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Progress Report2004–2005Edited byPedro W. CrousRobert A. SamsonandRichard C. SummerbellCentraalbureau voor SchimmelculturesFungal Biodiversity CentreAn Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences1

Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures - Fungal Biodiversity Centre.Visiting and courier address: Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.Postal address: P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands.Telephone +31 (0)30 2122600. Telefax +31 (0)30 2512097. Email: info@cbs.knaw.nlHomepage: http://www.cbs.knaw.nl2

CONTENTSPreface 4Structure and Research Programmes 7The Collection 8Research ProgrammesEvolutionary Phytopathology 13Origins of Pathogenicity in Clinical Fungi 17Yeast and Basidiomycete Research 20Applied and Industrial Mycology 24Programmes, Themes and Projects 28Scientifi c Output (2004–2005) 33Contract Research and Services 51Finance and Staff 54CBS Publications 2004–2005 56Popular Scientifi c Activities 573

PrefaceThe CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, also known asthe Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, is oneof 17 institutes of the Royal Netherlands Academyof Arts and Sciences (RNAAS). The CBS is uniquein its scope and international significance, curatingthe world’s most diverse living collection of fungi.The collection, which grows at approximately 3000strains per year, includes organisms of crucialimportance to diverse sectors of industry, as well asto agriculture and medicine. In our previous biennialreport (May, 2003), we adopted the motto to Collect,Study and Preserve. Two years have gone by,and it is thus prudent to reflect on our vision andmission, and simultaneously assess what we haveaccomplished to date.To Collect Biodiversity: In the Studies of Mycologyvolume 50, David Hawksworth provided fresharguments for his original estimate of 1.5 millionspecies of fungi (now accepted by many as a vastunderestimate), and drew our attention to the factthat of the 7% of these species that are currentlyknown from scientific description (approximately100 000 species), only a subset amounting to 16%are known from culture, i.e., 1.1% of the originalestimated 1.5 million species. Although the CBScollection expands more rapidly than any other,similar genetic resource centre in the world, one couldask what new projects have been initiated to furtherpromote the collection of the “silent majority” of asyet unknown and uncultured fungi? To address thisconcern, the CBS, in collaboration with Agricultureand Agri-Food Canada, will officially launch theFungal Planet (www.fungalplanet.org), which willaim to add a further 1% to the world’s currentlyknown fungal biodiversity, by describing 1000 newspecies of fungi. The concept is that descriptionsof new taxa will be published and distributed ona monthly basis, and will be freely available onthe web. They will also be linked via MycoBankto vouchers in herbaria, DNA banks, and culturecollections world-wide. With this initiative, we hopeto highlight the world’s incredible fungal diversity,and to underline the importance of funding fungalbiodiversity research. A major aim is to link fungito their environment, i.e. the ecosystems wherethey occur. High quality digital colour photographscapturing the essence of each collection site asan environment are thus a prerequisite for thepublication of each species description. The BigBook of Fungi, “Fungal Planet” will be compiledusing material selected from the descriptions, aswell as unpublished illustrations and text intendedto provide a broad perspective on fungi. Our goalis to produce a book with a compelling design, aswell as one full of stimulating concepts that can be4used to market mycology as a serious componentof biodiversity.To Study Biodiversity: The CBS has chosen toestablish various online databases via its uniqueBioloMICS software. A good example of such adatabase can be found by consulting MycoBank(www.MycoBank.org), where names of all newfungal taxa published in reputable journals will bedeposited, along with the corresponding descriptions,illustrations, and voucher information (for herbariumspecimens, DNA sequences and banked DNAspecimens, cultures, literature citations, etc.). TheCBS has chosen for a more public engagementwith science, and is thus establishing researchprogrammes to address issues of relevance tosociety. A good example of this is the inception ofnew postdoctoral positions for the creation of DNAbarcodes to facilitate rapid recognition of fungiin various sectors such as agriculture, medicine,indoor air and food microbiology. CBS will strivefor a situation where it will have a DNA sequenceand barcode for each strain in the collection. Thisproject has been initiated by means of financialsupport of the RNAAS, but will need considerableadditional funding to attain the goal stated. As anofficial partner of the Consortium for the Barcode ofLife (CBoL), the CBS has chosen to add DNA datato its identifications in its striving to attain a goldstandard in fungal identification, and to promotea better understanding of ecological interactionswhere microorganisms play a role. CBS also strivesto support and participate in international venturesaimed at attaining this goal, such as the US NationalScience Foundation (NSF)-funded Assembling theFungal Tree of Life (AFToL) project.To Preserve Biodiversity: Since our previous biennialreport, the genetic resource centre has beenexperiencing a phase of rapid expansion. Althoughthis is partly due to policy, it is also due to the fact thatthe CBS is emerging as an international collectionof choice both for mycologists and for editors ofhigh impact journals promoting the preservationof the critical voucher material and DNA extractsupon which important published identificationsare based. The original mandate of CBS, when itwas officially established in 1904, was based on arecommendation of the Association Internationaledes Botanistes that an international repositorymust be established for fungal cultures. Soon, thismandate was broadened to include biosystematicresearch, and the collection and its research groupwere for several decades the twin pillars of CBS.In the last two years, to further strengthen thecollection and international biosystematic research

on fungi, we have established MycoBank (www.MycoBank.org), the registry of new taxon names,and also have begun actively to collaborate withCABI Bioscience and Landcare New Zealand inthe curation of both existing and new fungal names(www.speciesfungorum.org), linking these to uniqueLife Science Identifi ers (LSIDs), which are suppliedto GBIF. Via its MycoBank and Mycoheritage (www.cbs.knaw.nl/mycoheritage) sites CBS will be makinga steadily increasing number of descriptions andillustrations available for existing names. In thecoming period we will be actively developing andfurther improving the MycoBank software in anattempt to provide a further improved and updatedservice to society. CBS has also chosen for openaccess to scientifi c information. This policy givesthe internet user maximal access not only toCBS databases, but also to its journal, Studies inMycology (www.cbs.knaw.nl/simonline), which isnow published in full colour.In the coming two years CBS will be playing anincreasingly active role in EU research programmes,striving to promote mycology and science for globalpublic good. We will be actively expanding ourculture and DNA databases, and will be establishingadditional databases for specifi c fungal groups ofinterest. CBS will also take active steps to becomea major training ground for young mycologists, arole that will be promoted by strengthening theinteraction with top-ranking Dutch universitiesas well as international research bodies. In ourprevious report I mentioned that CBS representsa wonderful scientifi c opportunity as a living fungalDNA bank. Young mycologists should make it partof their education to visit the CBS. If you are withinthe EU, you could apply to SYNTHESYS (www.synthesys.info) for fi nancial support to facilitatesuch a research visit. If you are in the U.S.A.,your research professor’s NSF grant will makeit possible to obtain fi nancial support for such avisit, as CBS is a member of CETAF (Consortiumof European Taxonomic Facilities), which has anexisting exchange with the NSF. If you are a studentin a developing country, consult the web page ofthe Academy (www.knaw.nl), or contact us to hearabout possible collaborative ventures.Lets make the link, lets promote our sciencetogether!Pedro W. CrousDirector,Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures,an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy ofArts and Sciences (CBS-RNAAS)5

Research collaboration(see Programmes, Themes and Projects section for details).76

Structure and Research ProgrammesThe CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre is an instituteof biosystematics. The primary aim of its researchprogrammes is to enhance its unique living collectionof fungi by adding valuable new data and cultures.CBS has chosen to transform itself from simplybeing the international culture collection of choiceto being the trendsetter and gold standard ofmycology.Our core business is the collection, and this isthe aspect we must be the best at. Our researchprogrammes should therefore add value to thecollection. Each research programme consists ofseveral projects. While some projects represent“discovery science”, focusing on discoveringbiodiversity, others are focused on understandingprocesses, and thus on striving to unravelmetabolomic, proteomic or genomic complexitiesof specifi c fungal groups or species. Additionalinformation about these projects can be foundfurther on in this document under the descriptions ofspecifi c research programmes.CBS is an active partner in numerous nationaland international collaborative projects. We aim touse these projects to broaden our scope not justin biosystematic studies but also to in the studyof functional fungal biodiversity. As a partner ofthe Consortium for European Taxonomic Facilities(CETAF), CBS is one of the member institutes thatwere successful in obtaining funding from an EUproject facilitating scientifi c exchange; the resultingprogram, called SYNTHESYS, subsidizes systematicresearchers from the EU and EU-accession countrieswho want access to the collection and its facilities(www.synthesys.info). Another EU application thatwas awarded has funded the development of aEuropean Distributed Institute of Taxonomy (EDIT).Within EDIT, the main task for CBS as a partner ofthe Netherlands Biodiversity Information Network(NL-BIF) concerns the establishment of an Europeannetwork to facilitate the DNA barcoding of life. CBSalso represents the Netherlands in a programdeveloped by the Organisation for Economic Cooperationand Development (OECD), the “BiologicalResource Centres” task force of the Working Partyon Biotechnology. In addition, CBS as a partnerwithin NL-BIF forms a component of the GlobalBiodiversity Information Network (GBIF).Research programmes have their own themesand projects. The collection, online databases, andnewly established DNA Bank serve all researchprogrammes, and together represent the main publicand scientifi c interface of CBS.↔↔Evolutionary PhytopathologyYeast and BasidiomyceteResearchOrigins of Pathogenicity inClinical FungiApplied and Industrial Mycology↔The Collection↔7

The CollectionThe CBS Collection of Fungi has more than 50 000 strains in its public collection, making it the largest mycologicalculture collection in the world. CBS is unchallenged as a reference collection for mycological research, aspractically all groups of the Fungal Kingdom that can be cultured are represented. In 2005, researchers from48 countries ordered strains from our institute. CBS strains are also selected for DNA sequencing projects inthe framework of global initiatives, such as the Fungal Tree of Life and DNA Barcoding. The CBS BacterialCollection consists of another 10 000 strains, including a unique Plasmid and Phage Collection. The highquality of CBS strains is ensured by the practice of having identities and typical features authenticated byCBS specialists. Our constant endeavour to document scientifi c and other data with the strains increasesthe value of the collection to the scientifi c community. Much attention is given to increasing and improvingour web-services, not only by digitizing publications, but also by allowing clients to use various types ofcollection data. CBS has developed web-based polyphasic identifi cation for specifi c groups such as yeastsand Phaeoacremonium species, and plans to extend this to include additional economically important groups.Moreover, CBS developed MycoBank, an on-line registration system for new fungal taxonomic names, as anovel service for mycology. In its most recent external peer review, the CBS Collection was rated as “excellent”.In the period of 2004–2005, CBSacquired over 5000 strains, manyof them belonging to speciesnot yet represented in the CBScollections, including manytaxa entirely new to science.In the restricted collection,38 new patent deposits were8incorporated. In total, CBS nowholds 944 Budapest Treatydeposits, and 263 maintenanceor safe deposits. The collectionof Dr K. Hyde (University of HongKong) which contains many typestrains, was incorporated in 2004.In the past, CBS has adoptedseveral specialized collectionsthat had become poorly supportedor orphaned elsewhere becauseof the retirement of specialistsor because institutional policieshad changed. Safe-keepingthe important strains from suchcollections for future use is apriority for CBS.In some cases, fungi arespecifi cally preserved in orderto rescue a threatened organismwith which these fungi areassociated. For example, in2005 CBS incorporated isolatesof a basidiomycetous funguswhich is regarded as the naturalmycobiont of Platantheraholochila, a nearly extinct orchidfrom Hawaii. The taxonomy of thefungus is still under investigation.Researchers are hoping to utilizethe preserved strains in a future

ecovery programme for thisorchid, which is currently thoughtto be represented in nature byonly 2–3 dozen plants. To reestablishthe orchid in securehabitats, protocorms will have tobe raised, and these embryonicorchids are completely dependenton successful infection with themycobiont.CBS preserves practically all ofits strains in metabolically inactivecondition, in order to ensurethat the microorganisms arepreserved as much as possiblein the pristine original condition inwhich were collected or received.The most important preservationmethods are cryopreservationand freeze-drying (lyophilisation).For both methods, cutting-edgeequipment is available. Almostall strains are cryopreservedand stored in liquid nitrogencontainers. In recent yearsCBS has installed gas-phasecontainers, in which the strainsare stored in a dynamic gas phasemaintained by a constant fl ow ofcold gas from above, resulting intemperatures that are constantlybelow -180 °C even at the top ofthe containers. In conventionalstatic phase containers this is notthe case, and temperature canrise to about -120 °C, which isabove the minimum temperaturefor potentially damaging wateractivity. Most yeasts and bacterialstrains, and about 60 % of thenon-yeast fungal strains are alsopreserved in a freeze-dried state.CBS uses state-of-the-art freezedryingequipment, such as Christ-Epsilon 2-80. Some recalcitrantorganisms fail to reliably remainalive after freeze-drying andcryopreservation; these strainsstill need to be maintained inactively growing condition onagar. However, over the pasttwo years the number of fungalstrains requiring maintenanceon agar was further reduced toabout 3000.CBS uses software developedin-house to manage storage,stock control, order-handling and6000050000400003000020000100000invoicing. The results of all controlchecks made on the strains overthe years are recorded, allowingus to monitor the quality of eachstrain. Scientifi c information onthe strains is also recorded, as iselaborated below in the section onbioinformatics and databasing.Research projects andcollaborationsDNA Barcoding of yeasts andfilamentous fungiThe CBS collection currentlycontains over 5000 ex-typeand authentic strains of yeastsand fi lamentous fungi. An extypestrain fi xes the undisputedapplication of a fungal name,while other strains that havebeen authenticated by aspecialist also serve as referencematerial for the identifi cation of afungal taxon. These strains arebecoming increasingly importantnow that retiring taxonomists areDistribution of CBS clients.Developments in the Collection of Fungi and Yeasts1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005TotalLNLYAGseldom replaced by expertson fungal identifi cation. CBSinitiated a project in 2001 aimingat sequencing selected ribosomalDNA regions (the ITS1, 5.8S,ITS2 and 26S rDNA [D1,D2]regions) of all its ex-type strains,including those now consideredto be redundantly described(synonymous species names).This project will be continuedin the framework of DNABarcoding under the auspices ofa partnership with the Coalitionfor the Barcode of Life (CBOL).Barcodes are thoroughly qualitycontrolledtaxon-specifi c DNAsequences. They will be linked tothe strains in the CBS database,and through BioloMICS softwareto MycoBank, the databasefor new fungal names. CBSwill thus be able to providean unprecedented service toresearchers in need of rapid andcorrect DNA-based identifi cationsfor their isolates. Starting in2006, postdoctoral candidates9

in the new DNA Barcodingteam at CBS will barcode achallenging diversity of fungalorganisms. Emphasis will begiven to economically importantgroups such as phytopathogensand medically and industriallyimportant fi lamentous fungiand yeasts. Many taxa will besequenced for the fi rst time, andthe data obtained will furtherphylogenetic and taxonomicresearch on several importantfungal groups. These studies willalso contribute to further Tree ofLife projects.Additionally…• In the interlinked fi eldsof functional genomics andbioinformatics, a project is inprogress in which completefungal genomes are beingcompared in order to elucidatephylogenetic and functionaltrends. The intention is to linkevolution with the development10and modifi cation of particularmetabolic and ontogeneticfunctions. For this project, novelsoftware modules have beendeveloped that allow us to obtainan improved understanding ofgene expression in the organismsstudied.• The Netherlands government(Ministry of Housing, SpatialPlanning and the Environment[VROM]) has made CBSresponsible for routine testingaimed at detecting anyaccidental release of microbialcontamination in laboratoriesworking with genetically modifi edorganisms.• The EU MOSAICS project,which aimed at the implementationof the international Conventionon Biological Diversity wasconcluded. In a workshoporganized by the networkorganization European CultureCollections, the adoption of amaterial transfer agreement andconditions were accepted.• Recent concern aboutterrorism have strongly increasedthe interest of politicians in culturecollections. Attention is being paidto the organisms we maintainand curate, and to the way thedistribution of these organismsis managed, with special focuson the security measurementsinstituted to prevent undesireduse. For these reasons CBSparticipates in the OECD WorkingParty on Biotechnology, dealingwith issues related to biosecurity(bioterrorism) in the context ofthe development of a globalBiological Resource Centre.• Together with G. Cardinali(DBVBAZ, Università degliStudi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy),a collaborative project wasinitiated to evaluate the feasibilityof using the Fourier transforminfrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)as diagnostic tool for yeastidentifi cation.• In 2005, V. Robert, M.Th.Smith (both from CBS) and H.-M. Daniel (MUCL, UniversityCatholique de Louvain, Louvainla-Neuve,Belgium) were invitedby the Life Sciences Departmentof Springer-Verlag to edit atwo-volume handbook entitled“Yeast Taxonomy”. More thanone thousand species will bedescribed and documented inthis publication that forms part of“The Yeast Handbook” series ofthe publisher. The two volumesare expected to be published in2007.• The Netherlands CultureCollection of Bacteria (NCCB),which is also housed at CBS,expanded with 39 wild-type,several acetic acid and lactic acidbacteria, and seven type strains ofrecently described new species. Atotal of 22 bacterial patent straindeposits were received accordingto the Budapest Treaty, and fi vesafe deposits were accepted inthe restricted collection. Morethan 300 bacterial strains weredistributed externally.

Bioinformatics anddatabasingBesides documenting its ownstrains and supplying an on-linecatalogue, CBS is involved inseveral projects aiming at makingthe institute the web-basedmycological expertise centre ofthe world. One of these is theIndex Fungorum partnership,which makes CBS togetherwith CABI Bioscience (U.K.)and Landcare Research (NewZealand) the custodians of thefungal nomenclatural databaseIndex Fungorum. This database,which is freely available tothe community, containsapproximately 360 000 names.Each record is now assigned anLSID (Life Sciences Identifi er)with the following structure: urn:lsid:indexfungorum.org:names:nnnnnn. Much effort is investedin improving the quality of thedata. A list of verifi ed pre-1832names has been added and the“Sydow lists” (lists published byH. P. Sydow) representing alltaxonomic novelties published inthe years 1895–1918 have beendigitized and supplemented.These lists contain about 35 000names.As mentioned above, CBS in2005 launched a new initiativecalled MycoBank, designed tobe an on-line registration systemfor mycological nomenclaturalnovelties. Authors are asked todeposit new names (new taxa andnew combinations) in MycoBank,together with descriptions andillustrations. These names arechecked by a programme againstthe nomenclatural databankto verify their uniqueness, andare checked by specialists onnomenclatural correctness asper the International Code ofBotanical Nomenclature. Eachname is given a unique MycoBanknumber that can be used in thepublication, and also servesas its LSID. Collaboration withIndex Fungorum prevents doubleissuance of LSID identifi ers.Several important mycologicaljournals have already agreed tomake this procedure obligatoryfor their authors, while others arecurrently considering followingsuit. New software developmentsdesigned to enable mycologiststo deposit data and illustrationsfrom diverse locations worldwideare currently underway.“NWO-groot:” large-scalesupport from the NationalScience Organisation (NWO),the NetherlandsIn 2005 the digitalisationproject of the four major Dutchtaxonomic institutes (Naturalis,National Herbarium Netherlands[NHN], Amsterdam UniversityZoological Museum [ZMA] andCBS) fi nanced by NWO startedto digitize millions of herbariumspecimens, and also to producespecies banks for ecologicallyimportant groups of organisms.The Database ManagersCommittee controlling the processis chaired by CBS. The data for the20 000 specimens present in theCBS herbarium have now beendigitized. A concept for a newservice referred to as “speciesbanks” is being developed. Asa pilot project, species banksare foreseen for three groups offungi: (1) the important group ofplant parasitic fungi classifi ed inthe Mycosphaerella complex withits anamorphs, (2) the medicallyimportant fungi included in thedefi nitive CBS publication Atlasof Clinical Fungi and (3) themembers of the Aspergillus-Penicillium complex. Speciesbanks are planned to encompassdescriptions, illustrations,sequences, a morphological dataset, software to allow polyphasicidentifi cation and links to relateddatabases and websites (e.g.PubMed, GenBank etc.).Online publicationsCBS continues to bring itspublications online. Previously,this was done in collaborationwith the University of Utrecht andthe Royal Netherlands Academyof Sciences information instituteNIWI, but in 2005 the managementof CBS information was movedin-house. New volumes of thejournal Studies in Mycology arenow published simultaneously onthe Web and on paper, while over20 previously published volumeshave been placed on-line. Therelevant data from these bookshave also been transferred intothe CBS descriptions database.MycoheritageBioheritage is a new initiative ofSYNTHESIS to make importantold works available throughthe Internet. CBS supports this11

initiative through its new site“Mycoheritage”, in which classicmycological works are displayed.A priority has been given toworks containing illustrationsthat give insight into the historicaltaxonomic concepts devisedby the great-grandfathers ofMycology - for example Persoon,Fries and Saccardo. The onlinepublication of the fi rst volumeof Sowerby’s “Coloured Figuresof English Fungi” (1797) http://www.cbs.knaw.nl/mycoheritage/highlights this new CBS concept.Additional books are currentlybeing data-entered.“Het Nederlands soortenregister”- a list of species occurring inthe Netherlands - is an initiativeof the Ministry of Agriculture,Nature Conservation andFishery (familiar Dutch acronymLNV), which requested thatCBS, in collaboration with theDutch Mycological Society,provide the names of the fungiand oomycetes known to occurin the Netherlands. For themicrofungi such a list had to bedeveloped from scratch. An initialversion was produced in 2005 incollaboration with the nationalPlant Quarantine Service (PD) inWageningen.12The CBS databasesare defi nitely highlyappreciated. A useranalysis has indicated thatthe numbers of visitors whoactually perform a search(thus not merely the numberof hits, which average10 000 per day!) in theIndex Fungorum is about30.000 per month. TheAphyllophorales databaseprocesses about 1000search requests per month.The yeast database, whichprovides both informationand also an interactive,polyphasic identifi cation tool(via BioloMICS software),is regularly used by morethan 7000 researchers from96 countries (see fi gurebelow). A new collaborationwith a goal of creating severaldatabases related to fungalhuman pathogens was initiatedin 2005 with W. Meyer (Universityof Sydney, Westmead Hospital,Sydney, Australia) and will bepursued until 2007. The goalof this project (Australian grant#352303; Title: “Phylogeny as abasis for molecular identifi cationof pathogenic fungi”) is toallow Internet users to performonline polyphasic identifi cationsthat include morphological,physiological, electrophoreticand sequence data.DNA Bank (NL-Bank)Members of the TaxonomicFacilities in the Netherlands (NL-TAF) network are in need of acentral DNA bank to store theDNA extracted during currentand future phylogenetic and DNAbarcoding research projects.DNA extraction from specimensand cultures is time-consumingand costly, while curation ofthe samples so obtained oftenhas a very low priority in dayto-daypractice of the molecularbiological labs. However, whenextracts are properly and centrallystored, much unnecessaryrepetition can be avoided. NL-TAF members have agreed tostore their samples in a centralDNA bank, NL-Bank, at CBS,which is the member institutethat has the best developedfacilities and expertise relatedboth to handling the databasesinvolved, and to shippingbiological material, includingmaterial derived from pathogenicorganisms, according to the verystringent international regulationsthat govern such procedures. TheRoyal Netherlands Academy ofSciences has provided start-upfunding, and additional funding iscurrently being actively sought.NL-Bank will also provide aservice for researchers whoprefer genomic DNA extractsto biological specimens, livingcultures, or tissue samples. Inaddition, NL-Bank will facilitatestorage of DNA of extremely rareor endangered taxa. Therefore,in cases where living species orgenotypes become extinct, or incases where extremely rare orancient specimens yield useableDNA, ongoing research can beperformed based on use of thestored DNA.

Evolutionairy PhytopathologyThe importance of producing food suffi cient in quality and quantity remains paramount for sustaining qualityof life. Inadvertent introductions of phytopathogenic fungi have had dire consequences to nature and tocultivated crops on various continents in the past. The economic impact of such introductions can be seenin yield loss and in increased input costs for cultivation and disease control, as well as in social impact. Tocombat these diseases on an international scale, it is important to clarify whether the same species andgenotypes occur in various countries, since each different species and genotype can be expected to havedifferent patterns of attack, as well as different responses to fungicides and to climatological conditions. Withsuch pathogens, it is also important to know what their host ranges and mating strategies are, and how thisrelates to different disease control mechanisms. The global movement of agricultural and forestry produce isinextricably cross-linked, and will continue to be so in future. Knowing which pathogens occur where and onwhat crops facilitates trade in agricultural produce. In this programme, we address these economically vitalmatters by investigating the speciation and host adaptation of various important phytopathogenic fungi.Host specificity andspeciation in MycosphaerellaThousands of ascomycetousfungal species are included inthe genus Mycosphaerella, whichhas been linked to diseaseson most genera of plants. Mostspecies have been describedon the assumption that they arehighly host-specifi c, and thatdifferent plant hosts harbourdifferent fungal species. WithCercospora leaf spot of sugar beet.the implementation of molecularphylogeny as the basis of moderntaxonomy, host relationships andspecifi city can now be tested.A major aim of our researchis to determine how exclusivethe host-pathogen relationshipof Mycosphaerella species is.Investigations based on genomicanalysis are in progress on fungalspecies from a wide range ofplant hosts. Mycosphaerella hasbeen linked to numerous asexualreproductive states that may haveevolved into exclusively asexualspecies. Such asexual formswere often diffi cult to trace to asexual ancestor and were thushistorically placed in separategenera. One such example isthe genus Cercospora, whichrepresents several thousandnames, of which roughly athousand can be recognisedbased on morphology. A morediffi cult problem concerns thecelery pathogen, Cercosporaapii, which has close to 300morphologically indistinguishablesynonyms, collectively referredto as the C. apii sensu lato (=C. apii “in the broad sense”)species complex. A multi-genesequence comparison of close to100 species in this complex hasrevealed, however, that C. apiisensu lato consists of severalfunctional species that aremorphologically indistinguishablefrom one another. Cercosporabeticola, an important pathogenof sugar beet in Europe, is onesuch example, and is used asmodel to study variation andspeciation within Cercospora.The genus Cercospora appearsto be largely asexual: very fewspecies have been reported tohave Mycosphaerella states. Toinvestigate this matter further,mating type probes weredeveloped to screen populationsof C. beticola, C. apii, C. zeaemaydis(on maize), and twonewly described species, C.apiicola (on celery), and C. zeina13

Mycosphaerella species in culture.(on maize). The results of thisscreening indicate that somespecies are undergoing crypticsex, and probably have functionalMycosphaerella teleomorphs thathave yet to be found, while othersappear to be truly asexual.A similar DNA phylogenyapproach has also been used toinvestigate the evolution and interrelationshipsof Mycosphaerellaspecies causing defoliationand deformation of varioushosts. These include speciesoccurring on Pinus, Eucalyptus,Acacia (cultivated for timber,paper and pulp industries), Olea(olives), Protea (cut-flowers),and Musa (eating and cookingbananas). Numerous species ofMycosphaerella were found tobe associated with the Sigatokadisease complex of banana.Several of these species appearto be confined to certain regions,while others were more globalin distribution. The possibilityof interaction and hybridizationamong these species is beinginvestigated. Specific TaqManprobes have been developed incollaboration with Plant ResearchInternational (WageningenUniversity), which will facilitatethe early detection and monitoringof the disease. Also, the matingtype genes of M. fijiensis, M.musicola and M. eumusaehave been cloned, and theirdistribution within populations isbeing determined. This is beingdone to assess the occurrenceof sexual reproduction, a factorcontrolling genetic recombinationand genotypic diversity.14To aid our understandingof the pathology of the genusMycosphaerella, two modelspecies of Mycosphaerella,M. graminicola and M.fijiensis, were selected by theInternational MycosphaerellaGenomics Consortium, inwhich CBS participates, forcomplete genome sequencing.These species were selectedon the basis of their economicsignificance to the wheat andbanana/plantain industries. Ajoint project between the USDA-ARS/Purdue University andPlant Research InternationalB.V. was initiated to sequenceboth genomes, along with 40,000ESTs from each of M. fijiensisand the related maize pathogenCercospora zeae-maydis. Thework was conducted through theCommunity Sequencing Programsponsored by the U.S. DOE-JointOrganisation of genes commonly used for phylogenetic analysesGenome Institute. A communitywideeffort for annotation,culminating in an annotationjamboree (during 2006) will beopen to all interested participants.This project will be coordinatedwith sequencing efforts plannedfor other Mycosphaerella speciesand relatives to greatly increasethe power of future comparativegenomics analyses.Botryosphaeria cankerpathogensBotryosphaeria is a speciesrichgenus with a cosmopolitandistribution, commonly associatedwith dieback and cankers ofwoody plants. As many as 18anamorph genera have beenassociated with Botryosphaeria,most of which have been reducedto synonymy under Diplodia(conidia mostly ovoid, pigmented,thick-walled), or FusicoccumHousekeeping genes such as translation elongation factor 1-alpha, beta-tubulin, actin,calmodulin and histone H3 are commonly used as sources of nucleotide sequence datafor species comparisons using phylogenetic software. Other uses of these genes includebar coding and serving as templates for species-specific primers for identification purposes.Although universal primers are available for the (partial) amplification of these genes,these primers are often designed for genera unrelated to your favorite genus, resulting inamplification failure. A second problem often encountered is that the part of a gene that isvery polymorphic in one genus is not as informative in another genus (see figure below).We are currently in the process of designing new primer sets that will allow us to amplifyall parts of the genes listed above. Having the complete sequences of these genes for anumber of representative species from different genera available to us will allow us to identifywhich part(s) of the gene is more informative and therefore more useful for phylogeny, barcoding and species-specific amplification. We will also be able to track the evolution of theorganisation of these genes, e.g. the position, size and number of introns, through a higherorder phylogeny of a given family.Organisation ofH. weresubiae AY720805partial calmodulingene.D. tassiana AY752224C. beticola AY752229The non-codingregions (introns) areindicated in red andthe coding regions (exons) in blue. For this part of the gene, Davidiella tassiana only containsone intron whereas Harknessia weresubiae has three and Cercospora beticola has two introns.Although the first intron is approximately the same size in all three species, the second onevaries greatly in size (drawn to scale) and the third is only present in H. weresubiae.50 bp

(conidia mostly fusoid, hyaline,thin-walled). However, there arenumerous conidial anamorphswith morphological characteristicsintermediate between Diplodiaand Fusicoccum, and there arealso several records of speciesoutside the Botryosphaeriaceaethat have anamorphs apparentlytypical of Botryosphaeria sensustricto. Recent molecular studieshave also linked Botryosphaeria tospecies with pigmented, septateascospores and anamorphsin Dothiorella, or to specieswith hyaline ascospores andFusicoccum anamorphs linkedto Dichomera synanamorphs.By employing DNA sequencedata for various loci, differentlineages, representing 12clades, could be resolved withinthe morphological concept ofthe Botryosphaeriaceae. Two ofthese lineages clustered outsidethe molecularly reconceivedBotryosphaeriaceae sensustricto; both were groupswith Diplodia-like anamorphsoccurring on maize. Thesephylogenetically disparatelineages are best accommodatedin Stenocarpella (Diaporthales)and in an unresolved clade includingspecies of Camarosporium/Microdiplodia. The tenlineages retained within theBotryosphaeriaceae sensu strictorepresented different anamorphteleomorphcombinations, manyof which are new to science.Further studies are underwayto resolve the taxonomic statusof many of these generic andspecies complexes occurring ondifferent woody hosts.Ascus of Botryosphaeriaceae.Electropherogram of part of the internal transcribed spacersequence of the ribosomal RNA gene repeat (ITS) ofPhytophthora hybrid strains showing double bases at threepositions (see arrows), where the sequences of P. hedraiandraand P. cactorum differ.Hybridisation in Phytophthoraand PythiumPythium and Phytophthoraare two highly economicallysignifi cant genera of funguslikeOomycetes responsible formany types of crop disease andtree decline. The best known ofthe crop diseases is potato lateblight (Phytophthora infestans),the cause of the Irish potatofamine and a major agent of cropdamage to this day. A study ofthe organization of the 5S rRNAgene family was performedfor 87 species and varieties ofPythium. For the four differentpatterns of 5S organization thatwere found to occur within thegenus, studies were conductedto determine how they arose andhow evolutionarily stable theywere. A number of Phytophthorastrains were also included in thestudy as a reference outgroupgiving insight into the ancestralorganisation of the 5S genefamily. The most parsimoniousinterpretation of the data wouldbe that a contiguously linkedarrangement of 5S sequenceswas the ancestral condition.A DNA array was developedas tool for the rapid identifi cationand detection of Pythium speciesin pure culture, as well as inenvironmentally mixed samples.Oligonucleotides complementaryto specifi c diagnostic regions ofribosomal internal transcribedspacers (ITS) were designed formore than 100 Pythium speciesand varieties as well as for groupsof related species. Specifi citywas tested in hybridisationexperiments with DNA fromex-type strains and otherrepresentative strains. BLASTanalyses against Pythium DNAsequences available in GenBankwere used to confi rm thatspecies-specifi c oligonucleotideswere unique to all the availablestrains of each species. In ablind test with 50 additionalunidentifi ed Pythium isolatesfrom soil, the array hybridizationpatterns obtained were found toconcur with isolate identifi cationsobtained via morphologicalstudy and ITS sequences. Inanother blind test, total DNA ofsoil samples was amplifi ed andhybridised on the array. Resultswere compared to the results ofisolation by soil dilution platingand root baiting. Thirteen specieswere detected by the DNA array.These species correspondedwith those obtained by isolation,though isolation also revealedthe presence of one speciesthat was not represented on thearray. From these results it canbe concluded that the DNA arrayis a reliable tool for identifi cationand detection of the majority ofPythium species in environmentalsamples. Simultaneous detectionand identifi cation of multiplespecies of soil-borne pathogenssuch as Pythium will be a majorstep forward for epidemiologicaland ecological studies.Investigations of a number ofatypical Phytophthora isolatesinitially identifi ed as P. cactorumdisclosed that these isolates wereactually inter-species hybrids.Isozyme analysis demonstrated15

the presence of two alleles ratherthan the usual single allele for thedimeric malic enzyme (MDHP) inthese isolates. One allele of thepair was typical for P. cactorumwhile the other was typical forP. hedraiandra. Sequencing ofribosomal ITS loci showed thatthis marker was heterogeneousin the atypical isolates, and thatthe sequences of P. cactorumand P. hedraiandra were bothpresent.Phytophthora is diploid, andhybrids are expected to combinethe genetic characters of bothparents as is normally seenin plants and animals (but notmost fungi). The mitochondrialgenome, however, is inheritedmaternally and will be presentin a single type derived fromone of the parents. Indeed, thepresumed hybrids were foundto possess only one type of themitochondrial CoxI gene, eitherthat of the P. cactorum or that ofP. hedraiandra.Two isolates showed deviatingcombinations of the charactersmentioned above, suggestingthat evolution by genomerearrangement had already takenplace in some later-generationprogeny of the hybrid lineages.The hybrid Phytophthoraisolates were found on a varietyof plant hosts in public parks allover the Netherlands, makingit appear highly likely that theyhave also become established innatural ecosystems.16Phaeoacremonium inoculations on grapevines.Phytophthora hedraiandrais a species that has probablyonly recently been imported intothe Netherlands via the use ofMediterranean Viburnum shrubsin gardening, while P. cactorumis a long-established nativephytopathogen. The recentproliferation of hybrids betweenthese species appears to fulfi la long-standing prediction thatnovel pathogenic Oomyceteswould arise as world trade in plantproducts brought Oomycetes fromaround the world into interactionwith one another. Several of thehosts infected by the hybridsare not known to be infectedby either parent species. Thissuggests that such hybridizationsarising from a breakdown ingeographic barriers could causethe emergence of novel andunpredictable phytopathogenepidemiologies.Petri disease andphaeohyphomycosiscaused by species ofPhaeoacremoniumSpecies of Phaeoacremoniumare involved in Petri diseaseand esca of grapevines.Additionally, several speciesof Phaeoacremonium alsocause phaeohyphomycosisin humans. During this study,Togninia (Calosphaeriales) wasconfi rmed as teleomorph ofPhaeoacremonium by means ofmorphology, sexual compatibility,and DNA phylogeny. Threespecies of Phaeoacremoniumhave been associated withphaeohyphomycosis. These arePm. parasiticum, Pm. infl atipesand Pm. rubrigenum. Numerousunknown isolates resemblingPhaeoacremonium spp. have inrecent years been isolated fromhuman patients, as well as fromwoody plants that appear to bethe main environmental sourceof these fungi. New species wereidentifi ed based on their culturaland morphological characters,and phylogenetic analyses ofpartial sequences of the actin,β-tubulin and calmodulin genes.A multiple-entry electronic keybased on morphological, culturaland β-tubulin sequence data wasdeveloped to facilitate routinespecies identifi cation.The genus Togninia wasmonographed along with itsPhaeoacremonium anamorphs.Ten species of Togninia and 22species of Phaeoacremoniumwere recognised. Species wereidentifi ed based on their culturaland morphological characters,supported by DNA data derivedfrom partial sequences of the actinand β-tubulin genes. Phylogeniesof the SSU and LSU rRNA geneswere used to determine whetherTogninia had more affi nity withthe Calosphaeriales or theDiaporthales. A rapid molecularidentifi cation method wasdeveloped for the 22 species ofPhaeacremonium. It involvedthe use of 23 species-specifi cprimers, including 20 primerstargeting the β-tubulin gene andthree targeting the actin gene.Furthermore, the multiple-entryelectronic key was updatedto include the new species ofPhaeoacremonium. Separatedichotomous keys were providedfor the identifi cation of theTogninia and Phaeoacremoniumspecies, and their matingstrategies elucidated. Keysfor the identifi cation ofPhaeoacremonium-like fungi andthe genera related to Togniniawere also provided.

Origin of Pathogenicity in Clinical FungiMany fungi are able to cause severely mutilating and even fatal infections in humans with impaired immunesystems. Remarkably, most of these “opportunistic” fungi are otherwise commonly found as harmlesssaprobes in the environment. How is it possible that such harmless moulds suddenly change into potentialkillers? And should there be a concern, parallel to our fears about bird infl uenza, that evolution will soongive rise to better adapted genotypes with even higher virulence? Answers to these questions may lie in thenatural habitat of the fungi involved. By understanding the ecology of opportunistic fungi and the ability ofthese fungi to change under the pressure of changing conditions, we can begin to intelligently evaluate boththe short- and the long-term risks involved.Humans as a microbialsupermarket?We recently put forward newhypotheses concerning how fungi,after jumping from their naturalniches to the human-dominatedenvironment, eventually becomepotent opportunistic agentsof human disease. Thesehypotheses are quite differentA patient with an infection by Phialophora verrucosa.from most currently held theoriesin medical mycology.The most generally held idea– and from our point of viewthe least probable one – is thatthese fungi simply have a broadtolerance of adverse conditions,and thus are able to survivewhen accidentally inoculatedinto humans. A popular catchphraseused to advocate thisidea is reference to a severelyimmunocompromised patient,vulnerable to being infected by awide variety of household fungi,as a “living petri dish”, i.e., asupermarket for microbes.We believe, however, thatopportunism is a very rarephenomenon in the fungalKingdom, and thus must bebased on highly specifi c abilities.Analyzing the list of fungi fromreally extreme environments, wenotice that extremotolerance andhuman infection are practicallymutually exclusive.Our present researchparticularly focuses on analternative manner in whichpathogenicity can develop: fungibecoming adapted to niches inthe human-made environment,and, using these niches asevolutionary stepping stones,developing properties thatfortuitously predispose them tobe able to cause human infection.A striking example is the blackyeast Exophiala dermatitidis,which is ubiquitous in the steambaths and hot tubs of publicbathing facilities, including Asiantypepublic baths. This species isalso known from pulmonary andcerebral infections in humans.We found its natural habitat:after a long search in a diversityof environments, we found thatthe intestinal tracts of fruit-eatingbirds and bats in the tropicalrain forest were consistentlypositive. During the transitionin which this fungus movedfrom its natural habitat, via theintermediary steam bath habitatto the causation of deep infectionin humans, a remarkable positiveselection of a single genotypetook place.17

Isolation work in search for the natural reservoir of a black yeast.Hydrocarbon pollutionpromotes fungal infectionThis suggests that anthropogenicstepping stones can facilitateevolution towards increasedvirulence in opportunistic fungi.Candidates for similarevolutionary histories might befound among the brain-infecting,emerging opportunists Pseudallescheriaand Cladophialophora.The natural niche of thesefungi is still unknown, but theyare found relatively frequentlyin environments polluted withagricultural manure or with toxicaromatic compounds and otherxenobiotics. There appearsto be an association betweenhydrocarbon assimilation andthe ability of fungi to causeopportunistic disease inhumans.A practical consequence ofthis fi nding is that biofi ltration andbioremediation techniques basedon use of fungi to break downtoxic wastes should be carriedout in a way that minimizes risksto human health. In particular,respiratory or cutaneous exposureto specialized hydrocarbondegradingfungi or to biofi lterscontaining mixtures of suchorganisms is not recommended18Life on MarsTo critically assess the hypothesisthat medically important fungiare in some way connected withextremotolerance, we conductedin-depth studies into a number ofremarkably extremotolerant fungiisolated from harsh environments.These fungi, for the major part,were unknown to science andstill have to be described as newgenera and species.As an example, we obtainedrock-colonizing fungi in Antarcticice-free deserts. Such fungigrow at the outermost edgeof the conditions potentiallysupporting life, surviving averagetemperatures of -40 °C, andgrowing almost without water andnutrients while being subjected tohigh levels of UV radiation. Theirgrowth rate is extremely slow,and they grow only as very smallmicrocolonies. Such organismscould well be studied as modelsfor extra-terrestrial life and aretherefore used in modellingthe possible forms of life onother planets, such as Mars.Other microcolonial fungi areknown to degrade sun-exposedmonuments and natural rockin the Mediterranean, growingunder extreme conditions ofdrought and at temperaturesup to +60 °C. One commonfactor that characterises allthese microcolonial fungi, whichare very diverse in terms ofphylogenetic or evolutionaryorigin, is the developmentof clump-like “meristematic”growth.In this type of growth, asseen in extremotolerant fungi,individual cells possess thick cellswalls that are heavy melanised,that is, heavily shielded fromsolar radiation by melaninpigments that are chemicallyand functionally similar to darkhuman skin pigments. Despitethese striking adaptations toadverse conditions, microcolonialrock fungi concerned have neverbeen encountered in humaninfections. Fungal pathogenicityis thus more complicated thansimple survival of the adverseconditions that occur in livingmammalian tissue.Moulds in our drinking waterAnother project concerns thequality of municipal drinkingwater derived from groundwater,which is known to contain severalblack yeasts and the fi lamentousfungus Cadophora malorum inabundance. C. malorum is amember of the order Leotiales,which generally appears to lackhuman-pathogenic potential. Weare beginning to understand thenatural life cycle of these fungiby the discovery of identicalsequences of Cadophoraand some known teleomorphspecies. Our hypothesis is thatthese fungi are endophytes inliving plants and sporulate withsexual fruit bodies on the plantafter its death. Asexual conidiaare dispersed through watercurrents.The Exophiala species fromcold waters, including drinkingwater, are known to infect coldbloodedanimals such as fi sh.Their pathogenicity seems to bedetermined by their preferredtemperature of growth. Speciesthat grow easily at temperaturesabove 36 °C are frequentlyencountered in human infection;

if the optimum is around 30 °C thefungi found in shallow subtropicalmarshes and cause infections incrabs and similar animals, whilethose with optima around 22 °Care opportunists on ocean fi sh.Fungi with no private lives:how to evolve when sex isimpossibleBiologists who study higherorganisms explain the nearubiquitousoccurrence of sexualityin terms of the advantages ofmaking new genetic combinations(confusing parasites, bringingadvantageous genes intocombination) and overcomingthe genetic staleness that occurswhen organisms reproducewithout sex (persistence ofoutmoded gene combinations,steady accumulation ofharmful mutations). Lack ofsexuality is often thought topredispose species to rapidextinction. However, no fungusthat has adapted to causehuman contagious disease orcommensalism (the ability tolive harmlessly on human bodysurfaces) has ever managed tohang on to the normal sexualcycle of its ancestral fungal group.The problem is especially acutewith our most common fungalpathogens, the dermatophytes(ringworm and athlete’s footfungi, a group associated morewith giggles than fear, exceptamong medical economistswho know about the billions ofeuros/dollars per year spent ondiagnosis and treatment). Thesefungi cannot have sex at all: ifthey did, they would form a littlefruiting body resembling a ballof fl uff on a woollen sweater,and this would immediately bescratched off by the humaninvolved. Paradoxically, though,dermatophytes are among themost successful and adaptablehuman pathogens, evadingmodern medicine and infectingmore than 70 % of humans atsome point in their lives. Howdo they manage it? One clueseems to lie in their mating typegenes (roughly equivalent to ourhuman X and Y chromosomes).Many dermatophyte speciesinfecting humans are suspected,on the basis of very laboriousclassical genetic studies, tobe either 100 % “male” (minusmating type) or 100 % “female”(plus mating type). Even insexual dermatophyte speciesinfecting animals, there appearsto be a strong “bias” towardsone sex or the other in strainscausing disease. Why would onesex have different pathogenicproperties or better evolutionarypersistence than the other? Toapproach this question, we areusing modern molecular geneticstechniques to study the matingtype genes of dermatophytes,and to rapidly determine usinglarge sample sizes what thesituations are where one fungalsex has become much moresuccessful than the other, andperhaps even become the onlysex existing in the species.Genomic comparisons canthen be used to catalogue whatdifferences exist between closelyrelated pathogens differing bothin mating type and in the types ofdisease they cause.“A peanut gave me thisearache:” can human fungaldiseases be caught fromplants?When we think of human disease,certain common sources come tomind: coughing schoolchildren,bad water, leftover food, tropicalmosquitoes and so on. Plantsare not high on the list of itemsto be feared. Yet in recent years,refi ned molecular genetic studieshave confi rmed that some plantpathogens and endophytes(fungi that grow harmlessly inhealthy plants) are competenthuman opportunistic pathogens.For example, one of the mostcommon causes of fungalskin cyst, Phaeoacremoniumparasiticum, is common ingrapevines, especially thosediagnosed as having “esca” or“black goo” disease. Also, one ofthe common rots of melons andother vegetable crops related tocucumbers, “Fusarium solani MPV” (“mating population 5”), is oneof the most common genotypescausing aggressive infectionsin immunocompromised bonemarrow transplant patients.Conversely, a well-known fungalskin disease occurring in aridclimates, chromoblastomycosis,appears to be caused by afungus which has its naturalniche in cactus spines. We arecurrently investigating the extentto which selected phytopathogengroups may yield competenthuman pathogens. Detailedmolecular genetic studiesare being used to be certainthat any true phytopathogensinvolved in human disease canbe distinguished from relatedsaprobes, some of which are alsoagents of human opportunisticdisease. Such studies couldfacilitate later genomic workcontrasting what genes fungalisolates turn on when they aregrowing in animals, growing inplants, and growing on artifi cialmedia.Brain lesion caused by Pseudallescheria boydii afternear-drowning in polluted water.19

Yeast and Basidiomycete ResearchFungi are closely related to animals, making them excellent model organisms for basic cell biological anddevelopmental studies that are directly relevant to human biology. They have therefore become one of themost intensively studied eukaryotic groups in the rapidly expanding fi eld of genomics, and the number ofcomplete genome sequences available for fungal species is rapidly increasing. This unprecedented quantityof information will make an unparalleled contribution to our understanding of fungal phylogeny and evolution,as well as to our understanding of how fungal cells, and by extension all living cells, function. In this researchprogramme we develop and explore fungal genomic data from a perspective of understanding biodiversity.This includes both comparisons between organisms and analyses of cellular functions within individualorganisms. We strive to increase scientifi c understanding of fungal macro-evolution (evolution of large, distinctgroups of organisms), speciation and inter-species hybridization events. We also assess virulence attributes,that is, properties conferring the ability to cause human disease on certain fungi.Human pathogenic yeastsThese research projects aim tounderstand the biodiversity aswell as the virulence properties ofselected clinically important yeastspecies, namely Cryptococcusneoformans, Cryptococcus gattii,and Malassezia, Trichosporonand Candida species.Cryptococcus neoformans:Cryptococcus neoformans andC. gattii, are yeasts that maycause meningoencephalitis. C.neoformans commonly causessevere disease in HIV-positivepatients, whereas C. gattiiinfects mainly immunocompetentpeople. Within C. neoformans,two main lineages, whichcorrespond to the current varietiesC. n. var. grubii and C. n. var.20DNA microarray of Cryptococcus neoformans.neoformans, can be recognisedby MultiLocus Sequence Typing(MLST) and Amplifi ed FragmentLength Polymorphism (AFLP Tm )fi ngerprinting. In addition, diploidor aneuploid hybrids have beendocumented to have formedbetween these two varieties.Within C. gattii presently noinfraspecifi c taxa are recognized.However, four distinct genotypicgroups can be distinguished byMLST and AFLP. These lineagesappear to be monophyletic, afi nding that strongly calls questionthe current taxonomic handlingof C. gattii into question.Normally, C. neoformans andC. gattii reproduce asexually,but in some cases matingcan occur. The existence ofhybrids between C. n. var.grubii and C. n. var. neoformansdemonstrates that mating occursin nature. Recently, we have alsodocumented a number of uniquehybrids between C. neoformansand C. gattii. The recognition ofthe isolates involved as hybridswith this unexpected geneticbackground was supported byAFLP genotyping, sequenceanalysis of various genomedomains after cloning of PCRamplicons, fl ow cytometryto assess the DNA content,fl uorescence microscopy toinvestigate the number of nuclei,and analysis of the diversity inthe InterGenic Spacer (IGS) byLuminex technology. All the dataavailable suggested that thesehybrids, which were isolated fromDutch patients, have originatedfrom a mating between C. gattiiAFLP genotype 4 and C. n. var.neoformans AFLP genotype 2.Interestingly, recently anotherhybrid type, a cross betweenC. n. var. grubii AFLP genotype1 and C. gattii AFLP type 4,was obtained from Canada.The present data indicated thatall these hybrids are diploid oraneuploid and may be unable toundergo a regular meiosis. If this

AFLP tree of some new Malassezia species.Malassezia furfur was investigatedin collaboration with RomaBatra (Milwaukee, U.S.A.).In AFLP analysis, we foundseveral subclusters within thespecies. Additional techniqueshave been used to analyse thiscomplex further, e.g., pulsed fieldgel electrophoresis as well assequencing of the LSU and ITSregions of the rDNA and part ofthe chitin synthase gene. As partof the results, one of the M. furfursubclusters was shown to have amixture of markers suggestive ofa hybrid origin, even though nosexual mechanisms are knownso far for any species clusteringwithin the Malassezia lineage.In collaboration with JavierCabañas (Barcelona, Spain) weanalyzed lipid-dependent strainsfrom different animal speciesand found three distinct clustersclosely related but not identicalto Malassezia sympodialis. Twoof these clusters are presently inthe process of being described asnovel species. The third clusterrepresents M. nana, known fromanimals, but this species seemsto be heterogeneous in its present2220406080100Saccharomyces 1Naumovia 1Nakaseomyces 1Eremothecium 1Kluyveromyces 1*/*/*/*Lachancea 1*/*/*/**/59/52/**/*/*/**/*/*/*0.05*/*/73/**/*/*/**/*/*/**/*/*/**/*/*/**/*/*/**/*/*/**/*/*/**/*/*/**/*/*/**/*/99/**/*/98/**/*/*/**/*/*/*Saccharomyces cerevisiaeSaccharomyces paradoxusSaccharomyces mikataeSaccharomyces kudriavzeviiSaccharomyces bayanusSaccharomyces castelliiCandida glabrataAshbya gossypiiKluyveromyces lactisSaccharomyces kluyveriCandida albicansDebaromyces hanseniiYarrowia lipolyticaMagnaporthe griseaNeurospora crassaFusarium graminearumAspergillus nidulansSchizosaccharomyces pombePhanerochaete chrysosporiumCryptococcus neoformansUstilago maydisDrosophila melanogasterHomo sapiensArabidopsis thaliana73/*/*/*73/*/84/**/65/94/**/*/*/*A / BCaenorhabditis elegansPhylogenomic tree of fungi using full genome data.circumscription and needs novelspecies definitions.Other yeasts: Clinicallyimportant yeasts from neonatesand HIV-infected persons werestudied from Jakarta (Indonesia)in collaboration with RetnoWahyuningsih. Interestingly,the recently described species,Candida nivariensis, a closerelative of Candida glabrata,was found. This is species hasotherwise only been reportedin connection with its originaltaxonomic description. AlsoCandida ethanolytica wasidentified from clinical sources,though it was not confirmed asan etiologic agent. This researchwas supported by a SPIN (KNAW)mobility grant.A collection of Trichosporonisolates was identified usingmolecular tools in collaborationwith Dr Saad J. Taj-Aldeen(Doha, Qatar). Most isolatescould be readily linked to knownspecies, but one isolate seems torepresent a novel species from aclinical source.IaIeIgIbIfIcIdIIIIIIIV. M. restricta. M. globosa. M. slooffiae. M. furfur. M. obtusa. M. equi. M. sympodialis. M. caprae. M. dermatis. M. japonica. M. yamatoensis. M. pachydermatis. M. nanaHemiascomycetesEuascomycetesArchiascomycetesHymenomycetesUstilaginomycetes..Fungal PhylogenomicsPhylogenomics is the merger ofthree disciplines: genomics, thestudy of how genes are utilisedto construct and maintain wholeorganisms; bioinformatics, thediscipline handling complexbiological information databases;and phylogeny, the study of howorganisms have evolved. It isnow possible to perform studieson fungal evolution using thedata derived from whole-genomesequences of different species.Such large-scale projectsdemand extensive collaboration,and we have developed suchcollaborative studies withother research groups in theNetherlands such as those ofB. Snel (Centre for Molecularand Biomolecular Informatics,University of Nijmegen), L.Stougie(CWI, Center of Mathematics andInformatics, Amsterdam) andC. Waalwijk and T. van der Lee(Plant Research International,Wageningen).Phylogenetic studies aregenerally based on comparingDNA or protein sequences that,though found in a wide rangeof organisms, all arose fromthe same ancestral genes thatoccurred millions of years ago ina hypothetical common ancestorspecies. Such genes that occuramong many organisms, but thatall have a common ancestral root,are referred to as “orthologous”(= “directly related”). Orthologousgroups of proteins (KOGs,or “euKaryotic clusters ofOrthologous Groups of proteins”)from complete genomes of 19different fungal species wereanalysed in order to resolve thephylogenetic relationships ofthese species. Phylogenomicanalysis of unique fungal KOG’sresulted in well resolved andcongruent phylogenetic trees. Itappears that the Basidiomycetesoccur as a sister group to theAscomycetes. Within the latter,three lineages occurred, namelythe basal Archaeascomycetes(represented by Schizosaccharo-

myces pombe), with thefi lamentous Euascomycetes andthe yeast-like Hemiascomycetesarising as derived sister groups.The data also strongly suggestthat the ancestor of these lineageswas dimorphic, allowing maximallifestyle fl exibility for organismscoping with varying ecologicalconditions. In a separate studyin which the individual KOGtrees were compared usingcluster analysis, distinct clustersof KOGs were found. Whenconcatenated, most of themsupport the phylogenetic patternsdescribed above. One, however,was found to yield a completedivergent tree topology. Theseresults stimulated questionsabout how the fungi originated,deep in their evolutionary past.A functional study of the septalpore caps in basidiomycetesThe septal pore cap (SPC) orparenthesome is a membranousstructure associated withendoplasmic reticulum. Itis situated on both sides ofthe dolipore septum and isrestricted to certain groups ofBasidiomycetes. Although thisstructure was already describedin 1958 and well studied at anultrastructural level, no functionalstudies have been done so far.Therefore, the composition andthe precise function of the SPCat the dolipore is still unclear.The aim of this study was toisolate the SPC and to partlycharacterise the proteins presentso that a start can be made inunderstanding the function of thispart of the fungal cell. We usedIsolated septal pore cap of Rhizoctonia solani.the plant pathogen Rhizoctoniasolani as a model organism,because it has relatively wellstudied,large SPCs.Laser microdissection with aP.A.L.M. microscope (P.A.L.M.Microlaser Technologies GmbH,Bernried, Germany) was usedsuccessfully to isolate theSPC-dolipore region. We couldidentify the septal regions usinglectin-gold labelling of antibodiesspecifi cally targeting the septa;this analysis was done with ascanning electron microscope. Inaddition, we successfully enrichedSPCs from R. solani cell fractionsby isopycnic (= buoyant densityor equilibrium) centrifugation.In electron microscopic studies,we observed that plug materialat the orifi ce of the septal porechannel remained attached viafi lamentous material to the SPCs.This tight connection betweenSPCs and pore-occludingmaterial implicates a key role ofSPCs in the process of pluggingseptal pores in Basidiomycetes.Such plugging is often connectedto maintaining hyphal integrity insituations where some cells aredamaged or otherwise stronglystressed.Protein electrophoresis showedthat a 18 kDa glycoprotein(SPC18) was present in the SPCenrichedfraction. This proteinwas N-terminally sequenced andafterwards the complete genesequence was obtained. Nohomologue could be identifi edusing the available sequences ingenome databases. Western blotanalysis, however, suggests thatthe protein may be limited to theR. solani lineage. However, theSPC18 gene could be detectedby PCR in a variety of otherbasidiomycetes. Attempts areongoing to study the nucleotidediversity of the gene within theRhizoctonia lineage and tocompare it with standard D1/D2variable region sequences of the26S ribosomal DNA.Polyclonal antibodies raisedagainst the 18 kDa glycoproteinwere labelled using theimmunogold technique and thenused to perform immunodetectionstudies. The labelled antibodieswere found to be localized in thedolipore swelling as well at theSPC membrane and, to someextent, in the cytoplasm close tothe SPCs.The idea that SPCs play arole in plugging septal poresin Basidiomycetes made itinteresting to study differentialgene expression in cells exposedto a stress situation that wouldnormally cause plugging of septalpores to occur. The myceliumwas “stressed” in a blenderand septal pores of the brokenhyphae became plugged, as waseasily seen using a fl uorescencemicroscope. With the socalled”suppression subtractivehybridisation” method for testingdifferential gene expression, weobtained sequences of genes,including those putativelyinvolved in the plugging event,that were upregulated as aresult of the short period ofmechanical stress. Annotation ofthese sequences is in processand will lead to new insights inthe mechanisms of the pluggingprocess in Basidiomycetes.The observed heterogeneityof SPC morphology in someof the major lineages of theBasidiomycetes, notable theHymenochaete and Cantharellus-Rhizoctoniaclades, wasconfi rmed by analysing theSPC of Rickenella spp. andCantharellus sp. It appeared thatthe observed heterogeneity inSPC morphology is characteristicof basal basidiomycete lineages,and extends only a shortevolutionary distance into thederived lineages. This impliesthat genes involved in both typesof SPC morphology may bepresent in these basal lineages,and that the basal organisms maythus manifest a genetic conditionthat existed in the ancestors ofother Basidiomycetes prior to theoccurrence of lineage sorting.23

Applied and Industrial MycologyFungi play an important role in our daily life, both as agents of spoilage in food and feed and as agents ofdeterioration in building materials, artworks, museum objects, archives and a wide variety of other valuableitems. Worldwide, the quantity of food products that is lost due to fungal spoilage is immense. This loss canbe caused by post-harvest problems, in which fungi attack still-living fruits, vegetables and grains, but itcan also arise in processed foods affected by spoilage fungi. The growth of fungi may result in off-fl avours,discoloration and altered texture, all of which contribute to the conspicuous phenomenon of rot. What is notso readily visible but is much more alarming is the formation in some contaminated foods of fungal toxins(mycotoxins) or pathogenic or allergenic fungal spores. In addition to concerns about mycotoxins in foods,there is also currently increasing concern over the fungal growth within buildings. Although fungi are alwayspresent around us and cannot be eradicated totally, some aspects of their excessive presence in buildingscan be linked to serious adverse health problems. Fundamental to investigating these applied researchtopics is to have a stable taxonomic classifi cation, a reliable “who’s who,” of the organisms involved.Aspergillus conidiophore.24Polyphasic taxonomy ofthe genera Penicillium andAspergillusThe taxonomy of the mycotoxinproducinggenera Penicilliumand Aspergillus has beeninvestigated for many decadesand constitutes one of the centralthemes of the CBS, which hasbeen doing taxonomic researchon these genera since the1940’s. The taxonomic researchof today is based on a stronginterdisciplinary and integratedapproach including study ofmorphology, biochemistry, physiologyand molecular biology.A major study comprisingspecies in Penicillium subgenusPenicillium was completed.Many species belonging to thissubgenus are very common,being associated with foodsstored by humans and animals,and also growing on animaldung, building materials, andnumerous other types of naturaland human-made materials.Since many of these materialsare found in indoor environments,these Penicillium species providea major component of the indoorair spora. The taxonomy of thisgroup was long recognized asbeing especially diffi cult, but theadvent of molecular techniquesand refi ned study of metaboliteprofi les allowed a stabletaxonomy of these species tobe proposed. It was based ona polyphasic study of a largenumber of isolates, and ultimatelyaccepted 58 species. Four newspecies, P. cavernicola, P. freii, P.marinum and P. thymicola, weredescribed, and two new taxonomiccombinations were made yieldingthe names P. melanoconidiumand P. neoechinulatum. Thespecies were ordered in naturalsections and series. At the levelof series, the groups recognisedwere not just phylogeneticallybut also ecologically consistent.

Descriptions and colourillustrations of the colonies andmicromorphology of the 58accepted species were includedin the Studies in Mycologyvolume in which this work waspublished. Keys to the taxa wereprovided. For the additional helpof those doing identifi cations inthis group, a detailed electronicdatabase including partial β-tubulin sequences reference wasset up at http: //www.cbs.knaw.nl/penicillium.htm.In Aspergillus, severaltaxonomic sections of thegenus were studied, includingsection Circumdati, Nigri, Flaviand Fumigati. These sectionswere selected for investigationbecause they include taxaplaying a signifi cant role asfood contaminants, mycotoxinproducers, and opportunistichuman and animal pathogens.Polyphasic analysis revealed aclear-cut delimitation of species,including several new taxa. InAspergillus section Fumigati,the taxonomic analysis isolatesidentifi ed as the commonlyoccurring compost inhabitantand opportunistic pathogenA. fumigatus yielded threeundescribed taxa highlymorphologically similar to A.fumigatus, which were describedas A. lentulus, A. fumigatiaffi nisand A. novofumigatus. TheAscopores of undescribed Neosartorya species.steadily increasing scientifi c andmedical interest in members ofsection Fumigati, evidenced, forexample, by the production ofa complete genome sequencefor A. fumigatus, demonstratesthe need for a stable taxonomydefi ning the distinct biologicalgroups within this evolutionarylineage.Food mycologyCurrently, there is a strong demandfor fresh food products and apreference that these productscontain no added preservativesubstances. This quest forhealthy foods paradoxicallyhas tended to stimulate a novelupsurge in fungal spoilageincidents. In general, severalstrategies for food preparationcan make it diffi cult for fungi tocause contamination. Longstandingtechniques includecontrolling water activity throughdrying or by adding salt or sugar,using pasteurization, canning orother types of heat treatment,and using storage conditionsunfavourable to fungi, such as lowtemperatures or acidic materialssuch as vinegar. Some fungi,however, are resistant to thesetraditional preservation methods.To fi ght these specialised foodspoilage fungi, food preservativesare added, but even with thesematerials, resistant fungi mayoccur. In connection with theseproblems, research has beeninitiated at CBS to evaluatepossible new food preservativesand to determine their infl uenceon fungal cells.Heat-resistant ascosporesResearch on heat-resistantascospores is one of the lines ofresearch at Applied and IndustrialMycology. At CBS, the fungusTalaromyces macrosporus isused as a model system to studythe biology of heat resistantascospores in detail. Thesespores allow the fungus to surviveheat treatment of foods; indeed,they often remain dormant untilhigh temperatures stimulate themto germinate. Various molecularand microscopic tools are usedto unravel the mechanisms thatcause the extraordinary stressresistance of the ascospores.This has resulted in a numberof papers on this subject, andthe research will be continuedin the near future. Currentprojects include collaborationswith Molecular Microbiology atthe University of Utrecht (DrsHan Wösten and Luis Lugones)and with Drs. Golovina andHoekstra at Plant Physiology ofthe Unversity of Wageningen. Atpresent, research on the physicalproperties of the cytoplasm ofTalaromyces ascospores is beingconducted by means of electronspin-resonance studies. It hasbecome clear that ascosporesof T. macrosporus have a veryhigh viscosity, much higher thanthat observed in airborne conidiaof Penicillium species. Duringascospore germination, suddenchanges in viscosity occur; inconidia, by contrast, a moregradual change occurs. Conidiaand ascospores clearly differmarkedly in cytoplasmic structureand germination properties.Further research has dealt withthe mechanisms of ascosporedormancy as well as thoseregulating heat activation. Incollaboration with the University25

Penicillium contamination of cheese.of Utrecht, we have identifi eda highly distinctive protein thatis abundantly present insideascospore cell walls; furtherresearch is being directed atelucidating its function.Inititiation of an STW-fundedproject for CBSAn STW-funded project entitled“Natamycin as a perturbatorof the fungal membrane” wasawarded in May 2004. The projectis being led by Jan Dijksterhuisand includes the cooperation ofDrs Eef Jan Breukink and Bende Kruijff from the Institute forBiomembranes of the Universityof Utrecht. In February 2005,Richard van Leeuwen startedhis Ph.D research on themechanism of action of thecompound natamycin on thefungal membrane.The project is a direct result ofprevious work of Jos Houbraken,Ellen Hoekstra and Rob Samsonon the effect of natamycin ondifferent species of fungi includingPenicillium discolor, which is animportant spoilage organism ofcheese surfaces.To prevent the growth ofP. discolor and some otherfungi, natamycin is regularlyused in coatings for cheesesand sausages. DSM, the mainindustrial producer of natamycinin the world, is an importantcollaborator in the project. Variousstakeholders, including DSM, feltthat it was necessary to learnmore about the mode of action ofnatamycin, a matter about whichlittle is known. The compound isknown to bind to ergosterol, amajor sterol component of thefungal membrane, but it maydiffer in mode of action fromrelated polyene compounds thatalso bind to ergosterol. Nystatin,for example, binds to ergosterolto form pores that cause leakageof cell constituents, resulting incell death. Ergosterol and relatedsterols were long thought to beassociated with an increase of thefl uidity of the membrane duringlow temperatures or periods ofsalt stress, but novel insights hintthat these compounds may haveadditional important functions,for example in the organising theplasma membrane and in thetraffi cking of membrane vesiclesinto the cells.Germinating conidia of Penicillium discolor.The project also focuseson the infl uence of polyeneantibiotics on spore germination,Spores play an important role inthe airborne distribution of thefungi involved in cheese surfacespoilage.CBS plays an important role ina large Senter-projectAn important Senter project wasawarded to a consortium of Dutchpartners including PPO (AppliedPlant Research) and PRI (PlantResearch International) as wellas industrial partners DSM,Holland Fyto and Innoventis.CBS plays an important role inthe fungal aspects of this project.The project grew out of pilotprojects done in 2003–2004 withDSM and PRI. The research ison the plant pathogenic fungusFusarium oxysporum, which caninfect and destroy tulip bulbs atdifferent stages of processing.The fungus enters the bulbs viasmall wounds caused by handlingFungal infections cause massive losses of fl owerbulbs.26

or via openings naturally createdby the emerging roots duringbulb development. The lossescaused by this fungus can beenormous and only very strongchemical compounds are ableto counteract the infection. Thisproject arose from the desire todevelop a more environmentallyfriendly mode of disease control.Fundamental knowledge aboutthe growth of the fungus, bothunder optimal conditions and inthe presence of various inhibitorycompounds and compoundmixtures will be acquired. It ishoped that the results can quicklybe translated into amenabledisease control techniques.Fungi in indoor environmentsIn investigations of fungi in indoorsituations, the principal objectivesof the investigators are to detectsources of excess moisturestimulating fungal growth, tomeasure the fungal load presentindoors, and to quantify theexposure of building occupantsto fungi. Many fungi proliferatingindoors have potentially toxic,irritating, or allergenic metabolitesand cell wall components.Contrary to what occurs in otherareas of mycological research,in this area methodologiesand interpretations may varyconsiderably in different countriesand even among differentlaboratories. This variation oftenmakes direct comparison ofresults impossible. From themedical as well as the buildingconstruction standpoint, theneed to establish internationalstandards for sampling protocolsand results interpretation isstrongly felt.The purpose of the internationalworkshop organised by RobSamson, Olaf Adan (TNO, Delft)and Nicole Nolard (Brussels,Belgium) and held on March 15–17, 2005, was to bring togetherexperts in mycology, respiratoryhealth, building material scienceand building construction todiscuss the state of the artrelated to this topic. Thirtysixparticipants from Belgium,Denmark, Canada, Finland,France, the Netherlands, U.K.and the U.S.A. attended. Besidesvarious microbiological aspectsof fungal growth and healthimplications, emphasis was givento the factors favouring growth offungi in domestic environments.Opinions were presented abouthow eco-friendly trends such asincreased energy conservation,leading to decreased indoor airexchange and thus an indoorhumidity buildup, could bereconciled with the preventionof microbial proliferation onbuilding materials. Presentations,recorded discussions andAspergillus versicolor, a common indoor contaminant.recommendations from thisworkshop in the process ofpublication. Recommendationsmade by the internationalplatform will also appear at www.indoormold.org.CBS researchers arecontinuing to develop aprofi ciency testing programdesigned to ensure good qualityidentifi cations in laboratoriesoffering mycological expertisein relation to fungal problemsin buildings. This project isa collaboration with Germanresearch groups in Stuttgartand Lübeck. Guidelines fordetecting, identifying andhandling indoor fungi have beenpublished in cooperation with theLandesgesundheitsamt Baden-Württemberg (State HealthOffi ce of Baden-Württemberg) inGermany.Fusarium oxysporum f.s. tulipae.27

Programmes, Themes and Projects(for detailed descriptions of the programmes, themes and projects, consult our website)1. Yeast and BasidiomyceteResearch (T. Boekhout)Theme: Evolutionary genomics of fungiProject YBRP 1.01.01: Comparative Fungal genomics2003–2007: T. Boekhout, E. Kuramae (postdoc), B. Snel (Bio-informatics, Utrecht University, TheNetherlands), L. Stougie, P. Vitanyi & R. Cilibrasi (CWI, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands),T. van der Lee, C. Waalwijk, G. kema, R. van der Ham, J. Leunissen, (PRI, Wageningen University,Wageningen, The Netherlands), A. van der Burgt (aio PRI), Arnold Kuzniar (aio WageningenUniversity), M. Weiss, University Tübingen, Germany).Funding: KNAW Renewal fund, Genomics fund.Project YBRP 1.01.02: Functional diversity of human pathogenic yeasts (including evolution,virulence and pathogenesis)2003–2007: T. Boekhout, E. Kuramae (postdoc), V. Robert, B. Theelen, F. Hagen, M. Bovers (Ph.D. student), I. Hoepelman, F. Coenjaerts (Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases,UMC, Utrecht University, The Netherlands), R. May (University of Birmingham, UK), H. Hoogveld(NIOO-KNAW, Nieuwersluis, The Netherlands), E.J. Kuijper Department of Medical Microbiology,(LUMC, University of Leiden, The Netherlands), L. Spanjaard, (Department of Medical Microbiology,AMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands), F. Hochstenbach (Department of Biochemistry,AMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands), M. Lazera (Fundaçao Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil), C.Paula (University of São Paulo, Brazil), I. Polacheck (Hadassah Medical Centre, Israel), J. Heitman(Duke University, USA), W. Meyer (University of Sydney, Australia), U. Himmelreich (MPI, Cologne,Germany), G. Janbon (Institut Pasteur, Paris, France), S. Oliver (University of Manchester, UK),J. Fell & M. Diaz, (RSMAS, University of Miami, USA), R. Wahyuningsih (Schools of Medicine,Universitas Indonesia and Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia), A. Botha (Universityof Stellenbosch, S. Africa), F.J. Cabañes, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain), T. Dawson(Procter & Gamble, USA), R. Batra (Milwauki, USA), E. Guého (Mauves sur Huisnes, France), L.Ball (LUMC, University Leiden, The Netherlands), H. Korporaal (Leids Cytologisch en PathologischLaboratorium, Leiden, The Netherlands), S. Taj-Aldeen (Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar),I. Okoli (Awka, Nigeria).Funding: Odo van Vloten, KNAW Renewal Fund, KNAW Indonesia-Netherlands SPIN mobilitygrant.Project YBRP 1.01.03: Biodiversity of yeasts and selected basidiomycetesProject YBRP 1.01.03.01: ‘The yeasts, a taxonomic study 5 th edition’2005–2007: T. Boekhout, V. Robert, J.W. Fell, G. Scorzetti (RSMAS, Miami, USA), C.P. Kurtzman(USDA-NCAUR, Peoria, USA), T. Nakase (NITE, Tokyo, Japan), M. Hamamoto (Meiji University,Higashimita, Japan), A. Fonseca, J.P. Sampaio (New University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal), R.J.Bandoni (Vancouver, Canada), F.J. Bai (Systematic Mycology and Lichenology Laboratory, Instituteof Microbiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China).Project YBRP 1.01.03.02: ‘Studies on the microbiological and biochemical properties of masau(Ziziphus mauritiana) fruits fermentation and prospects for the development of starter cultures toproduce masau wine and/or beverage’2004-2008: T. Boekhout, L. Nyanga (Ph.D student Wageningen University), R. Nout, M. Zwietering(Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, The Netherlands).Funding: McGillavry fund, International Foundation of Science.Project YBRP 1.01.03.03: The septal pore complex (SPC) in Basidiomycetes (Rhizoctonia solani)2003–2007: T. Boekhout, E.E. Kuramae, K.G.A. van Driel (Ph.D. student), W.H. Müller & A. Verkleij(Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands), H. Wösten& A.F. van Peer (Department of Molecular Microbiology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands), A.Nakatani (PhD student, UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil), D. Rosa (M.Sc student, USP, Piracicaba-SP,Brazil).Funding: Odo van Vloten, Utrecht UniversityProject YBRP 1.01.03.04: The Rhizoctonia solani Tree of Life.2005–2006: T. Boekhout, E.E. Kuramae, J.A. Stalpers, K.G.A. van Driel (Ph.D. student), A.Nakatani (PhD student, UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil), N. de Souza (UNESP, Botocatu, Brazil),Funding: CNPq (Brazil).Project YBRP 1.01.04.05: Fungal biodiversity in regenerating tropical lowland forests, Colombia.2002–2006: T. Boekhout, R. Summerbell, C. Lopez-Q. (Ph.D student) (CBS / Universidad deAntioquia, Medellin, Colombia), A. M. Cleef, J. Duivenvoorden & J. Sevink (University of Amsterdam,The Netherlands), A.E. Franco Molano & A. Vasco-P. (University of Antioquia, Colombia), J. Frisvad(Technical University, Denmark).Funding: NWO-Wotro.2. Applied and IndustrialMycology (R.A. Samson)Theme 1: Biodiversity and ecology offood and airborne fungiTheme 2: Biology of food spoilage fungiProject IFA 2.01.01: Biodiversity of Penicillium, Aspergillus and related genera2003–2010: R. Samson, E. Hoekstra, J. Houbraken, J.C. Frisvad (Lyngby, Denmark), K.A. Seifert(Ottawa, Canada).Project IFA 2.01.02: Biodiversity and strain selection of fungi in indoor environments for qualitymanagement2003–2007: R.A. Samson, E.S. Hoekstra, T. Gabrio, (Landes Gesundheitsamt Baden-Wurttemberg,Stuttgart, Germany), K. Senkpiel, R. Keller (Medizinischer Universität zu Lübeck, Germany).28

Project IFA 2.01.03: Taxonomy and phylogeny of food borne Zygomycetes2003–2007: R. Samson, J. Dijksterhuis, A. Kuijpers, J. Houbraken, J. Jenneson, J. Schnurer(University of Agriculture, Uppsala, Sweden).Project IFA 2.02.04: Image analysis macroconidia of Fusarium culmorum2002–2005: J. Dijksterhuis, G. Chitarra, T. Abee, F. Rombouts (Food Microbiology, University ofWageningen, The Netherlands).Project IFA 2.02.05: Volatile compounds as germination regulators in Penicillium paneum2003–2005: J. Dijksterhuis, G. Chitarra, T. Abee, F. Rombouts (Food Microbiology, University ofWageningen, The Netherlands).Project IFA 2.02.06: Germination of heat resistant ascospores of Talaromyces macrosporus2003–2006: J. Dijksterhuis, F. Hoekstra, E. Golovina, J. Nijsse (Plant Physiology, University ofWageningen, The Netherlands).Project IFA 2.02.07: The cell wall of ascospores of Talaromyces macrosporus before and after heatactivation2003–2006: J. Dijksterhuis, M. Hanssen, T.T. Wyatt, L. Lugones, H Wösten (Molecular Microbiology,University of Utrecht, The Netherlands), J.H. Sietsma (Molecular Biology of Plants, University ofGroningen, The Netherlands).Project IFA 2.02.08: Role of natamycin as a membrane pertubator in fungal conidia and hyphae2005–2008: J. Dijksterhuis, R.A. Samson, E.J. Breukink, B. de Kruijf (Biomembranes, University ofUtrecht, The Netherlands).Project IFA 2.02.09: Sustainable control of fungal diseases of flower bulbs.2005–2008: J. Dijksterhuis, J. Houbraken, T. van Doorn, W. van der Krieken (PRI, Wageningen),A. van der Lans, M. de Boer (PPO, Lisse), J. Stark, F. van Rijn (DSM, Delft), H. de Vries (Innoventis,Breezand), G. Top (Profyto, Emmeloord).Project EPP 3.01.01: Hybridisation in Phytophthora2001–2005: A.W.A.M. de Cock, W.A. Man in ‘t Veld (Plant Protection Service, Wageningen), C.A.Lévesque (Agriculture and Agri-Food, Ottawa, Canada).Project EPP 3.01.02: Genetics of host specificity and speciation within Cercospora, with specificreference to C. beticola2003–2006: P.W. Crous, E.C.A. Abeln, M. Groenewald (Ph.D. student), P. de Witt (Phytopathology,University of Wageningen, The Netherlands), H. Sneider (IRS, The Netherlands).Project EPP 3.01.03: Genetic diversity of Mycosphaerella species associated with Sigatoka diseaseon bananas2003–2007: E.C.A. Abeln, P.W. Crous, M. Arzanlou (Ph.D. student), G. Kema (Plant ResearchInternational, The Netherlands), J. Carlier (CIRAD, France).3. Evolutionary Phytopathology(P.W. Crous)Theme 1: Evolutionary patterns and hostadaptationTheme 2: Mating strategies andspeciationProject EPP 3.02.04: Mycosphaerella spp. occurring on Eucalyptus2003–2006: P.W. Crous, J.Z. Groenewald, G. Hunter (Ph.D. student), M.J. Wingfield, B.D. Wingfield,T. Coutinho (University of Pretoria, South Africa).Funding: NRF, TPCP, University of Pretoria, South Africa.Project EPP 3.02.05: Speciation in Cercospora2003–2007: P.W. Crous, J.Z. Groenewald, U. Braun (Martin-Luther University, Germany), H-D. Shin(Korea University, Seoul).Funding: Volkswagenstiftung.Project EPP 3.02.06: Circumscription and detection of the Cylindrocarpon black foot rot complex ofgrapevines2002–2005: P.W. Crous, H.-J. Schroers, F. Halleen (Ph.D. student), P.H. Fourie (University ofStellenbosch, South Africa).Funding: Winetech, ARC-Nietvoorbij, South Africa.Project EPP 3.02.07: Developing microsatellite markers for Cylindrocladium2003–2006: P.W. Crous, B. Buthelezi (M.Sc. student), L. Wright (Ph.D. student), M.J. Wingfield, B.D.Wingfield, T. Coutinho (University of Pretoria, South Africa).Funding: TPCP, NRF, South Africa.Project EPP 3.02.08: Colletotrichum anthracnose of Proteaceae2002–2004: P.W. Crous, J.Z. Groenewald, K. Lubbe (M.Sc. student), S. Denman (ForestryCommission, UK), S. Lamprechts (University of Stellenbosch, South Africa), P. Cannon (CABI, UK).Funding: SAPPEX, ARC-Elsenburg, South Africa.Project EPP 3.02.09: Circumscription and detection of Phaeoacremonium and Phaeomoniella ingrapevines2003–2006: P.W. Crous, L. Mostert (Ph.D. student), E.C.A. Abeln, W. Gams, R.A. Summerbell &J.Z. Groenewald.Funding: Odo van Vloten.Project EPP 3.02.10: Circumscription, detection and infection strategies of Botryosphaeria spp. ingrapevines2003–2006: P.W. Crous, J.Z. Groenewald, J. van Niekerk (M.Sc. student), P.H. Fourie (University of29

Stellenbosch, South Africa), F. Halleen (ARC-Nietvoorbij, South Africa).Funding: Winetech, NRF, South Africa.Project EPP 3.02.11: Phylogeny and population genetics of Alternaria and related Pleosporales2002–2006: G.S. de Hoog, P.W. Crous, B.M. Pryor (Tucson, USA), T.L. Peever (University ofWashington State, USA), E.G. Simmons (Amherst, USA), B. Anderson (Lyngby Technical University,Denmark).Project EPP 3.02.12: Phylogeny in the genus Pythium and development of a molecular identificationand detection system1996–2006: A.W.A.M. de Cock, C.A. Lévesque (Agriculture and Agri-Food, Ottawa, Canada).Project EPP 3.02.13: Species delimitation in Pythium1996–2006: A.W.A.M. de Cock, G.R. Klassen, J.E.J.Bedard, A.M. Schurko (University of Manitoba,Winnipeg, Canada).Project EPP 3.02.14: Phylogeny in the genus Phytophthora and development of a molecularidentification and detection system2001–2007: A.W.A.M. de Cock, C.A. Lévesque (Agriculture and Agri-Food, Ottawa, Canada), R.C.Hamelin, G.Bilodeau (Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Québec, Canada).Project EPP 3.02.15: Species delimitation in Phytophthora2001–2007: A.W.A.M. de Cock, G.R. Klassen, J.E.J. Bedard, A.M. Schurko (University of Manitoba,Winnipeg, Canada), Man in ‘t Veld, W.A. (Plant Protection Service, Wageningen, The Netherlands).Project EPP 3.02.16: Taxonomy, phylogeny and biology of Cladosporium2003–2007: P.W. Crous, H.J. Schroers, G.S. de Hoog, R.A. Samson, P. Zalar (PhD student),U. Braun (Martin-Luther University, Germany), J. David (CABI, UK), F. Dugan (Washington StateUniversity, USA).Project EPP 3.02.17: Phytopathogenic Phoma complexes2002–2005: P.W. Crous, M. Aveskamp (Ph.D. student), G. Verkley, R.A. Summerbell, J.Z.Groenewald, J. de Gruyter (Ph.D. student; PPS, Wageningen, The Netherlands), S.T. Koike, K.Subbarao (University of California, USA), T. O’Neill (ADAS, UK).Project EPP 3.02.18: Taxonomy and phylogeny of Septoria2000–2006: G. Verkley, M. Starink-Willemse, A. van Iperen, S. Vanev (Botanical Institute, Sofia).Project EPP 3.02.19: Novel and putative ascomycetous plant endophytes2003–2006: G. Verkley, I. van Kempen, A. Aptroot, R.C. Summerbell, J.D. Zijlstra, F. Berendse(University of Wageningen, The Netherlands).Project EPP 3.02.20: Worldwide biodiversity of the genus Mycosphaerella1998–2005: A. Aptroot, P.W. Crous, J. David (CABI, UK).4. Origins of pathogenicity inclinical fungi (G.S. de Hoog)Theme 1: Evolution and host adaptationof black yeasts and allied fungiTheme 2: Extremophilic fungiProject OPC 4.01.01: Natural life cycle and selective sweeps of Exophiala dermatitidis2002–2006: G.S. de Hoog, A.H.G. Gerrits van den Ende, M. Sudhadham (Ph.D. student), T. Matos(Fac. Medicine, Slovenia), S. Sivichai (Chulalongkorn Univ., Thailand), G. Haase (RWTH-Aachen,Germany), G. Dorrestein (University of Utrecht, The Netherlands), A. van Belkum (Bacteriology,Erasmus Univ., Rotterdam), S.B.J. Menken (IBED, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Y. Gräser (Charité,Berlin, Germany), A. Mayr (Hautklinik, Univ. Innsbruck, Austria), D. Jonkers (Alterra, Wageningen,The Netherlands).Funding: WOTRO.Project OPC 4.01.02: Taxonomy and antimycotic susceptibility of herpotrichiellaceous black yeasts2002–2008: G.S. de Hoog, R. Vitale (Radboud, Nijmegen), G. Haase (RWTH-Aachen, Germany),V. Vicente (Microbiol., Univ. of Curitiba, Brazil), R. Caligiorne (Musée d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris,France), S. Kantarcioglu (Fac. Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey), F. Zeppenfeldt, Univ. Nac. Experim.,Coro, Venezuela).Project OPC 4.01.03: Black oligotrophs in indoor water systems and their impact on human health2002–2006: G.S. de Hoog, A.H.G. Gerrits van den Ende, J. Dijksterhuis, R.A. Samson, J. Harrak(PhD student), S.B.J. Menken (IBED, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands), A. van Belkum(Bacteriology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands), E. Göttlich (LUFA Augustenberg,Karlsruhe, Germany), A. Velegraki (Fac. Medicine, Athens, Greece), N. Hageskal (Vet. Faculty, Oslo,Norway).Funding: CBS/IBED.Project OPC 4.01.04: Development of environmental test systems using fungal indicators2002–2004: G.S. de Hoog, W. Becker, K. Verstraten (IBED, University of Amsterdam, TheNetherlands), N.A. Yurlova (St. Petersburg, Russia), K. Groenestein (University of Wageningen, TheNetherlands), J. Rainer (Botanik, Univ. Innsbruck, Austria), H. Nelis (Gent, Belgium), M. Richardson(Helsinki, Finland).Funding: EU.30Project OPC 4.01.05: Infection and resistance of therapy-refractory emerging fungal opportunistsin humans2002–2006: G.S. de Hoog, M. Sabelis (IBED, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands), S.B.J.Menken (IBED, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands), J. Rainer (Inst. Botanik, Univ. Innsbruck,Austria), Y. Gräser (Charité, Berlin, Germany), J.-P. Bouchara (Clin. Dermatol., Angers, France), and

a 25-lab network composing an ECMM working group.Partial funding: ECMM.Project OPC 4.01.06: Agents of human mycetoma2002–2004: G.S. de Hoog, K.F. Luijsterburg, A.O.A. Ahmed (Mycetoma Res. Center, Khartoum,Sudan), A. van Belkum (Bacteriology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands).Partial Funding: ISHAM Working Group Mycetoma.Project OPC 4.01.07: Atlas of Clinical Fungi2002–2008: G.S. de Hoog, K.F. Luijsterburg, J. Guarro, J. Gené, M.J. Figueras (University Rovirai Virgili, Reus, Spain), J. Albert (Inst. Informatik, Würzburg, Germany), D. Harmsen (Med. Mikrobiol.University of Münster, Germany).Project OPC 4.01.08: Phylogenetic position and taxonomy of Ochroconis and Scolecobasidium2002–2004: G.S. de Hoog, R. Horré (Bundesanst. Arzneimittel, Bonn, Germany), H.-J. Choi(Mikrobiol. Univ. Bonn, Germany).Project OPC 4.01.09: Evolution of virulence in black yeasts2004–2007: G.S. de Hoog, A. Ram (University of Leiden, The Netherlands), S.B.J. Menken (IBED,University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Jingsi Zeng, Shuwen Deng, Paride Abliz, Dongming Li,Ruoyu Li (Beijng / Xinjiang, P.R. China),Funding: KNAW and Chinese Academy.Project OPC 4.01.10: Evolution of extremotolerant black yeasts.2002–2004: G.S. de Hoog, A.H.G. Gerrits van den Ende, T. Ruibal, N.A. Yurlova (St. Petersburg,Russia), N. Gunde-Cimerman (Ljublana, Slovenia), M. Grube (Graz, Austria), L. Selbmann (Viterbo,Italy), F. Lutzoni (Duke, U.S.A.)Partial funding: AFTOL U.S.A.Project OPC 4.01.11: Evolution of halophily in dothideaceous black yeasts2002–2004: G.S. de Hoog, A.H.G. Gerrits van den Ende, P. Zalar (Ph.D. student; Inst. Biochemistry,Ljubljana, Slovenia).Project OPC 4.01.13: Assimilation of toxic degradation products from lignin and oils by black yeast-likefungi2003–2006: G.S. de Hoog, F. Prenafeta, R.C. Summerbell, J. Dijksterhuis, M. Sudhadham, J.Harrak (PhD student), K. Verstraten, K. Nierop (IBED, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands), U.Hölker (Inst. Botanik Uni-Bonn, Germany), G. Haase (RWTH-Aachen, Germany), P. Letitre (MEP-TNO,Apeldoorn, The Netherlands), C. van den Hondel (CIVO-TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands).Project OPC 4.01.14: Fungal-bacterial interactions in soil2002–2006: R. Summerbell, F. Prenafeta, T. Boekhout, A. van Iperen, W. de Boer, G. Kowalchuk(NIOO-KNAW, The Netherlands).Funding: KNAW Vernieuwingsfonds.Project OPC 4.02.17: Geotrichum, a fungal dinosaur2002–2004: G.S. de Hoog, M.Th. Smith, A.W.A.M. de Cock, C.P. Kurtzman (USDA, Peoria, USA),K. Ueda-Nishimura (Inst. Fermentation, Osaka, Japan).Project OPC 4.02.18: The biodiversity of para-Hypocrealean fungi in human and animal disease2002–2004: R.C. Summerbell, H.-J. Schroers, M. Starink-Willemse, P.W. Crous, W. Gams, G.S.de Hoog, L. Mostert (Ph.D. student), L. Sigler (University of Alberta, Canada), A.A. Padhye, M.Brandt (CDC, USA), S. Moser (Univ. Alabama), P. Kammeyer (Loyola Univ. Med Ctr, Maywood IL,USA), D. Sutton, M.G. Rinaldi (Fungus Testing Center, San Antonio, USA), W. Merz (Johns Hopkins,Baltimore USA), M. Hayden (Rush Med. Ctr., Chicago, USA), A. Goldschmit-Reuveni, G. Rahav (TelHashomer Hospital, Tel-Aviv, Israel), S. Krajden (St. Joseph’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada).Project OPC 4.02.19: Sequencing black yeast floras from human patients2004–2006: G.S. de Hoog, Jingsi Zeng, D.A. Sutton (Fungus Testing Lab, San Antonio, U.S.A.)Funding: Pfizer U.S.A.Project CPD 6.01.01: Optimalisation of freeze-drying protocols2003–2005: C.S. Tan, C. van Ingen (RIVM, Utrecht, The Netherlands), C. van den Berg, R. Hoekstra(University of Wageningen, The Netherlands).Project CPD 6.01.02: Freezing of recalcitrant organisms2003–2004: C.S. Tan, IJ. Vlug.Project CPD 6.02.01: Sequencing and characterisation of ex-type strains2003–2010: J.A. Stalpers, C.S. Tan, G. Verkley, G.S. de Hoog, R.A. Samson, W. Haisma, IJ. Vlug,A. Kuijpers, P.W. Crous, R.S. Summerbell, T. Boekhout.Funding: EU-EBRCN project.5. Collection, Preservation andDigitalisation (J. Stalpers)Theme 1: Preservation researchTheme 2: Sequencing and characterisationof type strainsTheme 3: Online access to nomenclaturaland taxonomic databasesProject CPD 6.03.01: Digitalisation and accessibility of nomenclatural and taxonomical data2003–2010: V. Robert, J.A. Stalpers, G. Stegehuis, P. Romano (ABC, Italy).Project CPD 6.03.02: Index of Fungi2003–2006: J.A. Stalpers, G. Stegehuis, P. Kirk (CABI Bioscience, UK), J. Adams (Landcare, NewZealand).31

Project CPD 6.03.03: Input of CBS data in CBS databaseThe databases will be linked with other, non-CBS databases, as PubMed and GenBank2003–2005: J.A. Stalpers, G. Stegehuis, V. Robert, M. Vermaas, P. Romano (ABC, Italy).Project CPD 6.03.04: CBS publications on the Web2003–2005: J.A. Stalpers, G. Stegehuis, D. Stalpers.Project CPD 6.03.05: European Biological Research Centres Network (EBRCN)2001–2004: J.A. Stalpers, G. Stegehuis, D. Smith (CABI, UK), E. Stackebrand (DSMZ, Germany), C.Bizet (Institut Pasteur, France), P. Romano (ABC, Italy), D. Janssens (LMG, Belgium).Funding: EU.Project CPD 6.03.06: MOSAICS, Implementation of Access and Benefit Sharing related to MicrobiologicalResources2004–2005. J.A. Stalpers, G. Verkley, D. Smith (CABI, UK) E. Stackebrand (DSMZ, Germany), C. Bizet(Institut Pasteur, France), B. Parodi (ABC, Italy), Ph. Desmeth (BCCM, Belgium).Funding: EUProject CPD 6.03.07: Eurocat, Species 2000 production c.q. improvement of the Catalogue of Life2003–2006. J.A. Stalpers, G. Stegehuis, major European taxonomic institutesFunding: EUProject CPD 6.03.08: Mycoheritage. Reproduction of important classical illustration books on the Web2005–2010: J.A. Stalpers, G. Stegehuis, L. ReijersProject CPD 6.03.05: Digitalisation of collection data and Species Banks2005–2006. J.A. Stalpers, V. Robert, G. Stegehuis, P.W. Crous, R.A. Samson, G.S. de Hoog, L.Reijers, D. Stalpers, P. Meredith, S. Vanev, NHN, ZMA, NaturalisFunding: NWO32

Scientific Output (2004–2005)Scientific PublicationsAlstrup V, Aptroot A (2005). Pyrenocarpous lichensfrom Kenya and Tanzania. CryptogamieMycologie 26: 265–271.Aptroot A (2004). Redisposition of some, mostlypyrenocarpous, lichen species describedby Zahlbruckner from Taiwan. SymbolaeBotanicae Upsalienses 34: 31–38.Aptroot A (2004). Two new ascomycetes withlong gelatinous appendages collected frommonocots in the tropics. Studies in Mycology50: 307–311.Aptroot A, Berg MP (2004). Collembolahelp lichens in competition with algae.Lichenologist 36: 167–169.Aptroot A, Herk CM van (2004). Caloplacabritannica common in non-maritimeenvironments. Lichenologist 36: 261–263.Aptroot A, Rodrigues AF (2005). New lichenrecords for the Azores, with the report of sometropical species new to Europe. CryptogamieMycologie 26: 273–280.Aptroot A, Zielman R (2004). Lobaria amplissimaand other rare lichens and bryophytes onlava rock outcrop in the Eifel (Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany). Herzogia 17: 87–93.Ávila A, Groenewald JZ, Trapero A, Crous PW(2005). Characterisation and epitypifi cationof Pseudocercospora cladosporioides, thecausal organism of Cercospora leaf spot ofolives. Mycological Research 109: 881–888.Ayala-Escobar V, Yañez-Morales M de J, BraunU, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW (2005).Cercospora agavicola – a new foliar pathogenof Agave tequilana var. azul from Mexico.Mycotaxon 93: 115–121.Ball LM, Bes MA, Theelen B, Boekhout T, EgelerRM, Kuijper EJ (2004). Signifi cance ofamplifi ed fragment length polymorphism inthe identifi cation and epidemiology of Candidaspecies colonization in children undergoingallogeneic stem cell transplantation. Journalof Clinical Microbiology 42: 1673–1679.Barnes I, Crous PW, Wingfi eld BD, Wingfi eld MJ(2004). Multigene phylogenies reveal thatred band needle blight of Pinus is causedby two distinct species of Dothistroma, D.septosporum and D. pini. Studies in Mycology50: 551–565.Barreto de Oliveira MT, Boekhout T, Theelen B,Hagen F, Baroni FC, Lazera M, LengelerKB, Heitman J, Rivera ING, Paula CR(2004). Cryptococcus neoformans showsa remarkable genotypic diversity in Brazil.Journal of Clinical Microbiolology 42: 1356–1359.Batra R, Boekhout T, Guého E, Cabañes FJ,Dawson TL Jr, Gupta AK (2005). MalasseziaBaillon, emerging clinical yeasts. FEMSYeast Research 5: 1101–1113.Baumgardner DJ, Summerbell RC, KrajdenS, Alexopoulou I, Agrawal B, BergesonM, Fuksa M, Bemis C, Baumgardner MA(2005). Attempted isolation of Blastomycesdermatitidis from native shrews in northernWisconsin, U.S.A. Medical Mycology 43:413–416.Beilharz VC, Pascoe IG, Wingfi eld MJ, TjahjonoB, Crous PW (2004). Passalora perplexa,an important pleoanamorphic leaf blightpathogen of Acacia crassicarpa in Australiaand Indonesia. Studies in Mycology 50: 471–479.Boer W De, Folman L, Summerbell RC, BoddyL (2005). Living in a fungal world: impact offungi on soil bacterial niche development.FEMS Microbiology Reviews 29: 795–811.Boer W De, Leveau JHJ, Kowalchuk GA, KleinGunnewiek WPJA, Abeln ECA, Figge MF,Sjollema K, Janse JD, Veen JA van (2004).Collimonas fungivorans gen. nov., sp. nov.,a chitinolytic soil bacterium with the ability togrow on intact fungal hyphae. InternationalJournal of Systematic and EvolutionaryMicrobiology 54: 857–864.Brandt ME, Kauffman CA, Pappas PG, IqbalN, Arthington-Skaggs B, Lee-Yang W,Smith MTh (2004). Fungemia caused byZygoascus hellenicus in an allogeneic stemcell transplant recipient. Journal of ClinicalMicrobiology 42: 3363–3365Braun U, Crous PW (2005). Additions andcorrections to names published in Cercosporaand Passalora. Mycotaxon 92: 395–416.Brodo IM, Aptroot A (2005). Corticolous speciesof Protoparmelia (lichenized Ascomycotina)in North America. Canadian Journal of Botany83: 1075–1081.Bruyn U de, Aptroot A, Sparrius LB, LindersW (2005). Ergebnisse eines Flechten-Kartierungstreffens in Ostfriesland (Nordwest-Niedersachsen). Aktuelle LichenologischeMitteilungen NF 14: 18–29.Caron S, Avis TJ, Boekhout T, Hamelin RC,Bélanger RR (2005). Fingerprintingtechniques as tools towards a molecularquality control of Pseudozyma fl occulosa.Mycological Research 109: 335–341.Chitarra GS, Abee T, Rombouts FM, DijksterhuisJ (2005). 1-Octen-3-ol has mild effects onmembrane permeability, respiration andintracellular pH, but blocks germination andchanges the protein composition of Penicilliumpaneum conidia. FEMS Microbiology Ecology54: 67–75.Chitarra GS, Abee T, Rombouts FM, PosthumusMA, Dijksterhuis J (2004). Germination ofPenicillium paneum conidia is regulatedby a volatile self-inhibitor. Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology 70: 2823–2829.Chitarra GS, Breeuwer P, Rombouts FM, AbeeT, Dijksterhuis J. (2005). Differentiationinside multicelled macroconidia of Fusariumculmorum during early germination. FungalGenetics and Biology 42: 694–703.Ciampi MB, Kuramae EE, Fenille RC, Meyer MC,Souza NL, Ceresini PC (2005). Intraspecifi cevolution of Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IAassociated with soybean and rice in Brazilbased on polymorphisms at the ITS-5.8SrDNA operon. European Journal of PlantPathology 113: 183–196.Cock AWAM De, Lévesque CA (2004). Newspecies of Pythium and Phytophthora.Studies in Mycology 50: 481–487.Coller GJ Van, Denman S, GroenewaldJZ, Lamprecht SC, Crous PW (2005).Characterisation and pathogenicity ofCylindrocladiella spp. associated with rootand cutting rot symptoms of grapevines innurseries. Australasian Plant Pathology 34:489–498.Crous PW, Allegrucci N, Arambarri AM, CazauMC, Groenewald JZ, Wingfi eld MJ (2005).Dematiocladium celtidis gen. sp. nov.(Nectriaceae, Hypocreales), a new genusfrom Celtis leaf litter in Argentina. MycologicalResearch 109: 833–840.Crous PW, Gams W, Stalpers JA, Cannon PF,Kirk PM, David JC, Triebel (2004). An onlinedatabase of names and descriptions asan alternative to registration. Mycological33

34Research 108: 1236–1238.Crous PW, Gams W, Stalpers JA, Robert V,Stegehuis G (2004). MycoBank: an onlineinitiative to launch mycology into the 21stcentury. Studies in Mycology 50: 19–22.Crous PW, Groenewald JZ (2005). Hosts,species and genotypes: opinions versus data.Australasian Plant Pathology 34: 463–470.Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Mansilla JP, HunterGC, Wingfi eld MJ (2004). Phylogeneticreassessment of Mycosphaerella spp. andtheir anamorphs occurring on Eucalyptus.Studies in Mycology 50: 195–214.Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Pongpanich K,Himaman W, Arzanlou M, Wingfi eld MJ(2004). Cryptic speciation and host specifi cityamong Mycosphaerella spp. occurring onAustralian Acacia species grown as exoticsin the tropics. Studies in Mycology 50: 457–469.Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Risède J-M, SimoneauP, Hywel-Jones NL (2004). 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38of Septoria species based on the ITS andLSU-D2 regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA.Mycologia 96: 558–571Vijaykrishna D, Mostert L, Jeewon R,Gams W, Hyde KD, Crous PW (2004).Pleurostomophora, an anamorph ofPleurostoma (Calosphaeriales), a newanamorph genus morphologically similarto Phialophora. Studies in Mycology 50:387–395.Vos MM de, Cuenca-Estrella M, Boekhout T,Theelen B, Matthijs N, Bauters T, Nailis H,Dhont MA, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Nelis HJ(2005). Vulvovaginal candidiasis in a Flemishpatient population. Clinical MicrobiologicalInfections 11: 1005–1011.Vries RP de, Burgers K, Vondervoort PJI van de,Frisvad JC, Samson RA, Visser J (2004a). Anew black Aspergillus species, A. vadensis,is a promising host for homologous andheterologous protein production. Appliedand Environmental Microbiology 70: 3954–3959.Wood AR, Crous PW (2005). Epidemic increaseof Endophyllum osteospermi (Uredinales,Pucciniaceae) on Chrysanthemoidesmonilifera. Biocontrol Science andTechnology 15: 117–125.Wood AR, Crous PW (2005). Morphological andmolecular characterization of Endophyllumspecies on perennial asteraceous plants inSouth Africa. Mycological Research 109:387–400.Wood AR, Crous PW, Lennox CL (2004).Predicting the distribution of Endophyllumosteospermi (Uredinales, Pucciniaceae) inAustralia based on its climatic requirementsand distribution in South Africa. AustralasianPlant Pathology 33: 549–558.Yazici K, Aslan A, Aptroot A (2004). Four newlichen species from Turkey. Mycotaxon 90:177–180.Yazici K, Aslan A, Aptroot A (2005). New lichenrecords from Turkey. Mycotaxon 92: 341–344.Zalar P, Hoog GS de, Schroers HJ, Frank J,Gunde-Cimerman N (2005). Taxonomy ofthe osmophilic genus Wallemia. Antonievan Leeuwenhoek 87: 311–328.Zhao Z, Ren Q, Aptroot A (2004). An annotatedkey of Pertusaria in China. The Bryologist107: 531–541.Zijlstra JD, Hof P van t’, Baar J, Verkley GJM,Summerbell RC, Paradi I, BraakhekkeWG, Berendse F (2005). Diversity ofsymbiotic root endophytes of the Helotialesin ericaceous plants and the grass,Deschampsia fl exuosa. Studies in Mycology53: 147–162.Zuccaro A, Summerbell RC, Gams W, SchroersH-J, Mitchell JI (2004). A new Acremoniumspecies associated with Fucus spp., andits affi nity with a phylogenetically distinctmarine Emericellopsis clade. Studies inMycology 50: 283–297.Zwart GJM, Kamst-van Agterveld MP, Werff-Staverman I van der, Hagen F, GonsH (2005). Molecular characterizationof cyanobacterial diversity in a shalloweutrophic lake. Environmental Microbiology7: 365–377.Books, CD-Roms andSoftwareAdams GC, Wingfi eld MJ, Common R, RouxJ (2005). Phylogenetic relationships andmorphology of Cytospora species and relatedteleomorphs (Ascomycota, Diaporthales,Valsaceae) from Eucalyptus (Crous PW,ed.). Studies in Mycology 52: 1–146.Bell A (2005). An illustrated guide to thecoprophilous Ascomycetes of Australia(Gams W, ed.). CBS Biodiversity Series 3:1–173.Crous PW, Denman S, Taylor JE, Swart L, PalmME (2004). Cultivation and diseases ofProteaceae: Leucadendron, Leucospermumand Protea. CBS Biodiversity Series 2: 1–228.Crous PW, Samson RA, Gams W, SummerbellRC, Boekhout T, Hoog GS de, Stalpers JA(2004). CBS Centenary: 100 years of FungalBiodiversity and Ecology. Studies in Mycology50 (1, 2): 1–572.Herk K van, Aptroot A (2004). Veldgidskorstmossen. KNNV Uitgeverij.Hoog GS de (ed.) (2005). Fungi of the Antarctic:Evolution under extreme conditions. Studiesin Mycology 51: 1–79.Hoog GS de, Guarro J, Gené J, Figueras MJ(eds) (2005). Atlas of Clinical Fungi, CD-ROM version (2005).Keller R, Senkpiel K, Samson RA, HoekstraES (2004) Erfassung biogener undchemischer Schadstoffe des Innenraumesund die Bewertung umweltbezogenesGezundheitsrisikern. Institut MedizinischeMikrobologie und Hygiene, UniversitätLübeck.Keller R, Senkpiel K, Samson RA, HoekstraES (2005). Mikrobielle allergische undtoxische Verbindungen. Institut MedizinischeMikrobologie und Hygiene, UniversitätLübeck.Robert V (2005). MycoBank Web software. Version1. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures,May, Utrecht, The Netherlands.Robert V, Szoke Sz (2004). BioloMICSsoftware. Versions 4 & 5. Centraalbureauvoor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, TheNetherlands.Robert V, Szoke Sz (2005). BioloMICSsoftware. Version 6. Centraalbureau voorSchimmelcultures, January, Utrecht, TheNetherlands.Robert, V (2005). BioloMICS Version 7 andBioGalaxy software Version 2. Centraalbureauvoor Schimmelcultures, November, Utrecht,The Netherlands.Samson RA, Hoekstra ES, Frisvad JC (2004).Introduction to food– and airborne fungi. 7 thed. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures,Utrecht, The Netherlands.Samson, RA, Frisvad JC (2004). Penicilliumsubgenus Penicillium: new taxonomicschemes, mycotoxins and other extrolites.Studies in Mycology 49: 1–257.Summerbell RC, Currah RS, Sigler L (eds)(2005). The Missing Lineages: Phylogeny andecology of endophytic and other enigmaticroot-associated fungi. Studies in Mycology53: 1–254.Vasco-P AM, Franco-Molano AE, López-QCA, Boekhout T (2005). Macrohongos dela región del Medio Caquetá, Colombia.Guia de campo. Universidad de Antioquia,Medellin, Colombia.Wang YW, Aptroot A, Hyde KD (2004). Revisionof the genus Amphisphaeria. Fungal DiversityResearch Series 13: 1–168.Book Chapters andProceedingsAptroot A (2004). Global ecological patterns of

nitrophytic lichens. In: Lichens in a changingpollution environment (Lambley PW,Wolseley P, eds). English Nature ResearchReport 525: 71–75.Boekhout T, Deak T, Tan CS, Robert V (2004).Identifi zierung von Hefen in Lebensmitteln.In: Mikrobiologische Untersuchung vonLebensmitteln (Baumgart J, Becker B, eds).Behr’s Verlag, Hamburg, Germany: V.5:1–19.Boekhout T, Samson RA (2005). Fungalbiodiversity and food. In: Food fermentation(Nout RJ et al., eds), Wageningen AcademicPublishers, Wageningen, Netherlands: 29–41.Dijksterhuis J, Samson RA (2005). Activation ofstress-resistant ascospores by novel foodpreservation techniques. Proceedings of the6 th meeting of the International Committeeon Food Mycology, Samsøy, Denmark,October 15 – October 19, 2003. Advances inFood Mycology (Hocking A, Pitt J, eds) SPIPublishers, Sydney, Australia: 247–260.Egan RS, Aptroot A (2004). Punctelia. In: Lichenfl ora of the Greater Sonoran Desert region.Volume II (the microlichens) (Nash TH,Ryan BD, Gries C, Bungartz F, eds) LichensUnlimited, Tempe: 431–436Egan RS, Aptroot A (2004). Punctelia. In: Lichenfl ora of the Greater Sonoran Desert region.Volume II (the microlichens) (Nash TH, RyanBD, Gries C, Bungartz F, eds). LichensUnlimited, Tempe: 431–436.Geel B van, Aptroot A, Birks HH, Bull ID,Evershed RP, Mol D, Nierop KGJ, Pals JP,van Tienderen PH, Reenen G van (2005).Plant remains in the Yukagir Mammoth dungand an environmental reconstruction. ShortPapers and Abstracts 2 nd World of ElephantsCongress, 22–25 September, Mammoth Siteof Hot Springs, South Dakota: 193–194.Geel B van, Birks HH, Aptroot A, BaittingerC, Mol D, Pals JP, Shoshani J, Reenen Gvan, Bull ID, Evershed RP, Nierop KGJ,Tikhonov A, Tienderen PH van (2005).Environmental reconstruction based on theYukagir Mammoth’s last meal. ProceedingsInternational Symposium on YukagirMammoth. 18 June, Aichi, Japan: 13–14.Hoog GS de, Guého E (2005). White piedra, blackpiedra and tinea nigra. In: Topley & Wilson’sMicrobiology and Microbial Infections, 10 th ed.Medical Mycology vol. (Merz WG, Hay RJ,eds). Hodder Arnold, London: 197–201.Hoog GS de, Zalar P, Gerrits van den Ende AHG,Gunde-Cimerman N (2005). Relation ofhalotolerance to human-pathogenicity in thefungal Tree of Life: an overview of ecologyand evolution under stress. In: Adaptationto life at high salt concentrations in Archea,Bacteria, and Eukarya (Gunde-Cimerman N,Oren A, Plemenitas A, eds): 371–395.Marinelli F, Brunati M, Sponga F, Ciciliato I, LosiD, Trappen S van, Mergaert J, Swings J,Göttlich E, Hoog GS de, Rojas JL, GenilloudO (2004). Biotechnological exploitation ofheterotrophic bacteria and fi lamentous fungiisolated from benthic mats of Antarctic lakes.In: Microbial genetic resources and discovery(Kurtböke I, Swings J, eds). WFCC, Egham:163–184.Padhye AA, Summerbell RC (2005). Thedermatophytes. In: Topley & Wilson’sMicrobiology and Microbial Infections, 10 th ed.Medical Mycology vol. (Merz WG, Hay RJ,eds). Hodder Arnold, London: 220–243.Prenafeta-Boldú FX, Summerbell RC, Hoog GSde (2005). Biosystematics and ecology ofhydrocarbon-degrading fungi from air biofi lters.In: Biotechniques for Air Pollution Control(Kennes C, Veiga MC, eds). Universidadeda Coruña, Coruña. Proceedings of theInternational Congress Biotechniques for AirPollution Control. October 5–7, A Coruña,Spain: 329–335.Robert V, Stalpers J, Tan CS, Boekhout T (2005).Yeast biodiversity and culture collections.In: Biodiversity and ecophysiology of yeasts(Rosa CA, Peter G, eds). Springer Verlag,Berlin: 31–44.Rodrigues AFF, Aptroot A (2005). New dataand corrections to the list of lichens andlichenicolous fungi from the Azores. In: P.A.V.Borges et al. (eds) A list of the terrestrial faunaand fl ora from the Azores. Horta: 231–247.Samson RA, Aa HA van der (2004). 100 yearsCentraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures.In: Innovative roles of biological resourcecenters (Watanake MM, Suzuki K, Seki T,eds). Proceedings of the 10 th InternationalCongress for Culture Collections, Tsukuba,Japan, 10–15 October 2004: 459–463.Samson RA (2005). Fungal Identifi cation ofindoor molds: current methods and newdevelopments. In: Bioaerosols, Fungi,Bacteria, Mycotoxins and Human Health(Johanning E, ed.). Fungal Research GroupFoundation, Inc., Albany, New York: 302–307.Samson RA, Hoekstra ES (2004). Toxic mouldsin indoor environments – descriptions ofimportant species. In: Erfassung biogener undchemischer Schadstoffe des Innenraumesund die Bewertung umweltbezogenesGezundheitsrisiken (Keller R, Senkpiel K,Samson RA, Hoekstra ES, eds). InstitutMedizinische Mikrobologie und Hygiene,Universität Lübeck: 409–435.Samson, RA (2004). Research on fungi inindoor environments: Stachybotrys andnew Canadian guidelines In: Erfassungbiogener und chemischer Schadstoffedes Innenraumes und die Bewertungumweltbezogenes Gezundheitsrisiken (KellerR, Senkpiel K, Samson RA, Hoekstra ES,eds). Institut Medizinische Mikrobologie undHygiene, Universität Lübeck: 1–8.Smith MTh, Yarrow D, Robert V (2004). Yeasts.In: Introduction to Food- and Airborne Fungi(Samson R, Hoekstra ES, Frisvad JC,Filtenborg O, eds). 7 th edition, CBS: 270–278.Tan CS, Ingen CW van (2004). Preservation offungi and yeasts. In: Life in the Frozen State(Fuller BJ, Lane N, Benson E, eds). CRCPress, Boca Raton, London, N.Y., WashingtonD.C.: 277–299.Varga J, Rigo K, Kocsubé S, Pál K, TóthB, Samson RA (2005). Evolutionaryrelationships among economically importantspecies of Aspergillus subgenera Aspergillusand Fumigati. In: Plant genome: diversity andevolution Vol 2B. Cryptograms (Sharma AK,Sharma A, eds) Enfi eld Science Publishers,Inc.: 285–332.Popular PublicationsAmbrósio MMQ, Bueno CJ, Nakatani AK,Kuramae EE, Souza NL (2005). Ocorrênciade Rhizoctonia spp. binucleada AGG emfruto de melancia. Summa Phytopathologica31: 18.Aptroot A (2004). Global ecological patterns ofnitrophytic lichens. In: Lichens in a changingpollution environment (Lambley PW,Wolseley P, eds). English Nature ResearchReport 525: 71–75.Aptroot A (2005). Korstmossen in Gerolstein39

40(Eifel). Buxbaumiella 72: 34–47.Aptroot A (2005). Lichens and global warming.Bulletin of the British Lichenological Society96: 14–17.Aptroot A (2004). Review of: Checa J, Dothidealesdictiospóricos/Dictyosporic Dothideales.Nova Hedwigia 79: 546.Aptroot A (2004). Review of: Roux C, SérusiauxE. Le genre Strigula (Lichens) en Europe eten Macaronésie. Mycotaxon 90: 479–480.Aptroot A (2005). Review of: Türk R, HafellnerJ, Taurer-Zeiner C. Die Flechten Kärntens.Lichenologist 37: 275.Aptroot A, Czarnota P, Jüriado I, Kocourková J,Kukwa M, Lohmus P, Palice Z, Randlane T,Saag L, Sérusiaux E, Sipman HJM, SparriusLB, Suija A, Thüs H (2005). New or interestinglichens and lichenicolous fungi found duringthe 5th IAL Symposium in Estonia. FoliaCryptogamica Estonica 41: 13–22.Aptroot A, Dekker DJ, Sparrius LB, Spier LJ,Vervoort M (2005). Lichenologisch verslagvan het zomerkamp 2004 in Schotland.Buxbaumiella 71: 26–38.Aptroot A, Ferraro LI (2005). Nueva especie yregistros interesantes de Pyrenolíquenespara Argentina y Paraguay. Kurtziana 31:59–67.Aptroot A, Herk CM van (2005). Herstel vankorstmossen op de heide. De LevendeNatuur 106: 232–234.Aptroot A, Sparrius LB, Spier LJ (2004). Lichensin the Noordoostpolder (Netherlands,Prov. Flevoland). Aktuelle LichenologischeMitteilungen NF 13: 12–16.Boekhout T (2005). Gut feeling for yeasts. Nature434: 449–450.Boekhout T, Hagen F (2005). Cryptococcusneoformans and Cryptococcus gattii.Nederlands Tijdschrift voor MedischeMicrobiologie 13: 35–37.Boekhout T, Summerbell R (2004). Conferencereport. The 5 th Conference on Cryptococcusand cryptococcosis, Adelaide, 2002. FEMSYeast Research 3: III-IV. 15 th Congress of theInternational Society for Human and AnimalMycology (ISHAM), May 25–29 2003, SanAntonio, TX, USA, 1 st Trends in MedicalMycology, joint meeting of the 9 th Congressof the European Confederation of MedicalMycology and the 7 th Trends in InvasiveFungal Infections, September 28– October1, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and 47 thAnnual meeting of the Japanese Society forMedical Mycology, Oct. 16–17, Tokyo, Japan.FEMS Yeast Research 4: 667.Broeck D van den, Aptroot A, Jordaens D, SparriusLB, Poeck J (2005). Een lichenologischeexcursie naar Lille en omgeving (België,Provincie Antwerpen). Buxbaumiella 70:19–22.Ciampi MB, Kuramae EE, Souza NL, Fenille RC,Meyer MC, Ceresini PC (2005). Evoluçãointraespecífi ca de Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IAassociada à soja e ao arroz no Brasil baseadaem polimorfi smos no operon ITS-5.8S rDNA.Summa Phytopathologica 31: 85–86.Ciampi MB, Lemos EGM, Kuramae EE,Rosewich-Gale L, Ceresini PC (2005).Detecção de SNPs em marcadores de DNAgenômico de Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA.Summa Phytopathologica 31: 85.Coller G van, Denman S, Lamprecht SC, CrousPW (2005). A new perspective on soilbornediseases of grapevines in nurseries.Winelands 13: 102–105.Crous PW (2004). Cryptic biodiversity amongplant pathogens: implications for trade anddisease management. Inaugural lecture,Department of Phytopathology, University ofWageningen. 16 September 2004.Crous PW (2005). CBS: Toward the doublecentury. Inoculum 56(1): 1–3.Crous PW (2005). Plant pathology is lost withouttaxonomy. Outlooks on Pest Management16: 119–123.Crous PW (2005). Impact of molecularphylogenetics on the taxonomy anddiagnostics of fungi. EPPO Bulletin 35: 47–51.Crous PW, Samson RA, Summerbell RC (2004).Progress report 2002–2003. Centraalbureauvoor Schimmelcultures, Fungal BiodiversityCentre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.Dijksterhuis J, Samson RA (2004). Hogedruk alsalternatieve pasteurisatie methode en stressresistenteSchimmelsporen. Voedingsmiddelentechnologie 37: 14–16.Herk CM van, Sparrius LB, Aptroot A (2005).Hotspots van de korstmossen op de RodeLijst vragen om een betere bescherming. DeLevende Natuur 106: 20–25.Hoog, G.S. de (2005). Scedosporium: eenproblematische groep schimmelinfecties.Nederlands Tijdschrift voor MedischeMicrobiologie 13: 38–40.Horré R, Schröteler A, Marklein G, BreuerG, Siekmeier R, Sterzik B, Hoog GS de,Schnitzler N, Schaal KP (2004). Vorkommenvon Exophiala dermatitidis bei Patienten mitzystischer Fibrose in Bonn. Atemwegs- undLungenkrankheiten 29: 373–379.Mayser P, Thoma W, Seibold M, TintelnotK, Wiedemeyer K, Hoog GS de (2004).Diagnostik, Klinik und Therapie derkutanen Alternariose - 2 Fallberichte undLiteraturübersicht. Hautarzt 55: 1137–1142.Onofri S, Selbmann L, Zucconi L, Tosi S, HoogGS de (2004). The Mycota of continentalAntarctica. Terra Antarctica Reports 11: 37–42.Robert V (Leslie M, ed.) (2004). Name ThatYeast. Science 303: 1741.Selbmann L, Hoog GS de, Onofri S (2005).Ecologia, origine ed evoluzione di speciefungine endemiche delle Valli Secche diMcMurdo in Antartide. Informatore BotanicoItaliano 37: 870–871.Spier LJ, Aptroot A (2005). Correlatie tussenchemie en morfologie in NederlandsePeltigera didactyla. Buxbaumiella 70: 28–30.Spier LJ, Aptroot A (2005). What is the role ofsecondary substances in rock-inhabitingcrustose lichens? Bulletin of the BritishLichenological Society 96: 24–26.Spier LJ, Aptroot A (2004). Correlation betweenchemistry and morphology in Peltigeradidactyla and related taxa. AktuelleLichenologische Mitteilungen NF 13: 17–19.Summerbell RC (2004). Review of: BurnettJ, Fungal populations and species.Mycopathologia 157: 361–362.Summerbell RC (2005). Mycological subculture.Inoculum 56(1): 9.Thell A, Herber B, Aptroot A, Adler MT, FeuererT, Kärnefelt EI (2005). A preliminaryphylogeographic study of Flavopunctelia andPunctelia inferred from rDNA ITS-sequences.Folia Cryptogamica Estonica 41: 115–122.Papers and PostersAhmed AOA, Leeuwen W van, Fahal A, Sande Wvan de, Verbrugh H, Hoog GS de & BelkumA van (2005). Recent developments in theclinical, epidemiological, and diagnosticmanagement of Madurella mycetomatisinduced mycetoma. Pan African Society forMedical Mycology, January 25, Hartenbosch,

South Africa.Almeida-Lenero L, Ludlow-Wiechers B, Geel vanB, Gonzalez MC, Aptroot A (2005). Recordsof mid-Holocene fungi from Lake Zempoala,Central Mexico. Hyphal bridges over thePacifi c: Advancing mycology. Hilo, Hawaii,U.S.A.Aptroot A (2005). Lichens and global warming:further evidence and the role of Trentepohlia.British Lichen Society, London, U.K.Aptroot A (2005). Subfossil fungi. First Symposiumon Non-Pollen Palynomorphs, Greifswald,Germany.Arabatzis M, Hoog GS de, Kuijper EJ, TempletonK, Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet LS, VelegrakiA, Lavrijsen S, Summerbell RC (2005). Rapiddetection and identifi cation of commonlyencountered dermatophytes by real-timePCR. November 29, Dutch Society forMedical Mycology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.Barnes I, Crous PW, Wingfi eld BD, Wingfi eldMJ (2005). Multigene phylogenetic analysisreveal that Dothistroma septospora and D.pini represent two distinct taxa and a seriousthreat to pine forestry. Annual meeting of theMycological Society of America, Hilo, Hawaii.Inoculum 56(4): 8.Bilodeau G, Lévesque CA, Cock AWAM de,Kristjansson G, Hamelin, RC (2004). SNPgenotyping in the causal agent of suddenoak death, Phytophthora ramorum. Annualmeeting of the Phytophthora MolecularGenetics Network. May 21–23, New Orleans,Louisiana, U.S.A.Bilodeau GJ, Lévesque CA, Cock AWAM de,Brière S, McDonald J, Kristjansson G,Hamelin RC (2004). Real-time polymerasechain reaction detection and single nucleotidepolymorphisms genotyping of Phytophthoraramorum, the causal agent of sudden oakdeath. Presentation at the CPS annualmeeting, Ottawa, 2004. Canadian Journal ofPlant Pathology 26: 406.Bilodeau GJ, Lévesque CA, Cock AWAM de,Duchaine C, Kristjansson G, Hamelin RC(2005). Molecular Detection of Phytophthoraramorum by Real-Time PCR Using Taqman,SYBR®Green and Molecular Beacons withthree genes. Sudden oak death sciencesymposium, January 18–21, Monterrey,California, U.S.A.Boekhout T (2004). Food related yeasts. Pre-ICY 2004 course. Phenotypic and genotypicfungal characterization and identifi cationtechniques. August 11–14, Fiocruz, Rio deJaneiro, Brazil.Boekhout T (2004). Fungal diversity and food.VLAG International Advanced Course Foodfermentation, October 11, Wageningen, TheNetherlands.Boekhout T (2004). Genetische polymorfi smenin cryptokokken. Symposium Werkgroepepidemiologische typering “DNApolymorfi smen and pathogeen/gastheerinteracties”. RIVM. November 4, Bilthoven,The Netherlands.Boekhout T (2005). Evolution of fungi: genomicsand biodiversity. ESF-EMBO Symposium.Comparative genomics of eukaryoticmicroorganisms: eukaryote genomeevolution, approaches with yeasts and fungi.November 12–17, Sant Feliu de Guixols,Spain.Boekhout T, Bovers M, Fell J, Diaz M, HagenF, Theelen Bt, Kuramae EE (2005). Howmany species? 6 th International Conferenceon Cryptococcus and Cryptococcosis, June24–28, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.Boekhout T, Bovers M, Hagen F, Kuramae EE,Theelen B (2005). Molecular characterizationof clinically important yeasts. Scientifi cMeeting of the Dutch Society for MedicalMycology, November 29, Utrecht, TheNetherlands.Boekhout T, Theelen B, Hagen F, Bovers M,Kuramae E (2004). Molecular characterizationof clinically important yeasts. 3 rd NationalSymposium Indonesian Society for Humanand Animal Mycology, October 1–3,Semarang, Indonesia.Boekhout T, Theelen B, Hagen F, Robert V, BoversM, Kuramae E, Meyer W, Coenjaerts F, MayR (2004). Functional diversity within thehuman pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans.11 th International Congress on Yeasts. August15–20, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Boekhout T, Theelen B, Hagen F, Robert V, BoversM, Kuramae E, Meyer W, Coenjaerts F, MayR (2004). Functional diversity within thehuman pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans.3 rd National Symposium Indonesian Societyfor Human and Animal Mycology. October1–3, Semarang, Indonesia.Boekhout T. (2004). Comparative evolutionaryand functionally genomics of Cryptococcusneoformans. CBS Centenary symposium.May 13–14, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Boekhout, T (2004). AFLP analysis for straintyping. Pre-ICY 2004 course. Phenotypicand genotypic fungal characterization andidentifi cation techniques. August 11–14,Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Bovers B, Hagen F, Theelen B, Bayrakdar C,Kuramae E, Boekhout T (2004). Genomicdiversity of the Cryptococcus neoformansspecies complex. WetenschappelijkeVoorjaarsvergadering. 6–7 April, Arnhem,The Netherlands.Bovers M (2005). Unique hybrids between fungalpathogens Cryptococcus neoformans andCryptococcus gattii. AIO Eijkman GraduateSchool November 17–18, Vierhouten, theNetherlands.Bovers M, Diaz M, Fell J, Boekhout T (2005).Luminex xMAP technology: a new reliablemethod to detect Cryptococcus neoformansand Cryptococcus gattii. Meeting of theDutch Society for Microbiology, April 11–13,Arnhem, The Netherlands.Bovers M, Hagen F, Coenjaerts F, May R,Boekhout T (2004). Using the modelorganism Caenorhabditis elegans to study thepathogenesis of Cryptococcus neoformans.Wetenschappelijke Voorjaarsvergadering.April 6–7, Arnhem, The Netherlands.Bovers M, Hagen F, Kuramae E, Diaz M,Spanjaard L, Dromer F, Hoogveld H,Boekhout T (2005) Unique hybrids betweenfungal pathogens Cryptococcus neoformansand Cryptococcus gattii. Meeting of theDutch Society for Microbiology. November 4,Utrecht, The Netherlands.Bovers M, Hagen F, Theelen B, Kuramae EE,Boekhout T (2005). Multi-locus sequencingraises new questions in the Cryptococcusneoformans complex (2005) 6 th InternationalConference on Cryptococcus andCryptococcosis, 24–28 June, Boston, U.S.A.Bovers M, Hagen F, Theelen B, Bayrakdar C,Kuramae E, Boekhout T (2004). Genomicdiversity of the Cryptococcus neoformansspecies complex. WetenschappelijkeVoorjaarsvergadering. 6–7 April, Arnhem,The Netherlands.Bovers M, Hagen F, Theelen B, Kuramae E,Boekhout T (2005). Multi-locus sequencingraises new questions in the Cryptococcusneoformans species complex. Meeting of theDutch Society for Microbiology, April 11–13,Arnhem, The Netherlands.41

42Bovers M, Hagen F, Theelen B, May R,Boekhout T (2004). Genomic Diversity ofthe Cryptococcus neoformans Complex. 7 thEuropean Conference on Fungal Genetics.April 17–20, Copenhagen, Denmark.Cadez N, Raspor P, Smith MTh (2004).Polyphasic approach to the taxonomy of thegenera Hanseniaspora and Kloeckera”. 11 thInternational Congress on Yeasts. 15–20August, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Carlos Alberto López-Q CA, Franco-MolanoAE, Vasco-P. AM, Boekhout T, Garzon NV(2005). Hongos de la Amazonia Colombiana.V Congreso Latino-americano de Micología.V Latin-american Mycological Congress, 1–5August, Brazil, Brasilia.Carstens E, Niekerk JM van, Laubscher W, FouriePH, Crous PW (2005). Resolving the statusof Monilinia spp. in South African stone fruitorchards. Annual meeting of the SouthernAfrican Society for Plant Pathology, 23–26January, Western Cape, South Africa.Cock AWAM de, Lévesque CA, Man in ‘t VeldWA, Klassen GR, Bedard JEJ, Schurko AM(2004). Molecular taxonomy and speciationin Pythium and Phytophthora. The 2004KSPP annual meeting and InternationalSymposium “New Horizons in PlantPathology: Biotechnology for Plant Health”.October 6–8, Phoenix Park, Pyungchang,Korea: 43–45.Cock AWAM de, Lévesque CA, Schurko AM,Bedard JEJ, Klassen GR (2004). Pythium,fylogenie en soortsafgrenzingen. Presentationat annual meeting of KNPV working groupPhytophthora & Pythium, September 23,Merelbeke, Belgium. Gewasbescherming 36:24.Cock AWAM de, Lévesque CA, SchurkoAM, Bedard JEJ, Klassen GR (2005).Pythium, fylogenie en soortsafgrenzingen.Presentation at annual meeting of KNPVworking group Phytophthora & Pythium.Merelbeke, Belgium. Gewasbescherming 36:24.Cortinas M-N, Crous PW, Wingfi eld BD,Wingfi eld MJ (2005). Molecular phylogeniesdetect new links between Coniothyrium andMycosphaerella. 15 th Biennial AustralasianPlant Pathology Meeting, 26–29 September,Geelong, Victoria, Australia.Cortinas M-N, Crous PW, Wingfi eld MJ (2005).Colletogloeopsis gauchense sp. nov. fromUruguay. Mycosphaerella Leaf Disease ofEucalypts Workshop, 25–26 September,Geelong, Victoria, Australia.Crous PW (2004). Cryptic biodiversity among plantpathogens: Invited lecture at the departmentof plant physiology. 25 November, Aachen,Germany.Crous PW (2004). Cryptic biodiversity amongplant pathogens: Implications for trade anddisease management. Inaugural lecture forchair in Evolutionary Phytopathology. 16Sept., Wageningen, The Netherlands.Crous PW (2004). Hosts, species andgenotypes. WCS Dag, KoninklijkeNederlandse Botanische Vereniging, SectiePhytopathologie, 22nd January, Utrecht,Netherlands. Gewasbescherming 35: 219.Crous PW (2004). Impact of molecularphylogenetics on the taxonomy and diagnosisof fungi. European and Mediterranean PlantProtection Organisation, Conference onQuality of Diagnosis and new DiagnosticMethods for Plant Pests, April 19–21,Noordwijkerhout, Netherlands.Crous PW, Gams W, Mostert L (2005).Phaeoacremonium and Phaeoacremoniumlikefungi in the Calosphaeriales. 4 thInternational Workshop on Grapevine TrunkDiseases. 20–21 January, Stellenbosch,South Africa.Crous PW, Gams W, Stalpers JA, Robert V,Stegehuis G, Kirk PM (2005). Expandingfrontiers in mycology. Annual meeting of theSouthern African Society for Plant Pathology,23–26 January, Western Cape, South Africa.Crous PW, Groenewald JZ (2005).Mycosphaerella and its anamorphs – a globalperspective. Abstracts of the MycosphaerellaLeaf Disease of Eucalypts Workshop, 25–26September, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.Crous PW, Groenewald JZ (2005). Novel speciesof Mycosphaerella occurring on Eucalyptus.Mycosphaerella Leaf Disease of EucalyptsWorkshop, 25–26 September, Geelong,Victoria, Australia.Crous PW, Groenewald JZ (2005). Host,species and genotypes: opinions versusdata. Keynote delivered at 15 th BiennialAustralasian Plant Pathology Meeting, 26–29September, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.Crous PW, Groenewald JZ (2005).Mycosphaerella: morphologically unifi ed butphylogenetically diverse. Keynote deliveredat annual meeting of the Southern AfricanSociety for Plant Pathology, 23–26 January,Western Cape, South Africa.Damm U, Crous PW, Fourie PH (2005). Stonefruit trees as alternative hosts of grapevinetrunk disease pathogens. 4 th InternationalWorkshop on Grapevine Trunk Diseases.20–21 January, Stellenbosch, South Africa.Damm U, Crous PW, Fourie PH (2005). Stonefruits as alternative hosts of grapevine trunkdisease pathogens. Annual meeting of theSouthern African Society for Plant Pathology,Western Cape, South Africa.Delfi no D, Benecchi M, Fanti F, GalatiotoS, Manti G, Hoog GS de, Cusumano V(2005). Recurrent brain abscess caused byCladophialophora bantiana in a drug abuser:case report. Section Medical Mycologyof NVMM / NvMy, April 13, Arnhem, TheNetherlands.Deng S, Bulmer GS, Yan H (2005). Identifi cationof Dermatophytes isolated from tinea capitisin western China using ITS sequencing.Section Medical Mycology of NVMM / NvMy,April 13, Arnhem, The Netherlands.Dias ALT, Boekhout T, Barreto de Oliveira MT,Souza Carvalho Melhem M de, Martins deSiqueira A, Emi Matsumoto F, Gonçalvesda Silva E, Ferreira Gandra R, RodriguesPaula C (2005). Variação no perfi l docariótipo, soritipo, mating type, genótipo afl pcom destaque ao perfi l 1b e sensibilidadeantifúngica ao fl uconazol de iusoladosambientais de c. neoformans no Brasil. XXIIICongresso Brasileiro de microbiologia,November 22–25, Santos, Brazil.Dijksterhuis J, Samson RA, Wösten HAB,Golovina E, Nijsse J, Hoekstra F , KetsEPW, Lugones L (2005). PLAY, an abundantascospore cell wall protein in Talaromycesmacrosporus. Annual Scientifi c Meeting ofthe British Mycological Society, Exploitationof fungi, September 5–8, Manchester, U.K.Dijksterhuis J, Samson RA (2004). FungalSpoilage. Symposium Sectie Levensmiddelenmicrobiologie van de NVvM. Microbiologischonderzoek van levensmiddelen: eigen werk.June 22, Wageningen, The Netherlands.Dijksterhuis J, Samson RA (2004). FungalSpoilage. Symposium Sectie Levensmiddelenmicrobiologie van de NVvM. Microbiologischonderzoek van levensmiddelen: eigen werk.22 June, Wageningen, The Netherlands.Dijksterhuis J, Samson RA, Wösten HAB,

Lugones L (2005). PLAY, an abundantascospore cell wall protein in Talaromycesmacrosporus. Meeting of the Dutch Societyfor Microbiology, April 13, Papendal, Arnhem,Nederland.Dijksterhuis J. (2004). Fungal Spoilage. VLAGcourse,Genetics and Physiology of FoodAssociated Microorganisms. December 6–9,Wageningen, The Netherlands.Driel KGA van, Müller WH, Peer AF van, VerkleijAJ, Wösten HAB, Boekhout T (2004).Enrichment of isolated septal pore caps ofthe plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. 7 thEuropean Conference on Fungal Genetics(ECFG-7). April 17–21, Copenhague,Denmark.Driel KGA van, Müller WH, Peer AF van, VerkleijAJ, Wösten HAB, Boekhout T (2004).Enrichment of isolated septal pore capsof the plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani.Wetenschappelijke voorjaarsvergadering,Nederlandse Vereniging voor Microbiologie(NVMM). April 16–17, Arnhem, TheNetherlands.Driel KGA van, Müller WH, Peer AF van, Verkleij,AJ, Wösten HAB, Boekhout T (2004).Enrichment of isolated septal pore caps ofthe plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. 13 thEuropean Microscopy Congress (EMC 2004).August 22–27, Antwerp, Belgium.Driel KGA van, Peer AF van, Wösten HAB,Verkleij AJ, Müller WH, Boekhout T (2004).Characterization of the Septal Pore CapStructure in Basidiomycetous Fungi. IBConference on Biomembranes, October 22,Utrecht, The Netherlands.Driel KGA van, Peer AF van, Wösten HAB, VerkleijAJ, Müller WH, Boekhout T (2005). Isolationof septal pore caps from basidiomycetousfungi. 23 rd Fungal Genetics Conference,March 15–20, Asilomar, California, U.S.A.Driel KGA van, Peer AF van, Wösten HAB, VerkleijAJ, Müller WH, Boekhout T (2005). Isolation ofseptal pore caps from basidiomycetous fungi.Meeting of the Dutch Society for Microbiology,April 11–13, Arnhem, The Netherlands.Frasca S, Nyaoke A, Hinckley L, Hoog GS de,Wickes B, Sutton DA, Scott Weber E & KellerC (2005). An extreme example of commonseahorse diseases. Encounters with fungiin sygnathid fi sh. Eastern Fish HealthConference, June, West Virginia, U.S.A.Frasca S, Nyaoke A, Hinckley L, Kamens A,Draghi A, Barnett M, Gorton T, Stremme D,Keller C, Weber ES, Hoog GS de, GrootersA, Wickes B & Sutton DA (2005). Encounterswith fungi in sygnathid fi sh. Eastern FishHealth Conference, June, West Virginia,U.S.A.Gams W & Zare R (2005). Verticillium is stillpolyphyletic. Poster presented at InternationalBotanical Congress, July, Vienna, Austria.Gams W & Zare R (2005). Verticillium is stillpolyphyletic. Poster presented at Annualmeeting of Mycological Society of America,August, Hilo, Hawaii.Gams W, Zare R (2005). New advances inVerticillium taxonomy (Abstract). Inoculum56(4): 20.Geel van B, Birks H, Aptroot A, Baittinger C, MolD, Pals JP, Shoshani J, Reenen van G, Bull I,Evershed R, Nierop K, Tikhonov A, Tienderenvan P (2005). Environmental reconstructionbased on the Yukagir Mammoth’s lastmeal. International Symposium on YukagirMammoth. Aichi, Japan.Golovina EA, Claessens SMC, DijksterhuisJ, Vries YP de, Hoekstra FA (2005). ESRstudy of cytoplasmic viscosity in hydrated,dormant spores and seeds. First InternationalSymposium on the Environmental Physiologyof Ectotherms and Plants (ISEPEP), July 11–16, Roskilde University, Denmark.Groenewald JZ, Crous PW (2005). Whatconstitutes a species in Mycosphaerellabased on sequence data? MycosphaerellaLeaf Disease of Eucalypts Workshop. 25–26September, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.Groenewald JZ, Groenewald M, Braun U, CrousPW (2005). Speciation in the Cercospora apiimorphotype – is it really a complex issue?15 th Biennial Australasian Plant PathologyMeeting, Geelong, Victoria.Groenewald JZ, Groenewald M, Crous PW(2005). Different functional species exist inthe Cercospora apii species complex. Annualmeeting of the Southern African Society forPlant Pathology. 23–26 January, WesternCape, South Africa.Groenewald M, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW(2005). Distinct species exist within the C.apii morphotype. 15 th Biennial AustralasianPlant Pathology Meeting, 26–29 September,Geelong, Victoria, Australia.Groenewald M, Groenewald JZ, Crous PW (2005).Phenotypic and genotypic identifi cation andphylogenetic characterization of a Cercosporaspecies on Apium graveolens from Venezuelaand Korea. Annual meeting of the SouthernAfrican Society for Plant Pathology, 23–26January, Western Cape, South Africa.Hagen F, Gerits DJC, Kuramae EE, Meyer W& Boekhout T (2005). A detailed AFLP andIGS analysis on the Cryptococcus gattiiVancouver Island outbreak isolates (2005)6 th International Conference on Cryptococcusand Cryptococcosis, 24–28 June, Boston,U.S.A.Hagen F, Gerits DJC, Kuramae EE, Meyer W,Boekhout T (2005). A detailed AFLP analysison the Cryptococcus gattii Vancouver Islandoutbreak isolates. Meeting of the DutchSociety for Microbiology, April 11–13, Arnhem,The Netherlands.Hagen F, Kuijpers EJ, Dankert J, Boekhout T(2004). Diversity of genotypes and serotypesin relation to fl uconazole resistance amongDutch Isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans.Wetenschappelijke Voorjaarsvergadering.April 6–7, Arnhem, The Netherlands.Halleen F, Fourie PH, Crous PW (2005). Proactivemanagement of black foot disease in SouthAfrican grapevine nurseries. 4 th InternationalWorkshop on Grapevine Trunk Diseases,20–21 January, Stellenbosch, South Africa.Halleen F, Fourie PH, Crous PW (2005). Blackfoot disease in South African vineyardsand grapevine nurseries. 4 th InternationalWorkshop on Grapevine Trunk Diseases,20–21 January, Stellenbosch, South Africa.Halleen F, Mostert L, Crous PW (2005).Pathogenicity testing of Phialophora,Phialophora-like, Phaeoacremonium andAcremonium species isolated from vasculartissues of grapevines. 4 th InternationalWorkshop on Grapevine Trunk Diseases,20–21 January, Stellenbosch, South Africa.Halleen F, Schoers H-J, Groenewald JZ, CrousPW (2005). Fungi associated with blackfoot disease in South African vineyards andnurseries. 4 th International Workshop onGrapevine Trunk Diseases, 20–21 January,Stellenbosch, South Africa.Harrak J (2005). Black fungi in our drinkingwater; clinical potential of the main agents.Pan African Society for Medical Mycology,January 25, Hartenbosch, South Africa.Hoog GS de (2005). Are dramatic host shifts likelyto trigger evolution? Fungal pathogenicity toplants and humans - variations on a theme?43

44Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, July8, Utrecht, The Netherlands.Hoog GS de (2005). Hypotheses on the naturalecology of neurotropic black yeast. Trendsin Medical Mycology, October 23–26, Berlin,Germany.Hoog GS de, Brummelen J van (2005). EndemicFungi on the Antarctic - New Models forEvolution and Phylogeny (keynote). July,IUMS 2005, San Francisco, U.S.A.Hoog GS de, Caligiorne R, Smith MTh, Gerritsvan den Ende AHG, Choi H-J & Licinio P(2005). Mavericks in the fungal Tree of Life(keynote). July, IUMS 2005, San Francisco,U.S.A.Hoog GS de, Choi S-M & Horré R (2005). Severeinfections by black yeast-like fungi illustratedby a case from Libiya. Pan African Society forMedical Mycology, January 25, Hartenbosch,South Africa.Hoog GS de, Zalar P, Gerrits van den Ende AHG,Gunde-Cimerman N (2005). Relation ofhalotolerance to human-pathogenicity in thefungal Tree of Life: an overview of ecologyand evolution under stress. Section MedicalMycology of NVMM / NvMy, April 13, Arnhem,The Netherlands.Horré R, Kantarcioglu S, Guarro J, Nidermajer S,Schnitzler N, Hoog GS de (2005). Review ofinfections due to Pseudallescheria boydii. 8 thCongres of Infections Disease and TropicalMedicine, 9–11 June, Hamburg, Germany.Hunter GC, Carnegie AJ, Burgess T, Crous PW,Wingfi eld MJ (2005). The Mycosphaerellanubilosa species complex. MycosphaerellaLeaf Disease of Eucalypts Workshop, 25–26September, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.Hunter GC, Cortinas MN, Crous PW, Wingfi eldBD, Wingfi eld MJ (2005). Developmentof polymorphic microsatellite markers forMycosphaerella nubilosa. 15 th BiennialAustralasian Plant Pathology Meeting, 26–29September, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.Hunter GC, Cortinas MN, Wingfi eld MJ, Wingfi eldBD, Crous PW (2005). Multi-gene phylogenyfor species of Mycosphaerella occurring onEucalyptus leaves. Annual meeting of theSouthern African Society for Plant Pathology.23–26 January, Western Cape, South Africa.Jennessen J, Dijksterhuis J, Schürer J, SamsonRA (2004). Spore characteristics fordifferentiation of Rhizopus oligosporus andrelated species. Centennial CBS 13–14 May,Utrecht, The Netherlands.Jennessen J, Dijksterhuis J, Schürer J, SamsonRA (2004). Spore characteristics fordifferentiation of Rhizopus oligosporus andrelated species. Centennial CBS. May 13–14, Utrecht, The Netherlands.Koenraad P, Rademaker MFJJ, Giffel MC te,Samson RA (2004). Rapid Methods AndFungi: A Challenging Couple. SymposiumRapid Methods Europe. 25–26 March,Noordwijk, The Netherlands.Kuramae E, Boekhout T (2004). Cryptococcusneoformans and the tree of life.Wetenschappelijke Voorjaarsvergadering.6–7 April, Arnhem, The Netherlands.Kuramae E, Robert V, Snel B, Boekhout T(2004). Fungal Phylogenomics: Linkingevolution and Function. Genomes 2004.The Sanger Institute Hinxton, April 14–17,Cambridgeshire, U.K.Kuramae E, Robert V, Snel B, Boekhout T (2004).Fungal Phylogenomics, understanding thefungal way of Life. Academy ColloquiumFungal Phylogenomics. May 11–12, CBS,Utrecht, The Netherlands.Kuramae E, Robert V, Snel B, Boekhout T (2004).Fungal Phylogenomics, understanding thefungal way of Life. 11 th International Congresson Yeasts, ICY 2004. August 15–20, Rio deJaneiro, Brazil.Kuramae E, Robert V, Snel B, Boekhout T (2004).Fungal Phylogenomics. Linking evolution andfunction. First Western European Workshopon Cryptococcus and Cryptococcosis.November 22, Utrecht, The Netherlands.Kuramae E, Robert V, Snel B, Boekhout T (2004).Fungal Phylogenomics. Linking evolutionand function. Workshop Research Schools.Phylogenomics of Fungi. May 10, Utrecht,The Netherlands.Kuramae EE (2005). “Mini symposium onFungal pathogenicity to plants and humans– variation on a theme?”, June 17, Utrecht,The Netherlands.Kuramae EE (2005). Genome-wide occurringproteins and the fungal tree of life. ESF– EMBO symposium on ComparativeGenomics of Eukaryotic Microorganisms– Eukaryotic genome evolution, approacheswith yeasts and fungi. Sant Feliu de Guixols,November 12–17, Spain.Kuramae EE, Boekhout T (2005). Comparativeand functional genomics of yeasts. Microarray– based applications in Ecogenomics.October 28, Free University, Amsterdam, TheNetherlands.Kuramae EE, Boekhout T (2005). Comparativeand functional genomics of yeasts. Microarray– based applications in Ecogenomics.October 28, University of Amsterdam,Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Kuramae EE, Hagen F, Theelen B, Bovers M &Boekhout T (2005). Comparative genomicanalyses of different virulent strains ofCryptococcus neoformans serotype D. 6 thInternational Conference on Cryptococcusand Cryptococcosis, 24–28 June, Boston,U.S.A.Kuramae EE, Hagen F, Theelen B, Bovers M,Boekhout T (2005). Comparative genomicanalyses of different virulent strains ofserotype D Cryptococcus neoformans. 6 thInternational Conference on Cryptococcusand Cryptococcosis, 24–28 June, Boston,U.S.A.Kuramae EE, Robert V, Snel B, Weiss M,Boekhout T (2005). Analysis of sharedproteins: a promising method to resolve theEukaryotic Tree of Life. Dutch Society forMicrobiology, April 11–13, Papendal, TheNetherlands.Lindberg J, Boekhout T, Hagen F, Jacobsen L,Stenderup J (2005). Cryptococcus gattiiin Denmark, replicon of the Vancouvergenotype – A case report 2 nd Trends inMedical Mycology , 23–26 October, Berlin,Germany.Lombard L, Wingfi eld MJ, Crous PW (2005).Cylindrocladium pauciramosum, dominant inSouth African Eucalyptus nurseries. Annualmeeting of the Southern African Society forPlant Pathology, 23–26 January, WesternCape, South Africa.Luangsa-ard J, Ridkaw R, Hywel-Jones N,Samson RA (2004). A Molecular andMorphological Perspective of Paecilomycestenuipes from Thailand: Is It More ThanOne Species? Asian Mycological Congress.November, Changmai, Thailand.Machouart M, Larché J, Burton K, Collomb J,Maurer P, Cintrat A, Biava MF, Greciano S,Kuijpers AFA, Contet-Audonneau N, HoogGS de, Gérard A, Fortier B (2005). Geneticidentifi cation of the main opportunisticMucorales by an innovative tool. NederlandseVereniging voor Medische Mycologie,November 29, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Meyer W, Boekhout T, Castañeda E, KaraogluH, Ngamskulrungroj P, Kidd S, EscandónP, Hagen F, Marszewska K, Velegraki A, etal. (2005). Molecular characterization ofthe Cryptococcus neoformans complex. 6 thInternational Conference on Cryptococcusand Cryptococcosis. June 24–28, Boston,Massachusetts, U.S.A.Meyer W, Kidd S, Marszewska K, Hagen F,Boekhout T, Krockenberger M, Malik R, FyfeM, Castañeda E, Velegraki A, Campell L,Carter D, Tscharke R, Kwon-Chung J (2004).Cryptococcus gattii molecular type VGII– a new pathogen in temperate climates. 11 thInternational Congress on Yeasts. August15–20, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Moharram AM, Summerbell RC, Hoog GS de(2005). Studies on pathogenic and nonpathogenicspecies of Sporothrix. Pan AfricanSociety for Medical Mycology, January 25,Hartenbosch, South Africa.Mostert L, Gams W, Crous PW (2005). Newteleomorph fi ndings for species in thegenus Phaeoacremonium. 4 th InternationalWorkshop on Grapevine Trunk Diseases,20–21 January, Stellenbosch, South Africa.Mostert L, Gams W, Crous PW (2005).New species identifi ed in the genus ofPhaeoacremonium and new developments inthe order of Calosphaeriales. Annual meetingof the Southern African Society for PlantPathology, 23–26 January, Western Cape,South Africa.Mostert L, Gams W, Crous PW (2005). Newteleomorph fi ndings for species in the genusof Phaeoacremonium. Annual meeting of theSouthern African Society for Plant Pathology,23–26 January, Western Cape, South Africa.Mostert L, Groenewald JZ, Gams W, SummerbellRC Robert V, Crous PW (2005). Delimitationof new species in Phaeoacremonium and thedevelopment of an identifi cation system. 4 thInternational Workshop on Grapevine TrunkDiseases, 20–21 January, Stellenbosch,South Africa.Niekerk JM van, Bester W, Damm U, Halleen F,Crous PW, Fourie PH (2005). Enviro-spatialdistribution of grapevines trunk pathogens inSouth Africa. 4 th International Workshop onGrapevine Trunk Diseases, 20–21 January,Stellenbosch, South Africa.Niekerk JM van, Crous PW, Groenewald JZ,Fourie PH, Halleen F (2005). Characterisationand pathogenicity of Botryosphaeria speciesoccurring on grapevines. Annual meetingof the Southern African Society for PlantPathology, 23–26 January, Western Cape,South Africa.Niekerk JM van, Groenewald JZ, Farr DF, FouriePH, Halleen F, Crous PW (2005). Phomopsisspp. on grapevines: characterisation andpathogenicity. 4 th International Workshop onGrapevine Trunk Diseases, 20–21 January,Stellenbosch, South Africa.Onofri S, Zucconi L, Selbmann L, Hoog GS de,Grube M, Barreca D, Ruisi S (2005). Lifestrategies and evolution of rock black fungifrom Antarctic cold desert. Investigating Lifein Extreme Environments, November 5–7,Barcelona, Spain.Prenafeta-Boldú FX, Hoog GS de, SummerbellRC (2005). Biosystematics and ecologyof hydrocarbon-degrading fungi from airbiofi lters. Congress on BioTechniques forAir Pollution Control, October 5–7, Coruña,Spain.Robert V (2005). Bio-informatics, a must inbiological science. 1 st workshop on exploringand exploiting microbiological commons:contributions of bioinformatics and intellectualproperty rights in sharing biologicalinformation. July 7–8, Brussels, Belgium.Robert V (2005). BioloMICS software andassociated databases for identifi cation ofpathogenic fungi. 105 th American Society forMicrobiology General Meeting. June 5–9,Atlanta, U.S.A.Robert V (2005). Fungal Diagnostics meeting.Yeasts diagnostics. November 29, Utrecht,The Netherlands.Robert V, Symoens F, Garcia Hermoso D,Dannaoui E, Hoog GS de, Horré R (2005).The Pseudallescheria data base and culturecollection, preceded by an additional noteon the emergent character of Scedosporiuminfections. Trends in Medical Mycology.October 23–26, Berlin, Germany.Safodien S, Halleen F, Crous PW, Smit WA,Botha A (2005). Detection of Eutypa lata fromgrapevines by reverse dot blot hybridization.Abstracts of the annual meeting of theSouthern African Society for Plant Pathology,23–26 January, Western Cape, South Africa.Safodien S, Halleen F, Crous PW, Smit WA,Botha A (2005). Detection of Eutypalata from grapevines by reverse dot blothybridisation. 4 th International Workshop onGrapevine Trunk Diseases, 20–21 January,Stellenbosch, South Africa.Safodien S, Halleen F, Crous PW, Smit WA, BothaA (2005). Molecular characterisation andidentifi cation of Eutypa spp. from grapevinesin South Africa. 4 th International Workshop onGrapevine Trunk Diseases, 20–21 January,Stellenbosch, South Africa.Samson RA (2004). Current taxonomic polyphasicresearch on Aspergillus and Penicillium.Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, NIAB.September 15, Suwon, Korea.Samson RA (2004). Banquet speech 100 YearsCentraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures.ICCC10, October 13, Tsukuba, Japan.Samson RA (2004). Byssochlamys and itsPaecilomyces anamorphs: taxonomy.Paecilomyces & Aspergillus workshop. JapanSociety of Mycology. October 18, Sugadaira,Japan.Samson RA (2004). Detection, isolation andidentifi cation of food and airborne fungi JCMTraining Course - Isolation, cultivation andidentifi cation of micro organisms. October 15,Riken, Wako, JapanSamson RA (2004). MycotoxinogeneSchimmelpilze VIII Lübecker Fachtagung fürUmwelthygiene. September 9–10, Lübeck,Germany.Samson RA (2004). Protocollen voor detectie,isolatie en identifi catie van schimmels.Symposium Kwaliteit: rode draad in delaboratoriumdiagnostiek. September 22,Nunspeet, The Netherlands.Samson RA (2004). Research on Fungi in Indoorenvironments: developments in 2004. Zuminternationalen Forschungsstand toxischersSchimmelpilzarten VIII Lübecker Fachtagungfür Umwelthygiene. September 9–10, Lübeck,Germany.Samson RA (2004). The genus Isaria and relatedHyphomycetes. Paecilomyces & Aspergillusworkshop. Japan Society of Mycology.October 19, Sugadaira, Japan.Samson RA (2004). The hyphomycete genusPaecilomyces revisited. Paecilomyces &Aspergillus workshop. Japan Society ofMycology. October 17, Sugadaira, Japan.Samson RA (2004). 100 years Centraalbureauvoor Schimmelcultures. Speech CBSCentenary, May 13 May, Utrecht, TheNetherlands.Samson RA (2004). Aspergillus in Innenraumen45

46Tagung Ringversuche. April 5, München,Germany.Samson RA (2004). Automated identifi cation offi lamentous fungi with the Biolog system - 4eRencontres de Microbiologie A3P – Tours.June 8–9, Tours, France.Samson RA (2004). Foodborne Fungi AndFood Safety - VLAG Course. March 15–19,Wageningen, The Netherlands.Samson RA (2004). Schimmelpilze inInnenraumen. Tagung Ringversuche. April 5,München, Germany.Samson RA (2004). Schimmelpilze in Innenräumen.VBD Seminar Schimmelpilz(schäden)beseitigen. March 6, Göttingen, Germany.Samson RA (2004). SchimmelpilzeproblemeInternational. VBD SeminarSchimmelpilz(schäden) beseitigen. March 6,Göttingen, Germany.Samson RA. (2004). MycotoxinogeneSchimmelpilze Ökologie und Bedeutung.VBD Seminar Schimmelpilz(schäden)beseitigen. March 6, Göttingen, Germany.Samson RA (2004). Today’s signifi cance ofFungi in Food and in Indoor environments.Argentinean Society of Microbiology. April 15,Buenos Aires, Argentina.Samson RA (2005). Food-borne Fungi And FoodSafety - VLAG Course, April 18, Wageningen,The Netherlands.Samson RA (2005). Fungi in Indoor environments;an overview of the current state ofscience. Developing policies to improveindoor environmental quality: transatlanticviewpoints. June 8–10, University ofPittsburgh, Pittsburgh, U.S.A.Samson RA (2005). Molds in indoor environments;an overview of current concepts andstrategies. Keynote delivered at IUMSInternational Congress of Mycology, July23–28, San Francisco, U.S.A.Samson RA (2005). Polyphasic taxonomy of fungiin relation to applied mycology - Keynotedelivered at Trends in Mycology Meeting,September 23, Universidade do Minho,Braga, Portugal.Samson RA (2005). Research on fungi in indoorenvironments: developments in 2005.Schimmelpilzforschung im internationalenǛberblick. IX Lübecker Fachtagung fürUmwelthygiene, September 13–14,Germany.Samson RA (2005).Current taxonomic conceptsof species of Aspergillus and Penicilliumproducing important mycotoxins. 9 thNational Congress of Indonesian Society forMicrobiology, August 24–27, Bali, Indonesia.Samson RA, Dijksterhuis J (2004). Nachweishitzeresistenter Schimmelpilzen inLebensmitteln Symposium. July 14–16,Lippe, Germany.Samson RA, Hoekstra ES, DijksterhuisJ, Houbraken J, Kuijpers A, Robert V(2004). Living with Fungi - CBS CentenarySymposium. May 14, Amsterdam, TheNetherlands.Selbmann L, Hoog GS de, Onofri S (2005).Ecologia, origine ed evoluzione di speciefungine endemiche delle Valli Secche diMcMurdo in Antartide. Società BotanicaItaliana 100° Congresso, September 20–23,Roma, Italy.Seung-Beom Hong, Yang-Hee Cho, Samson RA(2004). A new Aspergillus species with closeaffi nities with A. fumigatus. ICCC10. October,Tsukuba, Japan.Stalpers JA (2005). ECCO MTA meeting: BRC’sthe CBD and practice.Stalpers JA (2005). Modern classifi cation ofBasidiomycetes. Keynote delivered at DeepHypha Meeting, March 11–13, Tucson,Arizona, U.S.A.Stalpers JA (2005). NWO–groot kick-offmeeting. Harmonisatie en validatievan collectiegegevens. February 28,Tropenmuseum, Amsterdam, TheNetherlands.Sudhadham M, Assawachuang K, Sihanonth P,Sivichai S, Rattanawat R, Haase G, Hoog GSde (2005). Searching the natural life cycle ofhuman pathogenic black yeasts in Thailand.Pan African Society for Medical Mycology,January 25, Hartenbosch, South Africa.Sudhadham M, Hoog GS de, Gerrits van denEnde AHG, Haase G, Odds FC (2005).Genetic diversity of the neurotropic blackyeast Exophiala dermatitidis. October23–26, Trends in Medical Mycology, Berlin,Germany.Sudhadham M, Hoog GS de, Gerrits van denEnde AHG, Smith MTh, Haase G & Odds FC(2005). Genetic diversity of the neurotropicblack yeast Exophiala dermatitidis. 12 th PhDDay Research School Biodiversity, December1, Wageningen, The Netherlands.Summerbell RC (2004). This fungal housecontains many mansions: a look at thegenus, (or is it the Class?) Acremonium. CBSCentenary: 100 years of fungal biodiversityand ecology. May 13–14, Amsterdam, TheNetherlands.Summerbell RC (2005). Recurrent infectionsin humans by plant endophytes. Fungalpathogenicity to plants and humans -variations on a theme? Centraalbureauvoor Schimmelcultures, July 8, Utrecht, TheNetherlands.Summerbell RC, Hoog GS de (2005). Method ormadness: what is happening to dermatophytespecies these days? Dermatology, July 1–2,Obidos, Portugal.Summerbell RC, Starink-Willemse M, Iperen Avan (2005). What to do about complex andsimplifi ed morphologies in the Acremoniumcoenosis? Mycological Society of America/Mycological Society of Japan joint meeting,July 30 –August 5, Hilo, Hawaii, U.S.A.Sutton DA, Hoog GS de, Fothergill AW, RinaldiMG, Thompson EH, Zeng JS (2005). Invitro susceptibility and a reevaluation of thegenus Exophiala based upon molecularcharacterization of 217 U.S. clinical isolates.ICAAC, December 16–19, Washington,U.S.A.Velegraki A, Alexopoulos E, Hoog GS de (2005).Comparison of broth microdilution, Etestand disk diffusion methods for susceptibilitytesting of Scedosporium against licensedantifungal agents and posaconazole. Trendsin Medical Mycology, October 23–26, Berlin,Germany.Vitale RG, Schwarz P, Dannaoui E, Deng S,Machouart M, Kuijpers AFA, Hoog GSde (2005). Antifungal susceptibility andphylogeny of agents of zygomycosis. ICAAC,December 16–19 Washington, U.S.A.Wright LP, Wingfi eld BD, Crous PW, BrennemanT, Wingfi eld MJ (2005). Developingpolymorphic microsatellites for studyingthe population genetics of Cylindrocladiumparasiticum. Annual meeting of the SouthernAfrican Society for Plant Pathology, 23–26January, Western Cape, South Africa.Zeng JS, Hoog GS de (2005). Diagnosticsof black yeasts (Exophiala spp.) with thereport of a novel, common clinical species,E. xenobiotica. November 29, NederlandseVereniging voor Medische Mycologie,Utrecht, The Netherlands.Zeng JS, Sutton DA, Hoog GS de (2005).

Identifi cation and pathogenicity of clinicalisolates of genus Exophiala from the U.S.A.Section Medical Mycology of NVMM / NvMy,April 13, Arnhem, The Netherlands.Other Scientific ActivitiesStaff served on the followingsocieties, foundations, committees,etc.Academy Colloquium in Fungal Phylogenomics,Amsterdam, May 11-12, 2004, Boekhout T(organiser).Africa Fund for Fungal Biodiversity and MycoticInfections, de Hoog GS (founder and memberof board).Australasian Plant Pathology, Crous PW (memberof editorial board).CBS Biodiversity Series, Crous PW, Gams W,Samson RA, Summerbell RC (members ofeditorial board).Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology,South Africa, Crous PW (member).Centro de recursos microbiologicos, UniversidadeNova de Lisboa, Boekhout T (member ofscientifi c advisory board)Christine Buisman Stichting, Crous PW (memberof board).Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities,Crous PW (member of board).ECMM Working Group PseudallescheriaScedosporium Infections, de Hoog GS (coordinator).ECCO meeting, Portugal, Stalpers JA (coorganizer& chair).European Culture Collection’s Organization(ECCO), Stalpers JA (member of board).FEMS Yeast research, Boekhout T (adjunct editorin chief).First Western European Workshop onCryptococcus and cryptococcosis, Utrecht,The Netherlands, November 22, 2004, T.Boekhout (organiser).Fungal Diversity, Aptroot A, Crous PW (membersof editorial board).GBIF (Global Biodiversity InformationFacility), Stalpers JA (member of technicalcommittee).Gewasbeschermingsmiddelen stuurgroep, CrousPW (member).International Commission on Food Mycology,Samson RA (treasurer)International Commission on Indoor Fungi,Samson RA (chairman).International Commission on Penicillium andAspergillus, Samson RA (chairman).International Commission for the Taxonomy ofFungi, Crous PW (member and co-ordinatorof the Mycosphaerella subcommission),Samson RA (member).International Mycological Association, Crous PW(member of executive committee).International Mycological Congress (IMC8),Boekhout T (member of scientifi c committee)International Society for Human and AnimalMycology (ISHAM), de Hoog GS (Presidentelect).International Union of Microbiological Societies.Samson RA (Secretary General).International Workshop on Esca and grapevinedecline (ICGTD 4), South Africa, Crous PW(co-organiser).IUMS – Mycology Division, Samson RA (chairman2002-2005)Johanna Westerdijk Stichting, Crous PW(member of board).Journal of Plant Pathology, Crous PW (memberof editorial board).KREM (Dutch working group for ScanningElectron Microscopy), Dijksterhuis J (memberof board).Masterclass in Fungal Phylogenomics, Utrecht,May 10, 2004, Boekhout T (organiser).Masterclass Fungal Ecology, Curitiba, Brazil,Nov. 16, 2005, de Hoog GS (organiser &lecturer).Medical Mycology – The African Perspective,Hartenbosch, South Africa, Jan 25, 2005, deHoog GS (organiser).MSc Committee, Van Coller GJ (2004) Universityof Stellenbosch, Crous PW (co-supervisor).MSc Committee, Lubbe C (2004) University ofStellenbosch, Crous PW (co-supervisor).MSc Committee, Pretorius MC (2004) Universityof Stellenbosch, Crous PW (co-supervisor).Mycological Progress, de Hoog GS (member ofeditorial board).Mycological Society of America, Crous PW(member of culture collections committee).Mycoses, de Hoog GS (managing editorialboard).Mycosphaerella leaf diseases of eucalypts,Australia, Geelong Crous PW (co-organiser).National Research Foundation, South Africa,Boekhout T & Crous PW (peer reviews).National Museum of Natural History Naturalis,Crous PW (member of scientifi c advisoryboard).Natural Sciences and Engineering ResearchCouncil, Canada, Boekhout T & Crous PW(project reviews).Netherlands Society for Medical Mycology, deHoog GS (scientifi c secretary).Netherlands Society for Microbiology, Boekhout T(chair of mycology section).Netherlands Society for Microbiology, Boekhout T(member of board).NL-BIF, the Dutch National OrganisationParticipating in GBIF (Global BiodiversityInformation Facility), Stalpers JA (member ofboard).NMV (Dutch Mycological Society), Stalpers JA(member of scientifi c committee).NWO/ALW, Jury for Ecology, Biodiversity andEvolution Boekhout T (2003, member).Nomenclature: Committee for Fungi, Gams W(secretary until Aug. 2005).Nova Hedwigia, Gams W (mycology editor).Odo van Vloten Stichting, Crous PW (member ofboard).OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation& Development), Stalpers JA (Dutchrepresentative on Biotechnology for BiologicalResearch Centres).Pan-African Medical Mycology Society (PAMMS),de Hoog GS (founder and co-organiser).PhD Committee Ernst Jan Scholte EJ (2004)University of Wageningen. Samson RA(member of committee).PhD Committee Ngo Thi Phuong Dung (2004)University of Wageningen. Samson RA(member of committee).PhD Committee, Van der Gaag M (2005)University of Wageningen, Crous PW(member of committee).PhD Committee, Den Bakker HC (2005)University of Leiden, Crous PW (member ofcommittee).PhD Committee, De Vos M (2005), University ofGent, de Hoog GS (member of committee).PhD Committee, Hountondji FCC (2005),University of Amsterdam, de Hoog GS(member of committee).PhD Committee, Schoustra S (2005) Universityof Wageningen, Crous PW (member ofcommittee).47

48PhD Committee, Schubert K (2005) Martin-Luther University, Crous PW (member ofcommittee).PhD Committee, Smith A (2005) Universityof Tasmania, Crous PW (member ofcommittee).PhD Committee, Hall T (2004) University ofNew England, Boekhout T (member ofcommittee).PhD Committee, Te Dorsthorst (2005), Universityof Nijmegen, de Hoog GS (member ofcommittee).PhD Committee, Phuong Dung NT (2004),University of Wageningen, Boekhout T(member of committee).PhD Committee, Wood A (2004) University ofStellenbosch, Crous PW (promoter).PhD Committee, Halleen F (2005) University ofStellenbosch, Crous PW (promoter).PhD Committee, Thanh NV (2004) Universityof Wageningen, Dijksterhuis J (member ofcommittee).PhD Committee, Rahardjo Y (2005) Universityof Wageningen, Dijksterhuis J (member ofcommittee).Proctor and Gamble, Cincinnatti, U.S.A.,Boekhout T (consultant).Research Center for Pathogenic Fungi andMicrobial Toxicoses, Chiba, Japan, de HoogGS (member of evaluation committee).Research School of Biodiversity, Crous PW(member of board).Section Mycology of the Netherlands Society forMicrobiology, Boekhout T (chairman).Studies in Mycology, Crous PW, Gams W,Samson RA, Summerbell RC (members ofeditorial board).Systematic and Applied Microbiology, SamsonRA (member of the editorial board).University of Amsterdam, de Hoog GS(extraordinary professor).University of Pretoria, Crous PW (extraordinaryprofessor).University of Stellenbosch, Crous PW(extraordinary professor).University of Wageningen, Crous PW(extraordinary professor).University Katsetsart Bangkok, Thailand, SamsonRA (adjunct professor).Willie Commelin Scholten Stichting, Crous PW(member of board).World Federation of Culture Collections (WFCC),Stalpers JA (member of board).CBS Seminar Series 2004January 5: Jos HoubrakenByssochlamys and its Paecilomyces anamorphs:taxonomy, food spoilage and mycotoxinsJanuary 12: Lizel MostertSpecies delimitation in the genusPhaeoacremoniumJanuary 19: Sybren de Hoog, Bert Gerrits vanden Ende, Guilliermo Fernández-ZeppenfeldtPossible pathogenicity of the Cladophialophoracarrionii clade as inferred from phylogeneticcomparisonsJanuary 19: G. Fernández-ZeppenfeldtStenocereus cactus as the possible naturalreservoir of Cladophialophora agents ofchromoblastomycosisJanuary 26: Teun BoekhoutCryptococcus neoformans: clinically relevantbiodiversityFebruary 2: Arthur de CockMolecular phylogeny and the evolution of the 5SrRNA gene organization in PythiumFebruary 9: Bart TheelenUse of microarrays in comparative mycologyFebruary 16: Ewald GroenewaldPhylogeny of Cercospora: a Molecular ApproachFebruary 23: Jamal HarrakBlack oligotrophic fungi in drinking waterMarch 1: Marizeth GroenewaldMolecular characterization of CercosporabeticolaMarch 8: Gerard VerkleyAnnual cycle of an ascomycete communityassociated with oak leavesMarch 15: Shu-hui TanStability of freeze-dried fungiMarch 22: Vincent RobertData integration and multi-factorial analysis, theyeasts as a case studyMarch 29: Richard SummerbellHow reliable is morphology in fungal identifi cationand classifi cation? The fusariologist’sperspectiveApril 5: Marjan BoversUsing Caenorhabditis elegans to studypathogenesis of Cryptococcus neoformansApril 5: Ferry HagenEpidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans inThe Netherlands. 25 Years of CryptococcosisApril 19: André AptrootRevision of the genus Amphisphaeria and itsimplications for other groupsApril 26: Jan DijksterhuisPLAY - An abundant ascospore cell wall proteinMay 3: Gerrit StegehuisCBS databases, current developmentsMay 17: Francesc PrenafetaPopulation and community level approaches foranalysing interactions between fungi and bacteriain natural terrestrial environmentsMay 24: Laura Selbmann, Sybren de Hoog andSilvano OnofriFungi at the edge of life: crypto-endolithic blackfungi from Antarctic desertsMay 24: Sybren de Hoog & Joop vanBrummelenEvolution, taxonomy and ecology of the genusThelebolus in AntarcticaJune 7: Maudy SmithTaxonomy of Debaryomyces Lodder & KregervanRijJune 21: Kenneth van DrielCharacterization of the septal pore cap proteinsof Rhizoctonia solaniAugust 23: Eiko KuramaeFungal PhylogenomicsAugust 30: Joost StalpersNew Zealand, mycological and otherwiseSeptember 6: Edwin AbelnSetting up a cloning strategy for the matingtype genes of Mycosphaerella musicola andMycosphaerella fi jiensisSeptember 20: Robin May

Cryptococcosis in C. elegans (or “When wormsgo yeasty…”)September 27: Jos HoubrakenApplied research: some industrial projectsOctober 4: Lizel MostertPathogenicity testing of Phialophora richardsiae,Phaeoacremonium-like and Acremonium specieson grapevinesOctober 11: Bart TheelenCandida species with Real-Time PCROctober 18: Mahdi ArzanlouTowards resolving the Mycosphaerella leaf spotcomplex of bananaOctober 25: Ewald GroenewaldFunctional speciation in Mycosphaerella:Examples from the Cercospora apii complexNovember 1: Teun BoekhoutThe Vancouver Island outbreak of CryptococcusgattiiNovember 8: Marizeth GroenewaldGenetic structure of Cercospora beticolapopulationsNovember 15: Sybren de Hoog, Bert Gerritsvan den Ende, Gé Poot & Maudy SmithGeotrichum: a fungal dynosaur?November 22: Gerard Verkley, EwaldGroenewald, Uwe Braun, Andre Aptroot andPedro CrousDelimiting species in Septoria and in theRamularia-clade of MycosphaerellaNovember 29: Shu-hui TanThe CBS CollectionDecember 6: Vincent RobertHow many genes do we need to sequence andwhich ones ?December 13: Victor UrsicSome fungi like it cold. Aureobasidium sp. inArctic glacial iceDecember 20: Arthur de CockMolecular detection of Phytophthora andPythiumVancouver Island Cryptococcus gattii outbreakFebruary 28: Rob SamsonFungi in indoor environmentsMarch 14: Jamal HarrakEcology of the genus Cadophora: plantendophytes?March 21: Hans-Josef Schroers (AgriculturalInstitute of Slovenia) & Richard SummerbellTaxonomy, phylogeny, phylogeography andpatterns of opportunistic human pathogenicitywithin the Fusarium dimerum species complexApril 4: André AptrootSubfossil fungiApril 11: Eiko KuramaeGene content of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Saccharomyces cerevisae: clues topathogenicity?April 18: Joost StalpersDeep Hypha, the Dictionary and the classifi cationof the BasidiomycotaApril 25: Richard SummerbellIs Simplicity a genus?May 23: Lizel MostertA polyphasic approach to Phaeoacremoniumspecies identifi cationMay 30: Edwin AbelnCloning the mating type genes of Mycosphaerellafi jiensis and Mycosphaerella musicolaJune 6: Mahdi ArzanlouHow complex is Ramichloridium?June 13: Teun BoekhoutFunctional diversity in Cryptococcus neoformansJune 20: Ewald GroenewaldPitfalls of molecular phylogenyJune 27: Marizeth GroenewaldDistinct species exist within the C. apiimorphotypeSeptember 5: Nina Zellerhoff (RVTH - Univ. ofAachen, Germany)Host interactions with Magnoporthe griseaCBS Seminar Series 2005January 10: Francesc PrenafetaFungi in bioremediation: Can the remedy beworse than the problem?January 17: Marjan BoversLuminex xMAP TM TECHNOLOGY: a highthroughputdetection and identifi cation methodJanuary 24: Jan DijksterhuisPLAY, a crucial factor in dormancy and heatresistanceof ascospores of Talaromycesmacrosporus?January 31: Gerrit StegehuisIntegrating data: Index Fungorum, MycoBank,Biolomics, NWOFebruary 7: Carlos LopezFungal diversity and litter decomposition in theNational park Amacayacu, Dept. de Amazonas,ColombiaFebruary 14: Kenneth van DrielThe Septal Pore Cap Structure: Enrichment andCharacterizationFebruary 21: Ferry HagenSeptember 12: Gerard VerkleyPhenotypic characterization of Septoria spp.September 19: Richard van LeeuwenNatamycin as a perturbator of the fungalmembraneSeptember 26: Mark van Passel (AcademicMedical Center, University of Amsterdam)Compositional comparisons of chromosomesbased on the genome signatureOctober 3: Jan DijksterhuisDifferentiation inside multicelled macroconidia ofFusarium culmorumduring early germinationOctober 10: Gerrit StegehuisSpecies banksOctober 17: Kenneth van DrielEnrichment of Septal Pore Caps in Rhizoctoniasolani: Identifi cation of SPC18, a putative SPCproteinOctober 24: Rob SamsonStudies in AspergillusOctober 31: Marjan BoversUnique hybrids between fungal pathogens49

Cryptococcus neoformans and CryptococcusgattiiNovember 7: Montarop SudhadhamGenetic diversity of the neurotropic black yeastExophiala dermatitidis and its association withwild animalsNovember 21: Javier Cabañes (VeterinaryMycology Group, Autonomous University ofBarcelona)Notes on Malassezia spp. from domesticanimalsNovember 28: Jingsi ZengDiagnostics of black yeasts (Exophiala spp.)with the report of a common novel species, E.xenobioticaDecember 5: Bart TheelenCryptococcus MicroArray Research: CurrentstageDecember 12: Wouter Los (University ofAmsterdam)Towards the European Distributed Institute ofTaxonomy (EDIT) DNA barcoding, and the roleof the CBSDecember 19: Tino Ruibal (Merck, Madrid,Spain)The emergence of a highly successfulextremotolerant clade of melanized fungiCBS Special seminars 2005June 8: Constantino Ruibal (Merck, Madrid,Spain)Isolation and characterization of melanized,slow-growing fungi from semiarid rock surfacesof central Spain and MallorcaSeptember 15: Wolfgang Albrecht (BrukerDaltonics, GMBH, Bremen)Rapid identifi cation of Micro-Organisms usingMALDI- TOF50

Contract Research and ServicesFood and Feed MycologyHeat-treated products: Samplesof pectin (47 samples), cannedstrawberries (12 samples) andpasteurised fruit yoghurt werereceived for analyses aimed atdetecting heat-resistant fungi.In many cases no heat-resistantfungi could be detected in pectin;occasionally, Talaromyces trachyspermuswas isolated. This fungus,together with T. assiutensis, was themost prominent spoilage organismassociated with the cannedstrawberries. Research is currentlybeing conducted on the effect ofheat treatments on the survival rateof T. trachyspermus.Air sampling in bakery.Vegetables and fruits: In a fewcases, the CBS was consulted foranalysis of spoiled fruits. Samples ofdifferent types of berries and pearswere investigated. The interest ofthe sender lay mainly in the possiblepresence of mycotoxigenic fungi.The data obtained were used forthe improvement of the business’sHazard Analysis and Critical ControlPoint (HACCP) plan. Botrytis andyeasts were commonly isolated fromthe berry samples, while Fusariumavenaceum and Cladosporiumherbarum were present in the pearsamples.Bakery products: Various bakeryproducts, including rye bread, donuts,bagels, tortillas, cookies (containingalmond paste) were investigatedfor the presence of fungi, as werea diversity of ingredients for bakeryproducts. As anticipated, membersof the osmotolerant genus Eurotiumwere often detected; interestingly,the chalk fungus, Endomycesfi buliger, was also frequentlyencountered. Almond paste, whichis used in some type of cookies, isnot heat treated (baked) during theproduction process, and is thereforea potential source of contamination.The initial contamination level ofvarious almond paste ingredients,e.g., milled rice, almonds andsoybeans, was determined. Highcounts of Eurotium were detected inthe milled rice.Dairy products: Many differentdairy products, like yoghurt, butter,mozzarella cheese, chocolate milk,smoothies and dried milk powder wereinvestigated. Related environmentalsamples were also frequentlyanalysed. Strikingly, Penicilliumcamemberti was frequently presenton portion-packaged cheese. P.camemberti is the domesticated formof P. commune and is generally onlyfound in the production area of whitemould cheeses (brie, camembertetc.). Since this species essentiallynever grows outside the whitemould production environment,contamination of these packagedcheeses had clearly occurred insidethe production plant, specifi cally, inits refrigerators.Small green spots of P. roquefortiwere detected on vacuum-packagedcheese. These spots had alreadyformed before packaging tookplace. Since P. roqueforti is capableof surviving at low oxygen levels,the colonies seen were not deadbut rather dormant, ready to formdistinct colonies on the vacuumpackedcheese when suffi cientoxygen again became available.Eurotium spoilage of bread.Feed: Occasionally feed sampleswere received. Silage samples wereinvestigated for the presence ofactinomycetes and fungi, and grasssamples were screened for thepresence of Pithomyces chartarumconidia. Microscopic examinationof the grass samples showedhigh numbers of Pithomycesconidia present. The cattle eatingthis grass showed symptoms ofpithomycotoxicosis.51

Collecting samples in a food factory.Fungi in indoor environments:Numerous samples of buildingmaterials such as wallpaper andplaster were examined, as well aswall scrapings. In addition, swabsamples and cellotape impressionsamples from indoor surfaceswere received. Samples camefrom museums, archives, privatedwellings and schools. About 20wood samples were analysed for thepresence of wood rot fungi. Speciesbelonging to the genera Antrodia,Gloeophyllum, Oxyporus, Trametes,Meripilus and Phellinus weredetected; however, the extremelydamaging dry rot fungus Serpulalacrymans was not detected.Surveys, audits and inspectionreportsSurveys: In 2004 and 2005several on-site investigations wereperformed in indoor environments,including nine archives and eightprivate dwelling. Besides air andsurface sampling, materials andobjects from these environmentswere investigated. In the archives,Aspergillus penicillioides was oftenthe prevalent organism. Privatedwellings were inspected, oftenwith the goal of detecting possibleallergenic fungi growing in theseindoor environments. In three ofthe nine dwellings investigated,Stachybotrys chartarum wasdetected. This species is known toform highly cytotoxic macrocyclictrichothecenes and to interact withpulmonary cellular immune systemcomponents in a way that might52explain some of the symptomsexperienced by people in heavilyStachybotrys-contaminated dwellings.In some dwellings highnumbers of fungal particles could bedetected in air samples. Sensitizedindividuals, particularly asthmaticindividuals, might experience strongallergic reactions in contact withthese high fungal allergen levels.Several bakeries producing ryebread, cakes or modifi ed-airpackagedbaguettes (French breadloaves packed in a low-oxygengas mixture) were surveyed. Incase of the modifi ed-air-packagedbaguettes, at the end of the shelflife, green and brown spots couldbe observed on the surface. Thegreen spots were mostly formedby Penicillium commune, while thebrown spots were formed by bacteriain the genus Bacillus. Thermal deathcurves were made for these Bacillusspecies and the data from theseexperiments were compared tothose for the heat levels attained inthe production process. The resultsconfi rmed that the baking processwas not suffi ciently hot to eliminatethe initial Bacillus contamination.In different bakeries producingrye bread, extended surveys werecarried out. Besides air sampling,swabs were done and materialsamples were also collected.Penicillium roqueforti and P. paneum,both preservative-resistant species,were frequently encountered inthese factories. In some cases, theywere also encountered after thebaking process.Fusarium oxysporum and F. solaniwere frequently detected in heattreateddrinks. Surveys in theproduction and container fi llingplants were conducted. Theyshowed that the fungi often occurredin high numbers in and around thefi lling machines. Further researchwas done to establish the route bywhich contamination with these fungibecame established at those sites.Audits and expert reports:Expert reports and audits weremade for various companies. Wewere consulted in connection withtempeh production (an Indonesianfungal fermentation process forsoy), as well as with questionsabout Beauveria bassiana, secondopinions on experiments done byother companies, legal businesscases and audits of productionplants (e.g., for improving HACCPplans).Applied researchExperiments were preformed onthe survival of Zygosaccharomycesbaillii in samples containing alcohol.The effect of the alcohol percentageand the contact time with the alcoholwas tested. Many experiments werepreformed to establish the effect ofpreservatives on tulip bulbs. Tulipbulb rot is often caused by Fusariumoxysporum, Penicillium hirsutum,P. tulipae or Aspergillus niger. Bothlaboratory and fi eld tests wereconducted.Genetically engineered bacteriaThe Netherlands Ministry ofHousing, Spatial Planning andthe Environment has made CBSresponsible for routine testingof genetically engineered microorganisms(GMO’s). A total of 68GMO’s were analysed. Most of theseGMO’s belonged to Escherichia colibut also samples from other bacterialspecies like Campylobacter jejuni,Lactococcus lactis, Leuconostocmesenteroides, Salmonellatyphimurium and yeasts such asSchizosaccharomyces pombeand Saccharomyces cerevisiaewere analysed. As part of thesetests phenotypic characterisation,partial16SrDNA, partial26rDNA andplasmid DNA restriction analysiswere performed.Mycotoxin analysesFungal strains used for the industrialproduction of enzymes or acidsshould not produce mycotoxins.In this context, fungal productionstrains (mainly Aspergillus nigerand A. oryzae) were screened fortoxin production. Also fermentationbroths and concentrates made usingthese strains were investigated.This research was performed incollaboration with Biocentrum,Danish Technical University, Lyngby,Denmark.MiscellaneousThe CBS was also consulted formould problems in many other typesof samples, e.g. medicines, pottingsoil, leather, plants and tattoopaint. A survey was conducted in a

leather production plant, specifi callyto detect the fungus Hormoconisresinae. This fungus was the maincausal agent of brown spoting thatmade leather supplies uselessfor shoe manufacture. Researchshowed that the fungus was highlyresistant to the fungicides usedduring the production.In the years 2004 and 2005 theCBS, in collaboration with the DutchFood and Consumer Product SafetyAuthority, investigated samples oftattoo paint for bacteria and moulds.High numbers of moulds weredetected, predominantly consisting ofFusarium solani, Aspergillus sydowiiand Scopulariopsis brevicaulis.Bacterial identification serviceA total of 137 samples were identifi edfor external customers by means ofpartial 16S rDNA analysis, as wellas phenotypic characterisation incommercial systems such as API orBiolog. Samples like chocolate milk,soja souce, bread, fl our, onions,biological pesticide and coolantwere received for isolation andidentifi cation of bacteria. Additionalservices included the freeze-dryingof strains (345 ampoules in total)and characterisation of Escherichiacoli mutants.Fungal identification serviceCBS offers a service for theidentifi cation of fungal andoomycetous isolates. It employsexperts for all major groups offungi. The knowledge of these staffmembers guarantees a state-ofthe-artidentifi cation of cultures.A correct identifi cation is of theutmost importance both in scientifi cstudies, phytopathology, industrialcontamination etc.Fungal identifications 2004-2005scientific commercial medicalAs a consequence of developmentsin the fi eld of taxonomy, areorganization of the identifi cationservice was initiated in 2005.Application of molecular methods inparticular is now often required for aproper identifi cation. Yeasts are nowidentifi ed mainly by means of DNAsequencing. A typical identifi cationPenicillium colonies on different media for phenotypical identifcation.of a fi lamentous fungal isolate stillstarts with a morphological studyon the appropriate media under theappropriate conditions. If a reliablemorphological identifi cation is notpossible because structures seenare nondiagnostic or isolates aresterile, physiological and molecularmethods will be applied to obtainthe best possible identifi cation.CBS has a signifi cant unpublisheddatabase of DNA sequences, basedon and ex-type and other wellcharacterisedCBS strains and thisinformation can be used by CBSexperts to arrive ultimately at areliable identifi cation. This approachhas resulted in identifi cation tothe species level in almost everycase. In the few cases where theisolates remained sterile, or whereno molecular database is available,the phylogenetic relationships ofthe isolates could be determined.A secondary effect of the revisedprocedures is that the identifi cationservice is able to inform a signifi cantminority of clients that the isolatethey have sent in represents a newspecies. It is now far easier to fullyconfi rm species as undescribedthat it was in the past, when onlymorphological characters wereavailable. In many cases, approval ofthe customers was obtained to addthe undescribed species and manyother interesting isolates to the CBScollection. The identifi cation serviceyielded 89 highly interesting isolatesfor the collection in 2004, and 100isolates in 2005.An analysis in 2005 showedthat prices charged by CBS foridentifi cations were far below theactual costs. The prices have nowbeen raised to a more realistic level,starting from January 1, 2006.Fungal courses• Fungal Biodiversity Course: anintroduction. This course was held in2004, but not in 2005. Participantsin recent years have come fromcountries such as Sweden, Germany,the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark,Italy, Thailand, Turkey, Indonesia,the USA, Iran, Estonia, Finland andPoland. This course is currentlyunder revision for 2006.• Medical Mycology course (2004and 2005). This course was attendedby more than 75 participants from allover the world.• Introduction to Food-and AirborneFungi Course (2004 and 2005). Thiscourse was attended by participantsfrom China, Germany, Italy,Hungary, Sweden, Belgium, and theNetherlands. The course was alsogiven in 2004 and 2005 in Ottawain collaboration with AgricultureCanada, and in Bangkok in 2005in partnership with the NationalCentre for Genetic Engineering andBiotechnology (BIOTEC).A three-day course intendedfor industrial hygienists and othersworking in indoor environments(hospitals, building industries,analytical labs, etc.) was given inStuttgart in collaboration with theLandesgesundheitsamt. Other onedaypractical mycology courseswere given in Lübeck, Germany in2004 and 2005.53

Finances and StaffIncomeThe Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures,Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW) hasa total income of 4.1 million Euros (Fig. 1).Approximately 69 % of this amount is KNAWfunding. A further subsidy recently obtained fromthe KNAW strategic-fund is destined to be usedfor initiating innovative research projects. CBShas chosen to establish a DNA bank (NL-Bank),and to strengthen its DNA Barcoding projects byappointing a third post-doc to barcode the typestrains of the CBS collection.externalincome,31%KNAWmaterialfunding,19%income 2005KNAWstrategicfunding, 3%external incomeKNAWpersonnelfunding,47%The external income (Fig. 2) of 1.3 million eurosis profit earned mainly from research projectsand regular activities, such as the sale of books,courses and the training of scientists and students,identification/sales of fungi and bacteria. The“Odo van Vloten” Foundation currently financesfour Ph.D. research projects.others, 15%projects,43%publications,8% courses,11%identification, 8%cultures,13%deposition,2%ExpendituresThe total costs of the CBS-KNAW consist mainlyof salaries (70 %). Non-personnel costs arecosts of materials and depreciation of durableequipment.Three-quarters of the expenditures (Fig. 3)can be indicated as direct research costs. Indirectcosts are for management and for the collectivesupporting division of the CBS-KNAW and itsneighbouring institute, the Hubrecht Laboratory(HL).55+45-54CBS staff divided by gender0-24108642035-4425-34menwomenStaffThe CBS had 53 employees on January 1 2006,with an equivalent of 46,1 full-time staff (fte).The staff consists of 23 researchers and 30analitical/technical support staff. A considerableproportion of the support staff is involved in theapplied research division, fungal preservation,and digitalisation of data pertaining to thecollection. Approximately 20 additional persons,guest researchers, researchers with an officialappointment other than the CBS and studentshave been working at the CBS. Within CBS 53% of the employees are female, and 47 % male(Fig. 4).The collective support division CBS/HLemploys 27 people with a full-time equivalentof 24,1 fte, with approximately 7,8 fte effectivelyworking for the CBS.research costs,75%expenditures 2005indirect costs,25%54

CBS staff (2004–2005)DirectorateProf. dr P.W. CrousScientificDirectorJ. Koelman Deputy DirectorM.J. van den Hoeven-VerweijThe CollectionDr J.A.J.M. StalpersC.S. TanDr V.A.R.G. RobertDr E.C.A. AbelnG.J. StegehuisB.P.M. MerkxW.W.M. EppingManagementManagementAssistantCuratorDeputy curatorDeputy curatorDeputy curatorTechnicianTechnicianTechnicianW. Haisma TechnicianJ. Holtman TechnicianC.W. Jong-de VogelTechnicianE. Mul TechnicianA.B.E. de NooijerTechnicianM. Setropawiro TechnicianJ. Snippe TechnicianF.B. Snippe-ClausC.J. Verwoerd-KuytIJ.A. VlugTechnicianTechnicianTechnicianD. Vos-Kleyn TechnicianM.J. FiggeJ.H.C. WoudenbergA.T. LugtenburgL.A.M. ReijersT.M.A. Stalpers-denBrinkerDr. D. YarrowTechnicianTechnicianTechnicianAdministrativeAssistantAdministrativeAssistantGuestresearcherDr A. AptrootDr G.J.M. VerkleijDr M. SmithDr F.X. Prenafeta-BolduScientistScientistScientistPost-docC. Lopez Quintero PhD studentM. Silvestri PhD studentI.M. van KempenA.L. van IperenG.A. PootTechnicianTechnicianTechnicianM. Starink-Willemse TechnicianProf. Dr. K.W. GamsDr H.A. van der AaGuestresearcherGuestresearcherIndoor Air, Food and AppliedMycologyProf. dr R.A. Samson ProgrammeLeaderDr J. DijksterhuisE.H. HoekstraJ.A.M.P. HoubrakenA.F.A. KuijpersC.C. van den Tweel-VermeulenM.J. PouwScientistScientistTechnicianTechnicianTechnicianTechnicianE. Dekker TechnicianC.J. van den Berg-VisserSecretaryY. Stoop StudentEvolutionary PhytopathologyProf. dr P.W. CrousDr A.W.A.M. de CockDr J.Z. GroenewaldDr H.J. SchroersProgrammeLeaderScientistPost-docPost-docLibraryM.T. VermaasSupport servicesE.C.A. FreundJ.C.M. de BruinB.H.H. de DeugdA.S.M.M. MaasJ. NorbruisS.K. RaghoebirD.A.J. van VelzenI. VersluisR. DavidsJ.L. DeelM.E. van DomselaarR. van VoorstJ.H. BeekerH.R. ReitsmaJ.A. Seco RodriguezR.S. VerboekendW.N.M. GeersJ. HeinenH.L. KrielenG. van de LagemaatR.H.T. van PinxterenP.J.M. van Arum-SwaninkA.L. van den BreulR.C. VermeulenR. van der WaalsLibrarianComparative Genomics andBioinformaticsM. Groenewald PhD studentL. Mostert PhD studentDr T. BoekhoutDr E.E. KuramaeProgrammeLeaderPost-docM.M. AveskampM. Arzanlou PhD studentK.G.A. van DrielPhD studentM. Bovers PhD studentOrigins of Pathogenicity inClinical FungiF. Hagen TechnicianB.J.F. TheelenTechnicianG. Dingemans TechnicianProf. dr G.S. de Hoog ProgrammeLeaderM. Sudhadham PhD studentM.J. HarrakPhD studentBiodiversity & ecologyDr R.C. SummerbellProgrammeLeaderA.H.G. Gerrits v.d.EndeK.F. LuijsterburgTechnicianTechnician55

CBS Publications 2004–2005Studies in Mycology:Studies in Mycology 53Studies in Mycology 51Studies in Mycology is an international journal that publishessystematic monographs of filamentous fungi and yeasts,and on occasion the proceedings of special meetingsrelated to all fi elds of mycology, biotechnology, ecology,molecular biology, pathology and systematics. Since2004, it has been an open-access journal that is freelyavailable on the internet, though the hard copy version is stillavailable reasonably priced. The journal now has a fullcolour format, and is directly linked to MycoBank, withall papers linked to strains in the CBS collection that areavailable to the international scientifi c community.(http://www.cbs.knaw.nl/simonline/).The Missing LineagesPhylogeny and ecology of endophytic and other enigmatic rootassociatedfungiRichard C. Summerbell, Randolph S. Currah and Lynne SiglerCentraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures,Utrecht, The NetherlandsAn institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesStudies in Mycology 52Fungi of the Antarctic:Evulution under Extreme ConditionsEdited byG.S. de HoogCentraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures,Utrecht, The NetherlandsAn institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesSIM 53: The Missing Lineages: Phylogeny and ecologyof endophytic and other enigmatic root-associated fungi -Richard C. Summerbell, Randolph S. Currah & LynneSigler (editors): 254 pp., 2005.Phylogenetic relationships and morphology of Cytosporaspecies and related teleomorphs (Ascomycota,Diaporthales, Valsaceae) from EucalyptusGerard C. Adams, Michael J. Wingfield, Ralph Common and Jolanda RouxSIM 52: Phylogenetic relationships and morphology of Cytosporaspecies and related teleomorphs (Ascomycota,Diaporthales, Valsaceae) from Eucalyptus - Gerard C.Adams, Michael J. Wingfi eld, Ralph Common and JolandaRoux 146 pp., 2005.Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures,Utrecht, The NetherlandsAn institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesSIM 51: Fungi of the Antarctic: Evolution under ExtremeConditions - G. Sybren de Hoog (editor): 82 pp., 2005.Studies in Mycology 49Penicillium subgenus Penicillium: new taxonomic schemes,mycotoxins and other extrolitesSIM 50: CBS Centenary: 100 Years of Fungal Biodiversityand Ecology(Two parts) - Pedro W. Crous, Robert A.Samson, Walter Gams, Richard C. Summerbell, TeunBoekhout, G. Sybren de Hoog and Joost A. Stalpers: 580pp.Robert A. Samson and Jens C. FrisvadSIM 49: Penicillium subgenus Penicillium: new taxonomicschemes, mycotoxins and other extrolites - Robert A.Samson and Jens C. Frisvad: 2004.Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures,Utrecht, The NetherlandsAn institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesCBS Biodiversity Series:The CBS Biodiversity Series is an international publicationon fi lamentous fungi and yeasts and publishes systematicmonographs related to all fi elds of mycology includingbiotechnology, ecology, molecular biology, pathology andsystematics.CBS Biodiversity Series 3: An illustrated guide to thecoprophilous Ascomycetes of Australia - Ann Bell: 173pp, 115 plates (A 4 format), paperback with spiral binding,2005CBS Biodiversity Series 2: Cultivation and Diseases ofProteaceae: Leucadendron, Leucospermum and Protea -Pedro W. Crous, Sandra Denman, Joanne E. Taylor, LizethSwart and Mary E. Palm: 571 pp.Books and CD roms:Introduction to Food - and Airborne Fungi (Robert A.Samson et al.), seventh edition. 389 pp., 2004.Atlas of Clinical Fungi CD-ROM (G Sybren de Hoog etal.), 2005.56

Popular Scientific ActivitiesThe CBS website has attractedmuch attention. In 2004-2005the site has been visited over8.500.000 times with an averageof 24.000 per day. Many visitorsconsult the CBS collection andother databases, while the PDF’sof the Studies in Mycology areoften downloaded.In 2004 CBS celebrated itscentenary with a symposium andseveral festivities. This anniversaryreceived much attention inthe Dutch newspapers, televisionand radio programmes.57

58Children learn about fungiCBS contributed to the programme“Nieuws uit de Natuur” on Dutchnational television in November. Theprogramme is part of an educationalseries on biology designed forchildren in elementary school. Programmepresenter Mylene learnedmore about culturing fungi in theCBS labs, and about mushroomsin the fi eld under the guidance ofCBS’s Gerard Verkley, whom she“unexpectedly” bumped into onher foray in a nearby forest. HereGerard is explaining the principleof gravitropism in basidiocarps ofPiptoporus betulinus.