. It liesabout 8km from the Durban International Airport . East ofthis township is found theBorough of Isipingo and further eastwards is found Prospection which is anindustrial area.Chartsworth (which is predominantly an Indian township) andLamontville are two neighbouring townships.33'.

ST L 0 Y .-\ RE.-\,.,~,..,.'-.\1;"'::;; .I!!II "'''--'''L e--' -,,- ...-­ .. "~,....../"\"',. .. ::. '''::''C~·:::I~ =l.ACX ;:':P,M;'L iC·....N$HIPS.,'" :0'========" .mFIGURE 3,1LOCAnON OF UMLAZI WITHIN THE DURBAN METROPOLITAN AREA

This township is divided into some 25 residential sections. These sections are namedaccording to the letters ofthe alphabet from A - Z with AA., BB and Cc. Letters I,0, X and Y were omitted when the sections were named (see Figure 3.2). In Umlazithere are also two male hostels viz, Glebe hostel and the hostel commonly knownas Tehuis. These two hostels, have not been included in this study.Umlazi township is also characterized by the combination and co-existence offormal housing and informal settlements like Malukazi and Uganda, to mention afew. For the purposes of this study, the informal settlements were also excludedfrom the study area.3.6 DEMOGRAPillCS OF THE STUDY AREAAccording to the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial statistics of 1995, the geographicaldistribution ofthe Umlazi population, when divided according to population groupsand gender is as follows:TABLE 3.1: GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE UMLAZIPOPULATION BY POPULATION GROUP AND GENDERSex Asians Coloureds Whites BlacksMale 0 130 1 159054Female 0 0 0 140090TOTAL 0 130 1 299 14435"

'.• '., ,, ,,oFIGURE 3.2SETTLEMEl'\TSMAP OF UMLAZI SHOWING FORMAL RESIDENTIAL SECTIONS AND INFORMAL

IThe statistics that is shown here indicate that the study area is predominantlyoccupied by black residents. It is also shown in this table that there are more maleresidents than female residents in Umiazi. The figures indicate that there are 130coloured males in Umiazi and no coloured females. This gives an impression thatthese coloured males stay in the male hostels. They were, therefore not included inthis study.The population expects as quoted by Gumbi (1995) from the Daily News (February11, 1992) estimated that in 1992 the formal population ofUmiazi was more than amillion inhabitants. That is, if the backyard shacks are also considered. Thesefigures must be much higher at this stage because the situation ofbackyard shacksbecame worse as the years progressed.TABLE 3.2 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE ECONOMICALLYACTIVE POPULATIONSexEconomically activeMale 89682Female 52878TOTAL 142560This table shows that out of the 299144 residents ofUmiazi, only 142560 wereeconomically active when the statistics were compiled. Ofthese more males witha total number of 89682 were economically active. Only 52878 females wereeconomically active. This correlates with the higher numbers ofthe male population.37'.

3.7 CONCLUSIONThe description of KwaZulu-Natal shows that this province has much to offer intourism. This means that the people of KwaZulu-Natal, including the Umlazitownship residents, can be able to enjoy tourism within their own province. Thesocio-economic position of this province gives a different pichrrer. Low literacyrates, poorly skilled labour and the low rate ofemployment is a clear indication thatmany people in KwaZulu-Natal face various constraints in as far as engaging intourism is concerned. Low literacy rates can lead to lack ofknowledge while poorlyskilled labour and low employment rate can lead to lack ofmoney and even crime.When describing Umlazi the areas that were included in the study area werestipulated and the areas that were excluded from the study area were singled out.This have been done to avoid confusion about exactly which areas were involvedwhen conducting research. These areas are also shown on the map (see figure 3.2).38" ,

CHAPTER 4PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA4.1 INTRODUCTIONIn this chapter the data that has been collected is presented, analysed and alsointerpreted. This is divided into the personal particulars ofthe respondents; generalresponses regarding the respondents' tourism patterns; the respondents' knowledgeabout the concept of tourism; the respondents' perceptions about their financialposition; the respondents' perceptions of crime, violence, accidents and otherfactors that may hinder them from participating in tourism. The presentation followsthe structure of the questionnaire that was presented to the respondents. Thepresentation will be accompanied by some interpretations where it is necessary.It is important to note here that the total number ofrespondents was not the samethroughout the questionnaire. For the questions where all the respondents wereexpected to respond, the total number was 200 respondents. Those who indicatedthat they did not travel for tourism purposes were 130.There is a question with130 respondents. Those who indicated that they did travel were 70. There are alsoquestions with 70 respondents.There were also cases where the figures representedthe number ofresponses and not ofthe respondents. This was in cases where therespondents were allowed more than one choice per question. For the reasons citedabove the total numbers vary.39

4.2 PERSONAL PARTICULARS OF THE RESPONDENTSPersonal particulars had to be obtained from the respondents in order to show theages, personal income, kind of work that is done by the respondents, sex of therespondents, marital status and the number ofthe respondents' dependants. Noneofthese was intended to reveal the identity ofthe respondents. These variables wereall included because they all have an influence on a person's potential to travel.4.2.1 Age ofthe respondentsThe majority ofthe respondents, that is, 50.5 per cent fell between ages 26 to 45years. These are the people who were most ready to answer questions as they feltthat they were the ones who had to provi.de for tourism opportunities in thefamily because they were mostly heads ofthe families.FIGURE 4.1 : AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS35%30%25%20%15%10%5%0%26-35Yrs 46-55Yrs16 - 25 Yrs 36 - 45 Yrs Over 55 YrsAGE GROUP

4.2.2 Income of the respondentsIncome is an important indicator in determining who travels and who does nottravel. The responses show that about 20 percent ofthe respondents are withoutan income. Most of those who did earn an income fell within the low incomegroups. This is not surprising because the statistics have shown that KwaZulu-Natalis characterised by a high illiteracy rate and a low rate of employment. This wasshown by sixteen percent ofthe respondents who earned below RI 501 a month andfifteen percent who earned below R2 501 a month. These figures indicate that mostofthe respondents were not likely to have enough money to spend on tourism.FIGURE 4.2 INCOME QF THE RESPONDE TS:INCOME PER MONTH41'.

4.2.3 Kind ofwork done by the respondentsAbout twenty six percent of the respondents were not economically active. Thereason why there were more respondents who were not economically active thanthose who were without an income is because some respondents indicated thatalthough they were not active economically, they did receive different forms ofgrants like old age pensions.Most of the respondents who were economically active fell within the Iow paidservice occupations like the cleaning services, as indicated in Figure 4.3.Thiscorrelates with the number of the respondents who fell within the Iow incomegroups. It is not surprising that most of the respondents fell within the Iow paidservices because the KwaZuIu-NataI labour force is said to be relatively poorlyskilled.FIGURE 4.3 : KIND QF WQRKA = Non~nom.ically activeB- Professional, semi-professional TcchnicalOccupations30%25"2ll%'5"1(l"5"0""B C 0 E F GC= Managcrial, c:xecuti\'C & administrative occupationsD - Clerical and sales occupationsE = Transport, delivery ofcommunication occupationsF =Service occupationsG = Production supervision & related occupations42

,""'-4.2.4 Sex of the respondentsOne hundred and five percent males (52.5 percent) responded to the questionnairewhile 95 females (47.5 percent) responded (Figure 4.4). More males respondedbecause Urnlazi is characterised by a high number ofmales than females. This isdue to the fact that in this township there are male hostels for migrant workers (thesewere not included in the study area). There is also T section which is also occupiedby male migrant workers. This section forms part ofthe study area.FIGURE 4.4 ; SEX OF THE RESPONDENTS43

·,4.2.5 Marital status of the respondentsThe majority (57.5 percent) ofpeople between the ages 26 - 45 years were married.In a community where tourism is regarded as a luxury which many people cannotafford, one can at least afford to travel while one is still single. Once a person getsmarried and faces all the responsibilities associated with married life, it becomeseven more difficult to spend money and time on tourism. Married people are morelikely to be amongst those. who do not travel for tourism purposes.FIGURE 4.5 ; MARITAL STATUS44

"-4.2.6 Number of the dependents of the respondentsFigure 4.6 shows that 30.5 percent of the respondents had more than fivedependents. lbis can be attributed to the extended family system that is prevalentin black communities. Only 15.5 percent ofthe respondents indicated that they hadno dependants. lbis is likely to be mostly amongst the respondents who werebetween ages 16 to 25 years.These figures indicate that a large percentage (30.5 percent) ofthe respondents hadas many as six or more dependants to support with their income. When oneconsiders that figure 4.2 indicated that about 26 percent ofthe respondents had noincome and about 31 percent earned less than R2 500 per month, one can concludethat these people are not likely to have money to spend on tourism.FIGURE 4.6 : NUMBER OF DEPENDANTS45

4.2.7 Response to whether respondents do travel or notAmongst all the respondents, only 35 percent indicated that they do travel fortourism purposes (Figure 4.7). Amongst these some travel to attend religiousceremonies like going to Moria over Easter weekends. This is where the ZionChristian Church, the largest Zionist church in South Africa, is based. Every yearduring its annual Easter festival thousands ofthe Zion Christian Church membersjourney to Moira for healing, worship and celebration (Chidester, 1992).Others travel to various places to watch soccer matches - mostly in Johannesburg.This form oftourism is rarely undertaken purely to enjoy the benefits oftourism.FIGURE 4.7 : TRAVEL FOR TOURISM PURPOSES4.2.8 Reasons for not travelling for tourism purposesThe reason that featured prominently from the given list was lack ofmoney (Figure4.8). This reason was given by fifty percent ofthe respondents.46

. •....,This is not surprising because about fifty percent of the respondents were eitherunemployed or fell within the low income groups.Many ofthe respondents (30.5 percent) also have large families to support. Fear ofcrime was chosen by 25 percent of the respondents. Only eleven percent of therespondents gave lack of knowledge as a reason for not travelling. This is notconvincing because when the same respondents were asked information abouttourism destinations, many ofthem showed lack ofknowledge about tourism.FIGURE 4.8; REASONS FOR NOT TRAYELLING47

"....4.2.9 Frequency of travelMore than 90 percent ofthose who travel do so about once a year. Four percent ofthe respondents travel once in two years and another four percent travel about oncein three years.These respondents who travel about once a year are most likely to be those whotravel to attend religious ceremonies which are usually annual events. Even thosewho visit friends and relatives can fall under this category if they travel only duringthe festive season, for instance.FIGlJRE3.9 ; FREQUECY QF TRAVELA =About once or more than once a yearB = About once in about two yearsC = About once in about three yearsD= Other .48

4.2.10 Mode of transportIt is important to mention here that the respondents were allowed more than onechoice in this question. The most popular form oftransport that was mentioned wasown transport. This was indicated by 40 percent of the responses. It gives anindication that the respondents who travel are those who earned better salaries andcould afford to own cars. The bus was rated second on the list with the 30.5 percentresponses. The taxi was rated the third choice with 16 percent responses. Only 7.5percent respondents were given for the aeroplane and only 6 percent chose the train(see Figure 2.10).FIGURE 4,10 MODE QF TRANSPQRT USUALLY USEDN = 82 Subjects responded more than once per question49

4.2.11 " Form of tourism the respondents engage in.'.Here, too, the respondents were allowed more than one choice. The most popularform oftourism chosen was visiting fiiends and relatives (Figure 2.11). This is latersupported by choosing fiiends' and relatives' homes as the most popular form ofaccommodation. Travelling for leisure and recreation was almost as popular asvisiting fiiends and relatives (with 30 percent responces) for visiting fiiends andrelatives and 29 percent responces for travelling for leisure and recreation. An equalnumber ofresponces were given for religious tourism and sports tourism (12 percentin each group). The rest ofthe responces were for travel for educational purposes,that is, 17 percent. When visiting friends and relatives, one does not have to pay foraccommodation and usually for the meals. Some of those people who travel toattend sports events usually end up using friends' and relatives' homes foraccommodation. This seems to be the reason why visiting friends and relatives ispopular.FIGURE 4.11: FORM OF TOURISM RESPO IDENTS ENGAGED INN = 93 Subjects responded more than once per question

..4.2.12Kinds of places visitedThe respondents were again allowed more than one choice in this question. Onemight have expected the respondents to perhaps choose the countryside as the firstchoice seeing that the respondents are urban dwellers. Contrary to this, more than46 percent ofthe responces indicated that the respondents visited towns and cities.Only about 12 percent responces were given for the countryside (Figure 4.12).FIGURE 4.12:KIND OF PLACES USUALLY VISITEDN = 94 Subjects responded more than once per question51

4.2.13..'-.Form of companyMost ofthe respondents indicated that they travel as a group. This was indicated by40.5 percent ofthe total number ofrespondents. Friends, church groups and sportsgroups were each chosen by 25 percent ofthe respondents (refer to Figure 4.13 andFigure 4.14).Sports groups are those who travel for sports events. Friends also orgamsethemselves into groups when attending sports events. Church groups are the groupsthat attend religious events.Travelling as a group can usually be arranged at a reasonable cost. In the case of agroup ofcolleagues, expenses are usually paid for by the employers when the tripis work related. It is thus not surprising that most respondents preferred travellingas a group.FIGURE 4.13: FORM OF COMPA IV50""40,,"30""20""10""With. partn.r A•• familyAlone With. group Other...FORM OF COMPANY52

,'-TABLE 4.14: TYPE OF GROUP25%20%15%10%5%0% --"-----r--'--,--'-----,---'---.----'--,-.../Colleagues Social Friends Church SportsTYPE OF GROUP4.2.14Length of stayMost respondents spend less than a week on tourism, probably a week-end or a longweek-end. This group forms 47 percent ofthe respondents. These are likely to bepeople visiting friends and relatives, and probably those who attend religiousceremorues.53

,.....Twenty eight and a half percent ofthe respondents indicated that they are usuallyaway from home overnight when touring. The respondents in this category could bethose who attend sports events. This is shown in Figure 4.15.FIGURE 4.15 LEGTH QF STAY4.2.15 Type of accommodation normaUy used by respondentsThe best way to save on accommodation when on tour is to stay with friends andrelatives. This is what most people with a limited income can afford. This is shownby 58.5 percent ofthe respondents. This is the form of accommodation which isused by those who visit friends and relatives. Even those who travel to attend sportsevents usually end up using this form ofaccommodation.54

The respondents who travel for religious purposes are most likely to useaccommodation provided by host. This type of accommodation was chosen by 19percent ofthe respondents (See Figure 2.16).FIGURE 4.16: TYPE OF ACCOMMODATIO. r NORMALLY USED,'\\\F. or R H. Friend's or relative's homesA.P.H.Accommodation provided by host, e.g. hostels and school.4.2.16 Knowledge about tourismAbout 67.5 percent of all the respondents agreed that they know what tourism isand what it entails. TI IS correlates with the reasons given for not travelling, whereonlypercent gave lack ofknowledge as a reason.55

""-To further support their choice, the respondents had to state their knowledge oftourism destinations. Forty seven percent ofthe respondents agreed that they knowquite a large number oftourism destinations in KwaZulu-Natal. 67 percent oftherespondents do not know a large number oftourism destinations in the other eightprovinces. 49 percent of the respondents do not know where to get informationabout tourism. This information is found in Table 2.1 below.TABLE 4.1KNOWLEDGE ABOUT TOURISMKnowledge About Tourism Strongly Agree Undecided Disagree StronglyAgreeDisagreeWhat Towism is21% 46.3% 10% 11% 11.5%Towism destinations in KZN12% 35% 8% 25% 20%Towism destinations in other Provinces2% 19.5% 11.5% 18.% 49%Where infonnation is obtainable 16% 25.5% 9% 11.5% 32%Importance oftourism 39.5% 35% 8% 7.5% 10%The responses show that although the respondents know some tourism destinationsin KwaZulu-Natal, most of them do not know tourism destinations in the otherprovinces. They also do not know where to get information about tourism. Most ofthose who know where to get information about tourism destinations mentioned thetourist function in Durban as a place where they could get information. Othersmentioned newspapers and magazines, libraries and one even mentioned theINTERNET. The total of74 percent ofthe respondents regard tourism as havingan important role to play in their lives.56

4.2.17,"Respondents' perceptions about financial positionHere, the respondents were asked questions about how they view their financialposition. Nineteen percent ofthem agreed that they had enough money for basicnecessities, while only 8.5 percent agreed that they had enough money to spendon tourism. Given enough money, 76 percent ofthe respondents would spend someof it on tourism. This shows that most of the respondents are interested intourism (Table 4.2) but they do not have enough money to spend on it.TABLE 2.2 PERCEPTIONS ABOUT THEIR FINANCIALPOSITIONPerceptions Strongly Agree Undecided Disagree StrongAgreeDisagreeEnough Money for bare necessities 8% 24.5% 6.5% 26% 35%Enough money for tourism 2.5% 6% 13.5% 13.5% 64.5%Willingness to spend on tourism 43.5% 32.5% 9.5% 7.5% 7%4.2.18 Perceptions of crimeOut of all the respondents 51 percent of the respondents feared housebreakingwhile they are away touring. Only 38 percent fear rape. This low percentage on thefear ofrape can be attributed to the fact that the majority ofthe respondents weremales and did not perceive rape as a threat. Fifty percent ofthe respondents feartheft and 68.5 percent fear car hijacking. This is not surprising because mostrespondents prefer using their own cars when touring. Sixty percent fear attacks bythugs (Table 4.3).57

"TABLE 4.3 RESPONDE ITS' FEAR OF CRIMEFrom ofCrime Strongly Agree Undecided Disagree StronglyAgreeDisagreeHousebreaking 19% 32% 9% 16.5% 23.5%Rape 11% 38% 11% 20% 31%Theft 17% 38% 8.5% 19% 17.5%Car Hijacking 32% 36.5% 9.5% 12.5% 9.5%Attacks 18% 42% 10% 15.5% 14.5%4.2.19 Perceptions ofviolenceResponses indicate that 49 percent ofthe respondents do not fear political violence.54.4 percent do not fear faction fights. As many as 52.5 percent, do fear taxiviolence. 1bis seems to be the most feared form ofviolence (Table 2.4). The reasonfor this is that political violence has subsided in the country while there are stillincidents oftaxi violence in some areas.TABLE 4.4 :FEAR OF VIOLE ICEFarms Of Violence Strongly Agree Undecided Disagree StrongAgreeDisagreePolitical Violence 10% 26.5% 14.5% 21.5% 27.5%Faction Fights 3% 22.5% 20% 12% 42.5%Taxi Violence 21.5% 31% 14% 15.5% 18%58

4.2.20·,..Perceptions of accidentsThe table below shows that 62 percent ofthe respondents indicated that they fearedroad accidents. Only 43 percent feared wild animals and 46 percent fear otherforms of accidents like drowning (Table 2.5). Umlazi township residents are notexposed to dangers like drowning in a swimming pool or the sea, falling from amountain and others. The danger that they face everyday is that ofroad accidents.That is probably why they do not perceive the other forms ofaccidents as a threat.TABLE 2.5FEAR OF ACCIDENTSAccidents Strongly Agree Undecided Disagree StrongAgreeDisagreeRoad Accidents 26% 36% 15% 12% 11%Wild animals 5.5% 24.5% 13% 20% 37%Other accidents 9.5% 25% 11.5% 18% 36%4.2.21 Perceptions of other threats like diseasesWhen asked about their fears regarding contagious diseases, bad weatherconditions, hostility and language barriers, it became apparent from the responsesthat what the respondents feared most was contagious diseases. This was shown by44.5 percent ofthe respondents. This could be attributed to the spread ofdiseaseslike AIDS in KwaZulu-Natal. With lack of education people end up beingsuspicious of anything that might expose them to diseases. More than 50 percentofthe respondents indicated that they do not fear bad weather conditions, hostilityand language barriers (Table 2.6).59

..TABLE 2.6: FEAR OF OTHER THREATSOTHER THREATS Strongly Agree Undecided Disagree StrongAgreeDisagreeContagious Diseases 12% 32.5% 13% 10% 32.5%Weather Conditions 4.5% 29.5% 13.5% 13.5% 64.5%Hostility 4.5% 24.5% 16.5% 20.5% 34%Language Barriers 11.5% 28.5% 9% 29% 31%4.3 SUMMARY OF FINDINGSIn relation to the hypotheses in chapter one, the following findings are presented.4.3.1 Hypothesis 1The first hypothesis states that :Lack of finance and lack of knowledge are the main constraints in tourismparticipation among the Dmlazi township residents.In terms ofthe responses an overwhelming percentage gave lack ofmoney as themain reason for not travelling. Even among those who do travel, many ofthem donot agree that they have enough money to spend on tourism, instead a largepercentage ofrespondents stated that they do not have enough money to spend evenon basic necessities like food, clothing, health, shelter and many other necessities.This was shown by twenty six percent who disagreed and thirty five percent whostrongly disagreed that they have money to spend on basic necessities.60

,"-Although very few respondents (only 7 percent) gave lack ofknowledge as a reasonfor not travelling, their knowledge oftourism destinations and information sourcesis not convincing. This gives an impression that the respondents know the conceptof tourism but they do not know where they can go and where to get informationabout tourism destinations. It is also important to note that some people might notknow that they do not know because some of them might not be aware of whattourism really is. They can sometimes confuse tourism With recreation.Othersmight not like to accept that they are ignorant. Because ofthese findings the firsthypothesis is therefore accepted.4.3.2 Hypothesis 2The second hypothesis states that:Fear of crime, violence and accidents are the ether constraints m tourismparticipation among the Umlazi\township residents.The respondents fear all forms of crime, except rape. Among all the crimesmentioned in the questionnaire, car hijacking is the one feared most, followed by thefear oftheft. Housebreaking comes third. Housebreaking is less feared becauserespondents stressed that they would not leave their homes without a person towatch the house.This second hypothesis has also been accepted.61

4.4 CONCLUSIONThe two hypothesis that have been put forth by the researcher have been tested andaccepted.The next chapter will give recommendations based on the findings from theresearch. The recommendations that will be given will be intended to deal with thetourism constraints that are faced by various communities, as it has become evidentthat some communities are faced with various constraints like those faced by theUmlazi township residents.The major constraints as revealed by the study are lack ofmoney - probably due tothe low rate ofemployment in KwaZulu-Natal. The second major constraint is lackof knowledge and awareness which was caused by the exclusion of somecommunities, particularly blacks, from the tourism industry. Lack ofknowledge canalso be the result of the high illiteracy rate in KwaZulu-Natal. The third majorconstraint is the fear of crime. The high crime rate in the whole of South Africaresults in people fearing to venture out and leave their homes for pleasure. Peoplefear that something might happen to them while they are in strange places. Anotherconstraint is the fear of road accidents which is the result of the high rate ofaccidents on the South African roads. All these constraints will be addressed in therecommendations.62

'.CHAPTERSRECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION5.1 INTRODUCTIONFactors that limit people's participation in tourism have been discussed in theprevious chapter. The findings have supported the theoretical assumptions that havebeen put forth. Recommendations should now be discussed on the basis of theresearch findings.The recommendations that will be discussed are not intended to be cut and dryprescriptions but they can be used as guidelines by those concerned about ~matters that are dealt with here.Lack of money, lack of knowledge, fear of crime and fear of accidents wereidentified as the major constraints. The recommendations will focus on these mainconstraints.5.2 RECOMMENDATIO SThe people who are concerned with the state oftourism in this country may benefitfrom the findings that have been presented in this study.The followingrecommendations should thus be considered when dealing with tourism constraintsin the country.63

These recommendations have not been suggested with only the study area in mind,but with all those communities that may be in the same position.5.2.1 FinanceVarious saving schemes can be started by groups of people either as friends,colleagues, families, neighbours, or any other form ofgroup. The schemes shouldbe formed with the specific intention ofsaving for a holiday. The best possible wayofgetting interest without paying much should be investigated by the members.To overcome the problem offinance people can form common interest groups andorganise tours. Tours ofthis kind can be arranged at reasonable cost. Groups likechurch groups, work groups, social groups, sports groups can make use ofthis kindofarrangement and save on transport and accommodation because accommodationfor a group ofpeople can also be arranged at reasonable prices.People with a low income should take advantage ofusing camping as a solution.Camping has the advantage ofbeing one ofthe least expensive forms ofholiday.The government should also provide financial aid to camps in order to ensure thatthe charges are kept as low as possible. The private sector can also operate campsfor the benefit oftheir employees.The private sector should organise incentive tours for their employees. These canbe used to achieve some objective such as rewarding performance. More and morepeople who could otherwise not afford travelling would be offered an opportunityto travel without having to pay.64

There should be joint action among the various provincial governments and travelorganisations in the different provinces in order to promote domestic travel by lowincome groups. This joint action can facilitate travel programmes that would operateon a reciprocal basis.The government should establish special programmes for the unemployed youth inorder to allow them opportunities to travel. Through these programmes the youthcan be offered special prices for travel and accommodation. The unemployed youthcan also be offered jobs in the tourism industry so that they can be exposed totourism while earning money. Youth exchange programmes among the provincescan also benefit the youth and these should be arranged by the various provincialgovernments.5.2.2 KnowledgeProvision ofinformation must be given priority in a country where a majority ofitspeople have been left out oftourism in the past. Government authorities in particularmust give attention to this problem. Tourist information offices must be found in allcommunities not just in towns and cities. Publications that inform people abouttourism must be made freely available to all people. Other bodies like touristorganisations must also give priority to informing people about tourism.The media has an important role to play in disseminating information about tourism.Community radio stations, regional television programmes local newspapers andmany other forms of media should be used to keep communities informed abouttourism in their own communities.65

A balance should be created between promoting tourism for its economic benefitsand promoting tourism for its benefit to the well-being of individuals andcommunities. For as long as emphasis is placed on the economic benefits somepeople will not consider tourism as having any bearing to their lives - and willremain ignorant about tourism. People will pay attention to tourism once they havebeen educated about its social value.5.2.3 CrimePeople should not rely on law enforcement alone ifcrime is to be effectively dealtwith in our communities. Communities should invest in projects which are gearedtowards crime prevention. Social crime prevention must be practised bycommunities in order to deal effectively with crime. This calls for programmes thataim to strengthen families, schools, and other institutions in the community. The aimofsuch programmes would be to influence every member ofthe community againstcrime. This can be achieved by incorporating prevention strategies into socialpolicies such as those concerned with education.In order to realise the potential ofthese programmes attention has to be given tosupporting families, investing in children like in the case ofthe Nelson Mandelachildrens' fund. and reconstructing families.This is important because manyfamilies have been destroyed by the political situation that has been prevailing in thepast.This approach to crime can succeed with the assistance of different services andprogrammes such as the fund mentioned above.66

. • ..These programmes need not be those directly concerned with crime prevention.They can beprogrammes for family support, neighbourhood development,recreation programmes and many others.It is imperative for communities to initiate projects to prevent crime. These projectsare important because not all types ofcrime can necessarily be solved by policing.Crime in poor communities can often be traced to socio-economic circumstances.These cannot be addressed by living everything to the shoulders ofthe police. Also,causes of crime must be desegregated for preventive intentions to succeed.Particular types ofcrime have different causes and these may vary from communityto community. Each community therefore, requires its own specific solutions.Community projects should be aimed at reducing the factors that are conducive toparticular types ofcrimes, for example, crimes committed to tourists.Opportunities for young people have a potential in reducing the number ofyoungpeople who drift into crime. There is a widespread belief that sports, social andrecreation programmes will divert energies. All the sports, social and recreationfacilities and infrastructure must be provided in the areas that have been neglectedin the past.The risk ofdrifting into crime is high ifa person is not employed. The governmentmust run youth employment initiatives. This can be done by initiating remedialeducation programmes, vocational training programmes and even paid workexperience for the youth.Government must provide counselling services for the victims ofcrime so that thefear of crime can be addressed.67

5.2.4 AccidentsSome potential tourists are scared to leave their homes for a holiday because ofthehigh rate ofroad accidents.The Government has a duty to protect its citizens against road accidents. It shouldinvest in properly trained and well equipped police staffwho will deal will offenderson the roads. Vehicles with sophisticated video cameras such as the ones used insome overseas countries should also be provided.Campaigns like arrive alive, siyabakhumbula, drive alive should be encouraged andshould continue all year round. All provinces must be active in this regard. Centralgovernment, provincial governments and local governments must all concernthemselves with such campaigns.5.3 CONCLUSIONTourism is regarded as a luxury by those people who cannot afford even the barenecessities. The constraints that hinder them from tourism participation are the sameconstraints that hinder them in many aspects oftheir daily lives. In most cases, theyare not even aware ofthese constraints from the tourism point ofview. Problemslike lack ofmoney are just problems that they have to face everyday.When looking at tourism constraints from this angle, it appears that the solutions tolack of participation in tourism cannot be solved by concentrating only on theaspects that are directly linked with tourism.68

'.Tourism as a social phenomenon is affected by all those problems that affect peoplein their social well-being. Solutions will thus be sought where solutions for othersocial problems can be found.It becomes apparent from these recommendations that every stakeholder must getinvolved in eliminating tourism constraints. The communities, tourist organisations,the private sector, local governments, provincial governments and the nationalgovernment must all work together to make tourism accessible to every SouthAfrican citizen. This will benefit individuals as well as the country as a whole.69

BIBLIOGRAPHYAdejuwon, F.1. 1992: Motivation for freedom of movement in the year 2000.Association Intemationale d'Experts Scientijiques du Tourisme.Vol 47 (4) 27-29.,/Butler, R. and Hinch, 1. (Eds.) 1996 : Tourism and indigenous peoples. London:International Thomas Business Press.Chidester, D. 1992: Religious ofSouth Africa. London: Routledge.Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism 1996: White Paper: thevdevelopment andpromotion oftourism in South Africa. Pretoria:Government Printer.Forster, D.L. 1995: First Class: An introduction to travel and tourismNew York: McGraw-Hill.ilbert, R. (Ed.) 1996: Studying society and environment: a handbookforteachers. Melbourne: Macmillan.'-Glanz, L. 1989:Crime in South Africa: perceptions, fears and victimization.Pretoria : HSRC.~Glanz, L. 1993: Managing crime in the New South Africa: selected readings.Pretoria: HSRC.70

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,-/ '-.Ryan, C. 1991: Recreation tourism: a social science perspective. London:Routledge.egien, R. R. 1985: Recreationfor better living. Suisan City: Angel Press.Theobold, W. 1994: Global tourism: the next decade. Oxford; Butterworths-Heineman.Townsend, M. 1991: The rebounditlg wave: Umlazi land invasions.1987 -1990. Durban: University ofNatal.Van Harssel 1. (1994) Tourism: an exploration. Englewood Cliffs : Prentice Hall.Wilkinson, P. 1993: Policy study oftraveller safety.Tourism Council.The World Travel and./WilIiams, AL. and Shaw, G. 1991: Tourism and economic development: WestemEuropean experiences. London: Belhaven Press.Warden N. 1994: The makingofmodem South Africa: conquest, segregationand apartheid.Orford : BlackwelI.73

APPENDIX AQUESTIONNAIRETOURISM CONSTRAINTS OF UMLAZI TOWNSHIP RESIDENTSPlease respond to the questions by ticking the appropriate blocks to indicate theresponse applicable to you. The information in this questionnaire is for researchpmposes only. All the responses will be treated as confidential and identities are notrequired.74

"A. PERSONAL PARTICULARSPlease indicate with a tick in the appropriate block.1. Age16 - 25 Years 0126 - 35 Years 0236 - 45 Years 0346 - 55 Years 04Over 55 Years 052. Personal income per monthRI 500 and below 01RI 501 - R2 500 02R2 501 - R3 500 03R3 501 - R4 500 04R4 501 and above 05I

"'-.3. Kind ofworkNon-economically active 01Professional, semi-professional, technical occupations 02Managerial, executive and administrative occupations 03Clerical and sales occupations 04Transport, delivery ofcommunication occupations 05Service occupations 06Production supervision and related occupations 074. Sex_-------.,1lOllffiJFemaleIMM,5. Marital statusSingle 01Married 02Divorced 03Widowed 042

6. Number ofdependantsNone 01One 02Two - three 03Four - five 04More than five 05B. GE ERAL1. Do you ever travel for tourism purposes?2. Reasons for not travellingLack ofk:nowledge 01Lack ofmoney 02Fear ofcrime 03Fear ofaccidents 04Other reasons (please specify)................. 05/3

3. Frequency oftravelAbout once or more than once a year 01About once in about two years 02About once in about three years 03Other (please specify) ............................. 044. Mode oftransport used when touringOwn car 01Taxi 02Bus 03Train 04Aeroplane 055. Form oftourism usually engaged inEducational '\ 01Religious 02Sport 03Leisure and recreation 04Visiting friends and relatives 1\ 054

6. Kind ofplaces usually visitedSeaside resorts 01Towns and cities 02Countryside 03Ancient monuments & historic sites 04Archaeological sites 05Industrial sites 06Theme and amusement parks 07Wild life attractions 087. Form ofcompanyAlone 01With a partner 02["ColiWith a group 03f-socifiiAs a family 04 rchOther (please specifY)............. 05lspoeaguesalendsurch9. Length oftime usually spentOvernight 01Less than a week 02About one week 03About two weeks 04About a month 055

'.10. Type ofaccommodation normally usedHotel 01Motel 02Caravan park 03Friends' or relatives' homes 04Accommodation provided by host, e.g. hostel, school 05C. KNOWLEDGE ABOUT TOURISMRespond to the following questions using the following rating scale:1Strongly agree2=Agree 3 = Undecided4Disagree5=Strongly disagree, 1. I feel that I really know what tourism is and what it entails1_1_1_2_1_3_1_4_1_5---J·2. I know a large number oftourism destinations in KwaZulu -NatalI_I_'_2_1_3_1_4_1_5_6

,'-3. I know about tourism destinations in the other eight provinces.1_1_1_2_1_3_..1...-14_1_5------'4. I know where to get information about tourism in South Africa.1_1_1_2_1_3_---'-1_4_1_5----.J5. I am aware that tourism has an important role to play in my life.1,--1_1_2_1_3_1_4_1_5------J6. Ifyou wanted information, where would you go to get it?D. FI ANCE1. I have enough money to spend on basic necessities like food, clothing andother necessities.1_1_1_2-------,.1_3_1_4_1_5_2. I have enough money to spend on tourism.1_1_1_2_1_3_1_4_1,---5_7

3. Given enough money, I would spend some ofit on tourism.E. CRIMEI_I_1_2_1_3_----'--14_---11_5_1. Sometimes I fear that my house may be broken into while I am away touring.1,--1_1_2_1_3_----'--14_---11_5_2. Sometimes I fear that my family or myselfmay be raped while touring.1,--1_1_2_1_3_----1..1_4_1_5_3. Sometimes I fear that my possessions (e.g. cameras, binoculars, radios,jewellery) might be stolen while I am touring.1,--1_1_2_1_3---,-14_1_5------'4. Sometimes I fear theat my car might be hijacked while I am touring.1_1_----'--1_2_1_3_..1...-14_1_5-..J5. Sometimes I fear that I might be attacked by thugs while touring.8

'-F. VIOLENCE1. I fear that I may encounter political violence while I am touring.1_1_1_2_1_3_-,--14_-,--15_2. I fear that I may encounter faction fights while I am touring.1,-1_1_2_1_3_-L14_--I.1_5_3. I fear that I may encounter taxi violence while I am touring.G. ACCIDENTS',--I_1_2_1_3--------L1_4----1--15_1 . I fear that I may get involved in a road accident while I am touring.2. I fear that I may be attacked by wild animals while I am touring.15Is9

"3. 1fear that 1may be involved in other forms ofaccidents like drowning in aswimming pool or faIling from a mountain while 1 am touring.1,--1_..1.-12_1_3_1_4_1_5_H. OTHER1. Diseases1fear that 1may contact contagious diseases like malaria and bilharzia, while1am touring.2. Weather conditions1,---1_1....-12_1,---3_1,--4_1_5_1fear 1may encounter bad weather conditions like floods and snow, while 1am touring.1,---1_-L-I2_.....J...13__1_4_1_5__3. Hostility1fear that my hosts might be hostile towards me while 1 am touring.1_1_-L-I2_.....J...13__1_4_1_5_10

4. Language barriersI fear that I may encounter language problems while I am touring.11