;s ct;

T ABLE OF CONTENTS.PAGE.I. Report of the Director, Agricultural Research InstituteancI College, Pusal.Charge ]'2. Staff and work of the Institut(} ]3. Agriculture ~4. Chemistry 35. Botany 56. Mycology 77. Entomology 98. S'econd Entomological Section . 119, Bacteriology 1210. Training . 1411. Upkeep of the Estate 1512. Liln'al'Y ] 613. Publications t7-14. General Health of the Station 1715. Accounts 1816. VisitorR ] 9II. Report of the Imperial Agriculturist-1. Charge2. Tours3. Training4. Character 0.£ the Season20·2021215. Oropping . .,' 2.26. Permanent Manurial und Rotation Experiments. 227. Permanellt Pasture . £38. Thrashing 23D. Clearing and Levelling ~~310. Work Oattle 2a11. Breeding Herd 2312. Shopp 24,13. Poultry 24,14. PI'ogramme of W oI'k for Wll-12 2,,1

III lteport of the Imperial Agl'ieultll1'nl ClWlllist-1. Charge 0.[ Scr.t.ioll and Est,uhliAhlilout112. Me I;eorology3. Dl'ahlnge 1)0,\;0, •Amount of N itmte m Soil;!'1. ~ehofl. ~rhcPAGH.·Wal.er- Hoquirellllmtil oJ c.l'Op,~G. U 8[11.' Ilt11ll17. Dato J?ahn S lIgnI';118. fJali,petI'o :Jl9. lDcluen'lion ;\\11 n. :Progl'l111llUtC) 01 'Vork ful' 1 Ull-12 ;\;\t l a ]!l1blicaLiollH :H)IV. ltepol'i; 01 the 1.111pol'ial ]Dcollomiu ]3ut.nlliHl·.·_·I) [11' 1; L-'.l.\·aehi llg', 'I\'aillillg' nlltl Ntaff ;1,1,IJlHt II.-Slll'eial vVork ill Bug-laud ;)'.\1J?al'i, III ..-~eho ]Iop IJldlIHL1'Y ill J(asJl'lllil' :~H])[11.'1, 1 V.-fl'ho ])(~VOll)pUl(lIl" 01' i.lw ]1'l'uiL I)I(lllH\;]'Yof J~all1chistan . . . . • '.1,0llart V.-InvestigatioJlI:l .J!2(1) vV}Wu.t ·,.2(2) ~L'olJacco ·Pi(3) Fibl'eH ·1,7(4) ..'LI l'og'l'altl1lJ.O 0). J' HI tv or.\. I .:01' I' '1

iiiVI. Report oE ihe ImpE'l'ial Entomologist-vontd.4. Provincial 'Vorl,5. Correspondence6. R,esearch .PAGE.GO6162.7. Insecticides and S_pl'ayel's GZS. Sericultnre [52D. Lac Culture 65] O. Apioultnre 6511. Demonsll'ation 6512. Insect; Smvey 6G13. :NIiscell:.tuBous G'i'14. Programme of Work for 1911-12 (i715. Publications 07VII. Hoport or the Second Imperial Entomologist-1. Charge 1]92. Nature ef Work 690. Investigatiolls ill Hand 704. Publications and 'I'l'aining 715. First Inlernational C.ongress or EntolUology atBrussels 716. ,Vork OIl Rouse-flies .7. Work on Ticks amI Rat-fleas8. Progralllme of. :Work 10r 1911-12VIII. HO]lOl't o:e i,ho Imperial AgricuHmal Bacteriologist-1. l)l'climillary Worle in ~rosting Methods . 732. Bacteriological Allalysis oJ: Pusa Soils H3. Eflect of Hot Weather ploughing npon the Badi;pl'lologicalOontent of the Soil .H7111724. Special Pl'oblems dealt with-(1) A ]hc1.orial Diseuse of rrobacco 77(2) A Disease o£ the Eri Silk-worm. 77(~) 'l:ho Efficacy of Rutin und Trope Rutin 77(4) A Disease of Tussal' Silk-worms n;(5) A sC]Jemc :for Bacteriological Work ill conlloctionwith the proposed Dairy atPusu 785. Pl'ogl'aUllllll 01 Work for 1911-12 7!J6. Publications 70

IVIX. Report of the Imperial CotLon Specialisl;-1. Oharge2. 'l'OUl'S3. Contral Pl'OViIlCC'R CottOIls4. Bombay Ootton:>5. Mudl'l1A OoLtolls6. Bengal OOt;\;OIlS7. Punjab Cottons8. Valuu.tions9. Pl'Ogl'Ulllllle of \Vol'k :£:01' 1!Hl-1210. PublicationsPAGE.808081879~nilI01]0110]'10~~

Report of the Agricultural ResearchInstitute and College, Pusa,(Incl?uUng Report oj the irnTJel'ial Cotton Specirtlist.)1910mB.REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR, AGRICULTURALHEREAROH INSTITUTE AND OOLLEGE, PUSA,FOR THE YEAR 1910-11,(E. ,T. BU'l'LER, M.B., F.L.S.)1. Cha1'ge'.-J held cbarge of the oflice of Director,Agricultural Research Institute, and Prinoipal of the AgriculturalCollege, Fusa, throughout t1Je year, in addition toIlly dHties of' lmpe.rial Mycologist.2. Stuff {lind 'I/lo'l'k 0/ Ihr' Institnte.-'f'he Institute is('I'ganised in seven scientific seotions, Agricultnra.1, Ohemical,Botanical, Mycnlogica.l, Entomological, Second Entoml)logi(~al,n.lld Bacteriological, the detailed reports ofwhicl) nrc given in the body of this report. For ,much ofthe period under review, the Emperiar staff was belowstrongth. Towards its close, three supernumerary officerswere absent on deputation or filling leave vacancies in theprovinoes; tho Imperial Entomologist wa.s on long leave; tlieAssista,nt Agricultnrist's post wns vacant; while r occupied1'.11(\ dua.l posts of Director and Imperial Mycologist. Thus,tho1'(\ were only eight Enropelln officers of the Pusn. staffactunJly at work for the Imperial Department, and of thesetwo (tho Imperial Economic Botanist and his PersonalAssistlmt) were engaged in Baluchistan, developing the13

fruit indmltry of that province, in addition to their ownduties.The following summary gives very briefly the organisationof the staR, and the main linos of work of each sectionduring the year.3. A (!1'1~C1t7t7t1'{~.-Mr. A. McKerrllJ, Assistant InspectorGelloral of Agriculturn, was lent to take charge of the farmnp to the 17th Novc:mbm', 1010, wIlen Mr. G. Rherrarcl,Assititallt Agriculturist, took ovc]' a'll except tho work inconnection wit.h ca,ttle [Lnd ponltry hronding, which r(~mainedHnder Mr. Mc:Kerrul llntil Fe1ll'lUltl'Y, 1911..Mr.Slwl'J'nl'd lwlcl clw.rge Hp to the 10th .T nno, ] 911, wben hewas appointod Professor 0'1' AgricHlbno, Bcngtd Agrien1··tnral College, Rabonr, and Mr. A. C. Dobbs, Assistant InspectorGcneml of Agricllltl1re, W11S hmt to talm charge,pending permanent arrangements. :Mt,. H. SonUwl'l1joined tho staff as Supernumerary Agricnlturi:.;t on the 29tllNovember, 1910, but left again on the l:3th Febrnary, 1 m I,to o{ftcia.lc for Mr. Sampson, Deputy Director of' Agricml··tnre, Southern o il'c]c. , Madras, who wins a,bout to proen('don leave.Notwithstanding' these freqllent changos, and in spiteof tho fnet tha,t since :F(1hnml'Y tho farm ]1(1S 1)0(111 m:U1ag(~

JNBTI'l'n'("E Al'\D cnLLlWli;, PURA, FOR 1\110-11.a'destroyed. The duplicate hlock on higher land, however,escaped. It is too early to expect rosults from these experiments.Th(' pcrmilpent pasture experiments were abandoneddnr'ing the year, after f'nl1 con~idel'lation of theresults to date. It is evident that the improvement ofpasture land wi 11 have to be attempted on different lines,and a m~dificd p la,n oR. experiment is under consideration.A comprehensive series of mannrial experiments with flaxwas startod by thc Fibre Expert to the Government ofEnstern Bengal and Assam, in collaboration with the InspoctorGeneral of Agriculture, but an outhreak of doddernccessitatl~d the destruction by burning of the whole crop.Flnx dodder is not indi.genous to India" and there is nodoubt that every effort should be made to keep it out infuture, and to destroy what was introduced in the past.Experiments with jllto and paddy were continued, theformer according to plans dra'vvn up by the Fibre Expert..As the area under arahla cultivation is now more than suffi~cient to provide' foddet' and grain for the breeding herd a,ndwork cattle, jt is hoped to extend experimental work in thenear fntnre. A oonsiderable part of the farm is devotedto crop~ grnwn fnr l he other sections for ohservation andexporiment.The farm stock lJav(:~ done wen. The Montgomery herdhas been increased by naturnl growth ana pnrclHtRe. Prop(lsabfor t\, dairy wore submitted during the year, butsanctioll hn~ heen wi tIl held for the present. There is an111ldouhtcd demand for insi rnction in dairying, and wii hthc\ largl" berd of excellent milch cattle now being fOl'll1('dnt Pasa, n cli1il'Y will ultimately prove an essential pa.rt oftho equipment of the fnstitutc, The management of tilepoultry has ht'en in the hands Ol[ the Inspector General ofAgl'iculllll'C for tile grCH.tlT pm t of the year.I wish to record my appreciation of Mr. Sherra,rd's worknot only on t,lw farm, hnt in assisting me in the generalmanagement () f the Estate.4. (.'/uNnistl'y.-Dr. Leatber held oharge throughout theyel'il:. Me. A.nnctt 1on tIll' termination of his acting ap-11 ~

grea,t vigour after the first heavy r~tin of the monsoun, butis not active dur,ing the dry n~onths.Dr. Leather has continued his investigation of' u8[t1'lancl,with special reference to its physical state. He has alsu,in cOllsultation with the Director of Agricl1ltm'c, and tl10Irrigation Department, U llited Provinces, carried uut thefirst stage of a comprehensive experiment directed to determineonoo for aU whether, as is frequently sta,ted, irrigationleads in certain lauds tu

During his absence in England, Mr. Howard cH.J'rird outsome experiments in the Pl'OdllC:tiull ,d' l'lIst L'(~::;iHtant, ,vlwnt:-;suitable for lndia, and stllc1iC'o tlw trado l'cqllirmncniH forimproved Indian wheat and tobaclJo. lfe n IHO (,nqllired intomodern metbods of hop cultivatioll :wd drying and fruitpa.cking, with :1, view to ntilising t,lw informatioll ()n hisreturn to .lnd.ia.The p0:48ihilitit's of lLOp growing in Kw·;Il111ir are np­, parent, Whl'll it is lO,Ll'llt t,iutt-with a pl'Olllletioll pUI' ,Wl'C uf'one-fifth of that of Kent, an anllual aVl'l'a,gn }w()iil ()j' OVl'!';£7 per acre has h('('l1 l'pnJisctt 011 LlI(\ U()V(~l'lmWllL ]t()Pgarden, for tIl(' last sixt~~en yc'ars. Tn Mr. 1 Lmv(\1'(l's l'npol'ttll the D11r1>a1', the dirl'ctlolls ,Ire indicated .in which itllprovCllwntsarc possihlc, i j' it i::; (It\uid(~d t() c()ntinue flwindustry on the pn~scnt I inn~, amI a Iso the seeps \Vb iell HI'nllcce::';Su,ry if hop gr()wing in K,aslnnir i::; tu htl placed OJ}modern lines and if Kashmir is to (~lltUl' th(~ llIarkuts or tileworld as C1 competit()r with Cnlifm'llia.Pcrlw"ps tho most important wOl'k: ()ll whiuh PlltiU, it;;cng,1ged at present is the improvement o[ Jndinn whunL.The lines on whicb this ,is being carri(~d Ol1t hav(~ hmlll 14nllicientlyill dica,tcd j n pl'cvions repor"Ls 0 l tlte Botnn i cal N(~(~­'Liun. The best PUSH, wheats p['odnuecl in 1910 wm'u Sh()\Vllat Mark La,ne, nnd on the Liverpool COl'll Exuhangc, whil(~, Mr. Hnward was in England, alld W(ll'(l aukll()wllldgo

iNS'l'ITU'1'E AND COLLE(tE, l'USA, 1"011, lUlU-ll. 7tion is good and moisture is adequate. Disappointment isbound to result, if the ,influence of these two all-importantfactors in crop production in India is disregarded.The i1r:l.provement of tobacco is being carried on onsimilar Jines to that of wheat. Both in yield and qualityO'f leaf very encouraging results have been obtained.The botanical study of certain fibres was continued, theisolation of the varietieS of ;ian (CTOiaZClTia jllncea) and'1HttU)(t (Hibiscus cltl/,/1(tbi'll us), and their improvement byselection and urossing, being the principal work in progressin this direction.Further work on pollination in impol'ta,nt crops of Innia,, was carried out, and a Memoir published giving the datafor ,a number of crops.Towards the end of the yenT, the lines of work on theimprovement of the fruit industry of Baluohistan weredeveloped, and the site of a new Experimental Station forthe purpose selected near Quetta.6. Mycoloy?/.-I held charge of this section dur,ing theyear, in addition to the office of Director. Mr. Sha.w continuedto hold the post of Supernumerary Mycologist.Much time was given to systematic work, as it wasfound that progress in Indian economic mycology wasgreatly hampered by the difficulty in determining the identityof the fungi of the country. All the specimens of oneof tbe larger groups, the Ascomycetes, were work(;d tLronghand annotated lists were published after the clu;;o of the'year nnder review.The oharge orf the campaign against palm disease inGodavari and Kistna Districts was taken over by theMadras Mycologist in 1910. It is beillg continued on thesame general lines as before. A full account of the disea,se,and of the ca.mpaign against it carried on sillce 1907, 'waswritten by me and published as a Memoir .in September,1910. The conclusions arrived at are that the operations• have been entirely successful in limiting the disease inGodavari to the arca, previously infected: the work inKistna w,as started later, hut the progress is cnoouragmg

8in this district also. The effect of the work in reducingthe severity of the disease within the infected tract wasnot ea.sy to estimate when the report was written, but witht.he further records sinllc ava,nabla it a,ppea,I'B thi:tt a. distinctdecrea.::;e in the mortality is noticeable aL the present time.It: the disease call be effectively confined to tho existinglimits, the outllty inuurred will be amp]y justified, andthere is every reason to hupe that the uontillu,ttion of thework will lead to its being gradually stamped out.al together.The need 101' t~ mycologidt to work speuia,lly 011 thodil;)eases of the tea plant has bouo111e increasingly apparont,tll1d the Indian Tea, .A.. sf:;ouiatiull have decided to add anappointment. of thi~ nature 1,0 their 8uicutiiiu Depar·L1l10lrt ..Meanwhile, Pusa givOl:; ~lluh assi.sta.llU(~ as is p()~siblo. :Ml'.MeUne's Bulletin on blister-blight in Da,rjeeling, publishedat the hcginning of tho yea.r, indica,tes the lines on whicht.he control of this da.ngorn"llS blight should be attempted.Many p1anters arc cxperimenting Ull these lines, but tbedisease is firmly esta.blished :l.nd still SI)l'ciLding; unless a.ubec.tp and effective method of le:-lsening its l'

iNSiTl'ui;E AND (JOLLEdjc, PUI:lA, FOR 1910-i1. 9Mr. Shaw is engaged in investigating the root rot of anumber of cultivated plants, caused by a species of Rhizoctonia.The parasite appears to be the same in all cases andit~ uOlllpletc study, in view of the large range or its victims,i~ most desirable.The usual rontillo work of advising cultivators and thegeneral puLlic interested in agriculture on the diseases ofplants and t'Lllied matters, which in this section, as in theEntoIl10Iugiu111, forms a very essential part of the work,was u(ll1tinncd. AssistaJ1Ce was also given to ProvincialAgl'icllltural Departments in advising on the work of theirMyeolugiunl ~U:lSiBtallts, and ill pruviding material for referonceuolluctions in their l)ollcgcs.7. 8ntoJtl,ology.--Mr. Lefroy held cha,rge of this sectionup tu the 3L.;t J auuary, 1911, when he proceeded on 1mwe,:md Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, Supernumerary Entomologist,took over charge.As ill previous yeart:l, severn'! provincet:l havc freelyaV

INS'l'I'J'U'L'J;~ AND UOIJI,EU I":, I'[;SA, Fott lDlIl-11. 11Th(' st1ldy of tllc life histories of injurious insects hasprogressed, a number of important pests having been rearedin the in~ecta,ry and their habits studied. Mr. Ghosh hasprepared a memoir on palm beetle,:;, and Mr. Dutt on ~()ll1eAculeate Hymenoptera. Other memoirs on life historiesaxe in preparation.The in~.;ect smvey of India has been continued as timepermits. Large collections have heen sent for study hyspeuiall::,:ts, and to the authors oj' volumes nf the " l;'tl,Ullil (,j'Inelin" serios. 111'. Nowl'oj('G has prepared a, memoir U11some aq nntic insects.The i llv('stign,ti(111 U f tlw dama.gu cansed by tl:'rmi tus(white-ants), started by Mr. L~~froy in co11aburatioll withMr. Evans, Deputy Director ()f Agriculture, NorthernCircle, Central Provinces, was uontinued by Mr. Fletcher.The latter oLlieer was also invited to tour with the Ra.ilwaySleeper Commission, Lo advise on the best methods ojrnducing the enormous losses caused on Indian railways bythese insects, n,nd is o

latter investigation ::\, mothod of destroying tbe llud

INS'I.'l'l'U'I'E AND co r,rJEGE, PUSA, FOR 1910-11. 13soils will best serve as culture media for those bacteria,naturally present in them, on which the processes O'f conversionof the organic nitrogen of humus into assimilablenitrates depend.A specia] study has been made of the effect of hot'weather ploughing on the bacteriological content of thesoil, and the possibility of a hacteriological explanation oftho undoubted increase in fertility resulting therefrom. Itwas fOllnd that the net result is an extremely rapid formationnf ammonia, part nf which becomes available to plantsa,nd part of which is lost. Depletion of the soil nitrogenis a ncce::;sary consequence and the maintenance of fertilitymust depend on 111e reRtoration of this by green manuringor otherwise.A bacterial disease of tobacco occurring in Rangpurwas investigated by Mr. Hutchinson. It wa::; found to bet:auscd by a strnin of Badllus solanacearum, an organismknown to cause disease in several cultivated crops, such aspotato, brinjal and tOll1nto. The Rangpur strain differsfrolll. ·those described in Amrrion. and Japan in some of itspatbogenie features.A diseas(~ of tlw Ed silk-worm, whicll canses havoc inth(' hroods at l:t~I·tain ti rnes of' t.he year, waH also studied.It W[l.H found to l)(~ associat(1(l with Ow presence of hact.fria,in tlw intestine.Certain preparations known as Rat.in a,nd Trope Ratin,prc'pare'a in Copenhngcn, have been widely recommendedns rat exterminators, and Iuwe heen suggested for use inIndia" hoth wit.h a view to ohecking plague and to protectcrl)ps against the ravages of field rats. Mr. Hutchinsoncarried out tests of these prepa,rations. Ratin WfiS ·foundto have lost its virulence, but it is suggested tha,t this mightbe reoovered by preparation in India. Trope Ratin wasfound effective within a limited time after its preparation,but its cost precludes any possibility of its use on a largesca,le by cultivators. Neither can be recomm~nded foremployment at presont,

_AoTicultural J1actcri()l()[."\T in the wi

INRrl'TTUT~ AND UOT~LEG~, P1iRA, FOR H110-11, 1"and two in entomology, The two students in general agriculturewere recalled to their province after completingone year's training, as their services were reqUIred by theProvincial Department.The short courses continue to be popular, students fromall parts of India, having been admitted, Four took upfruit growing; eight, cattle breeding and manngement; nine,poultry breeding and management; three, tillage implementsand agricultural machinery; twenty, serieulture; andfifteen, lac culture. A certain amount of instruction inbee-keeping was given to some students interested in thesubject, but as apiculture at Pusa is still in the experimentalstage, regular courses have not yet been established.As far as possible, only thoso have been admitted to theshort courses who propose to take up the subjects taughtas a ::iubsidiary means of livelihood to agriculture. Insome cases, it was found that non-agriculturists soughtadmission in order to obtain certificates which would getthem employment uncleI' Government, especially in NativeStates. Usually such students were not admitted, or ifadmitted, certificates were not given to them.11. Upkeep uf the Estate,-As a result of the floods, towhich the low-lying portions of the farm are subject, andwhich resulted in a loss of over 100 acres of crops in July,1910, the Pnblic Works Department was requested torevise the arrangements for draining this part of theEstate, and in particular to repair and strengt1ien the protectivenmbankments were defective, The flood referredto was probably the highest on record, and gave us a veryanxious time, but the hulk of the protective works stoodvery woll, and amp1y j llstified the outlay which was incurredon them. The repairs have been deferred pending allotmentof funds; fortunately there has been no flood up todate this year,Two additional blocks of quarters have been constructeddepartmentally for the use of the staff of the InspectorGeneral of Agriculture, in continuation of those built lastymtr,. A now worksllOp and weigh-bridge 'Pm: coal We:J;~

16 l{.EPOR'J' (W 'I'HE AGlUClTlil'(TRATJ H,E8BAIWHconstructed in connection wit.h the power-house, and planshave been prepared for a coal hunker. The ice plant hasbeen fitted up and is now nnder trial. It is capable ofturning out llfilf (l ton of ice in the day. An icc storc' isbeing 1m] It departmentally. The ]ahol'atOl'los consume agood don,l of ice which lUI,s fOl'll1crly 1>eon nhtn.:i.ned fl'Oll1Calcutta, tUHl it is hoped that the new plrt.nt win not onlyprove a OOUVt'l1iCllCl' Imt 'Nil I effl'ct an oconomy. 1"fnchtrouble was experienced 'with the gas supply, owing to theretorts hurning (rnt. This culminated in a complete stoppa.ge0 f g'as for some wneks in t,he hot w()(l.ther. TheOriental Gas Company of Calcntta kindly spared tb{~services of tlwir Chief Distributing Engineer, Mr. E. P.Reilly, to overhaul the installation. The laying of theretorts was fonnd to he defective, and other minm' a1ttwl.1-tions were carried (Jut under Mr. Reilly's snpervision, withthe resnlt that no further trouhle has been cxpcwieneed.We a.re nnder an ohligation to the Company for theircourtesy in sending lip nne of their best cngint'cl's to hrlp us.Provisional estimatns for providing a· Middl(~ RnglishSehoo 1 for the; u:·m () r the staff () f tlw Tm.;ti 1'.1'11.(', a;nd the:residents in the neighuourhood wer8 sn,nntioned, the eo:-\1; tobe borlle jointly by t.1w C}overnmpnts of' Tnelia n.nd B(·\ugnl.The (\~tima.tes did nut pl'ovi de .for l'uside:nti n:l qn:nt('\rs forthe t(~acher::-\; plans ror 1.1w seho()l and qnarCcl's W(\},(\ pl'(~pareclwit.h asslstanCl(\ from Mr. Prrstnll, TllHj)C'Oi'.(lI' (IfSchools, Patnn Division, and snlnnitted with }'(r~isnd ustimatesfor nonsidol'atinn hy th(\ Bengal Gov(,l'mmmt. Romr.nnnor improvements wer(', carried out in the stllc1011ts'hostel.:12. I>ilJ7Yl1'Jj.---Tlw rrvificd (\atalogne of tlw lilmlry,corrected np to the end of .[ $)08, was issllrd. rl'hn (iO'l'I'('~'­tion of the proofs and seeing H. throngll l.lw ))l'(1s:-\ (\llta,ih~(la great deal of work. The card oat:t'loguu was l'nViS(id, anda registor olf new ndditiOllS is now mnintnincd in /-lltell nfOl.'111 that further (~ditions of tIll) printed cn.tn:logllo can bebrought out without much trol.lhk The loa,n arrangomentsare working n.dmi.ra,hly, n.nd I am glad to note that

.TN~TT'rnrJ'R AND COLLEG1j~, P(TSA, Fon Ullil-ll. ]7advantage is being more freely t.aken of t.he facilities forhorrowing books given to officers of the 'Provincial Departments.The library is still wanting in many of the moreexpensive sets of periodicals; the sectional grants for puruhaseof books usually do not exceed 500 rupees; this is notmore than sufficient for cnrrent literature, and there is nogeneral gl'a,nt from which expellsive periodicals call bepaid for. The new additions amounted to about 1,500volumes. The library is rapidly becoming overcrowdedand pl'nposn Is for its extension are nnder consideration.The Director is in general charge of library arrangementsand I wish to express my satisfaction with the work ofBalm Anllku1 Chandra Chatterjee, tbf' T .jbrariUJ.l,'-13. Publicatio£s:=.::-The

18 RRPOR',' OJi' 'I'Hl~ AGmmTTll'LTRAT, Hl';:=n~AH.ORFonr deaths occnrred 'in TIospital,--two from maln.l.'ialcachexia, one from Dright's disease and one from neglectedbernia.Two cases of oholera, occurred amongst tho families ofthe Indian staff in August, uno, with one denth. Immediateand successfu1 measures wel.'e taken to prevent thediseaso spreading on the Estate.One hundred and one slll'gicn.l operations were performed:of which dght WOI'O mn,jor a,nd the remajnd(~rminor.The prevailing diseases were mala1'ial fevers, kala aza1',bowel comp'ln,ints, rheumatic comp1aints and skin diseascs.Blood diseases were diagnosed microscopically.Quinine was js:med propbylnctic,'1n~:.tH'c thi.:) E!:!,tate towa.rdsthe cl()sc of the m()nsoon.Fourteen primary a1ld ttm re-vncrrinatiom; were pel'­formed in the early part () r {he y(~n.r,All drl1ins in the Imilding :trcn of' the Rstntn wore mndepncca elm·jng the yen..r. A small cemetery waH cOl1stl'ndeddepartmentally. The nmnhor of l'esiclents within thoEstate was ovor 700 011 thr. cIa te 0 f the l'ceent. C('.J1HllH.15. Accmtnts.--The tot.al expenditure il)(mrr(~d duringtl1c current ym'll' was Rs. 2,Hn,587, as against Rs. 8,12.4:27of the prcceding yoar. The principal items of' expenditureare pay of gazett.ed offtCCl'S and m;tfll)lislllnnntRs. 1 ,87,S8!~, travellillg allowmwc of olTiCCl';-l nl1{l ostab1ishm(mtUs. 22,315 and :farm ('Xf)('lI(]1Llll'G, ;-lr,iont;i fw n,ppa.rn.­tllS, hooks, fuol, storos 1'01' electric and gn~ jIlfi1.nllntiml,c(lntingencios, etc., Rs, Sg,R8n. TTl(' g'J'fwt f()}' tho" Ap;l'ienltm'al'PMlm]ienls and JOl1l'nnl " has huun tl'nnsl'cl'l.'ccl('row thifl offioe budget to th,lL of' tIw Imq)(~eLl)[' (kllm'al ofAg·rjen11 llre ill Tuelin frolll 1st, Apt'i1, 1f)10.The gross rcocipts dl11'lng tll(' yen,r hy snle of f:ll'UlpJ'oducc, milk and other miscellaneolls al'ticlcH, a.nd 'Mr.I,efr0Y'H bo()k "Indian Tnsoct LHo," :unollllted toHs. 13,462, ns ng'ninst Rs, v,!573 In tho pJ'eceding y(~ar. Of,this amollnt the sale proc(~wls of " TIldiu,)l JnseuL Life"~"GC011I1ted fm' Hfl, 5,490.

INS!rI'I'UT1~ AND OOT.JLEGE, PUSA, FOR lll10-11. 1916. Visitnrs.-During the year nnder report the Hon'bleMr. E. D. Maclagan, C.S.1., I.C.S., Secretary to the Governmentof Imlia., Revenue and Agriculture Department, theHon'hle Mr. F. C. Gates, C.S.I., I.C.S., Financial Commissionerto the Government of Bllr III a., Mr. R. Inouye,Assjstant Professor, Agricultural Collego or Tokio ImpedLdUniversity, Mons. H. J3l'cniel' I)f the Commerce andIndustry Department of French Indo-China, and Dr.Vennoosen, Mycologist Elect to the Belgian Congo, visitedtho Institute. Dr. Vermoesen worked in the Mycologicallaboratory for over two months at the end of the year.o 2,

20 REP OR'" OF '1'Hl~ AORTCTTUI'TTRAI, RF.81~AIWHREPORT O:F THE IM:PERIAL AGHICULTURISTBOR THE YEAH 1.910-11.(A. O. DOBBS, B.A.)Gbnrg'o of the Pns;]. Farm during tlJr g'l'entor part n fthe period nncler roporL was held. by Mr. O. Rherrard,ASRistal1t Agricnltm·ist. The scrvicm:; of the AssistantInspector General of Agriculture were also placed at thedisposnl of tho Director for Pm'm purpoR8s, twd in fad,Mr. A. McKcrral wrote the Ammal HepOl't, for 1909-10,In .Tuno 191J Mr. Shorl'n,rd left Pnsl), to take up tho appointmentof Professor of Agriculture at the Bengal Agri·cultural Conege, Saho11r.Mr. II. Southern was at Pusa ns Supernnmerary i\gl'icu1tul'istfrom November uno to February 1 ml, wlH\n 'Iwleft to go to Madras, where he is offtcinting ::1,1:; a nQl1ltyDirector () f that rrovinee.Mr. Ikramnddin lwld the appointment of FirHt OV(,Tseerand Mr. Zin,llddin Hydm' that 0 f: S(~eon

iNI:l1'l'1'U'L'~ AND CJ01L~XiE, I' USA, 1)'0.& HllO-ll. 21l·_.J:rMany members of the staff attended tbe Allahabad Exhibitionin connection with the Pusa exhibits.T-l'Cl'ining.-Mr. Fatehuddin, B.A., Assistant Directorof Agriculture for the Punjab, contimwd his course ingeneral (:1-grjcnltul'o during the whole period under report.liahu B. L. Mukcl'ji, RAG., and Babu B. B. Dati,13.AG., stipolldiaries of Ea~terll Bengal and Assam, attendedthe OOUl'SO of general agriculture from .July 19]0 till}\fa,roh lUll, when they left to take up their duties at Dacca.Mr. ~A. B. Hay-Wehb worked 011 tite farm as a visltol'fro111 2nd to ~7th March 1911.The lHllllhcl's ()IL studellts aUemliug the !shol't UOUl':>eshave beon :-l!

C1'opping.--TllC greater part oJ tbe -[n.rIll was, as usual,devoted to growing foclder and g'ra.in fur the working bnllocksand tllO breeding herd. Maize, sorghulll, oats, petts,khesari (Latk'!J1"us) , gram (Cicer) and ((,1'!Ul1' ((,'((,jm~/l8) wotothe principa.l crops grown fur these plll'pOl:>es.The maize providecl a large cl11antity of excellunt siJagu;that froUl the sorghuIll was not so guod, llllttJh of iL beingdecayed, and the right ~tagu nL which to cul, this crop .forsiloing' lLnder tl1e uunditiom; obtaining .11.01'0 1ms yot to beascerta,ined. The oats pruvided a, large amount of excellentfeud both of gl'ltLll alld str'LW. The .. 1.1'0:1. 0 f pulses growllwa.s not, however, snlli.ciollt Lo mal\.() pUl.'dmscs 01 this class01' food Ull11BCeSsl1ry.Much of the (t1'/W;}, wrU-l spui.1 L by the Hoods.A con::;idera.lJlo "Ll'ca. was, as llsw11, SOWll wiLl! 8a.nn humpfur green manure.Guinea grass, gr(Jwing' Ull lluarly :3 n.Cl'U~ within tho .illnuonoeof tho bamh()o a.vcnues, gave uver ;300 IIlcLUudH pel'acru of gl'UUll fodder, wi t,h on1y two l1'1:igaLiulls in tILe drySeaSUll; lucerne, with cou::;tllnt i t:l'igil,tioll, g:LVe uvel.' ~OOmuuncl::l per acre.Othol' m'ups gruwll un a, small ::lcn]() Wl)l'() flax: (whioil lladto be destroyed hecn,u:-:lu of 'lite appU

iN8'1'I'l'U'l'1!l AND COLLEGE, l'USA., 1.'01(, WIO-ll.Permanent Pastu1·e.-The lllanurial experiments wereabandoned ·this year. There seems to be no doubt whateverthat the direction which the experiments on pasture hereshould take is that of ascertaining the extent to which systematicgrazing and extensive surface cultivation, combinedpossibly with the sowing of quick-growing catchcrops, will enahle land that cannot be economically usedexcept as pasture to be maintained in a reasonably _[Jroductiveand profitable condition. The upland pasture isnow ploughed up every throe years and replanted withdoob, but the daub does not look well on close examinationeven in the first year after planting, a,nd disappears rapidlyduring the second year. A small pa,rt of the ploughedland has been i:iown with Sann-hemp this year for ploughingin before planting the doob.TM·asking.-A record was estabHshed in thrashing theoats this ycar, 241 mauuds being thrashed in one day. Thehe:wy yield of grain, amounting on one field to 33 m~tlmdsper acrc, no doubt contributed to this result.Cleating and Le1)ell'iny.--A large kiln was cleared fromthe former brick-field and a road across this a,rea laid outand part constructed.W oTk-cattle.-The number of cattle in use has been illcl'ea~edby the breaking-in of yOl.mg cattle, purchased, andsupplied from the Montgomery herd. The Montgomerycattle are rat.her slow, but can pull heavy loads. Foot-andmouthdisease.. broke out among the working bullocks towardsthe end of the monsoon of 1910, but was checked andsuppressed by prompt measures.B1'eeding Ii erd.-The Montgomery herd has been Il1ail1~taincd in excellent condition, and the numbers of cows andheifers increased d l1ring tho year. Fifty-four cattle weresold and four transferred to the working cattle during theyear.Only three animals dien-less than 2 per cent., whichis a very small percentage considering that the greaternumber or the cattle are cows and young calves.llS

SlweZJ.-Thc Gorakhpul' sheep have done won, and thecross betwecn them and the Dnmhha l':tm appears il) bosuocessful.Poultl'y-breediny.-One or two of the vl:u·jeties uf pOllltryoriginally imported ha.ve proved fa,ilnrcs, and nthl'fSha,ve heen substituted for them. Indigenous varieties havebeen obtained and appear in some eaRes to be WOl'Lh keeping'.But the ,,york cannot yet be said t () Jm heyond tl](~ exp('t'imentalstage. The distribution uf l~ggR by post ttllCll'H,il hasbeen disuunLinlled, but a, uUllsiclorn,bll~ Illlmht't, of I'ow Is hawbeon distributed to the Vl'uvinuial Ia.l'lllS and sol(l Co privaLupo 1'1::1!)JlS,P1'U(/1'Wntlldl of 'Wod: jO'l' .wn-l:3.-1. C'1'()Ppill!/.~···Alleuclea,VOllI' will he llI!M.k to hriJlg 1Jw difi'uJ'CllL nJ'ons oj' tll('farJll nnder sYHtt'lllaLiu 1'ota,tions slli1.(~d to (In.clJ a,lId (,0 tltnl'equil'cmcntn of tho C[l,tt.lc. It is pr()posed to i1l8l'

iN8'1'I'i'u'i'.i~ .AND COLLEUJD, putiA, 1"OIt l!llU-ll. 25G. Ponttry.-Further trial will be given to some of thebreech; already imported, the requirements of the provinciRlfarms will be kept in view, and indigenous breeds will befurther studied. The number of different breeds willprobably be cOllsiderably reduced.

26 RB1:'011T 0[1' 'l'UE: AUltLUUJl['U11At.l Jm::-lgAIWHREPORT Oli' THE IMPEIUAL AGRICULTURALC.HEMIST :FOl{ THE YEAR 1910-11.(.J. WALTER LEA'l'HER, PH.D., F.I.C.)C'/Ut'I'(IO of S('(!{";O/l. mMl b;8t(tlili8hmrmt.-Thc section wasin charge of my~cLE during tho entire yoar.Mr. H. E. Annett, SupermUllCl'u,ry Agricultllrn,1 Ohemist,acted as Agric111tllral Ohemist., United:1> rovinccs, until10th November 191 O. He agnill went to Oawnpol'c on 24thJune 1911 to act as Principat, Agricultural Oollege.The changos involved dllri.ng t.he yea.l' ha,vo been as follows:-Bulm Suhodh Chandra Kal', M.A., the second assistant,died on 19th July 1 ~)10. SUDudh .Baht! joined Uwe::;tl1ulishmcnt at Debra. lJUll in 1 tl02 as a voluntuer assistantand gradually roso to the position of second aSBistn,llt.He had i:>hown unmmal ability and would no doubt Imvorisen to ~till higher ol1icc. IIis duu,th wm; a very severeloss. B'Lbu J aLiudeu, N ath Mukorjce, B.A., B.8t!., thethird assistant, has beon appointed second assistant. .Mr.Bhailal MotiblH1i Amin, B.A., who was promoted. t.hirdassistant, has, during the year, been a.ppointed 011 deputn,~tioll :1i:> assist:1nt in the bbur(1,tory oJ the Dehar IndigoP_lantel's' AS::i()ciaLioll. lHl'. K. 8. Vishwa,uatham, .B.A"was selecLed by the Imperial .Bacteriologist ttS his secondassistant. ]3n.bll Adbar Krishna, Boso was selected by t.hoSoienti1ic Ofliccr, Indian Ton Associatiull, as his a I'll'lisL,.tlJ'L.TIle latter oitangl)s, (l,lthongh ocC::U.,iolling luss t.o the estab­Ih;lllllcnt, mnst be considered in Lho ligbt. l).f n, Gompliment 1.0the 8ouLion and full-it one of its importu,nt functions. Otherchanges luwe heen as follow::; :-Ml'. O. K. Lele, L.AG.,Nagpul', wn.s appointed n junior Ltssistu,l1t in August 1910;Mr. D. K. AmholG1I', M,A., had to resign his a.ppointmentin April on account of fa.mily ren.SOIlR; Mr. R U. SOllOl1ilcft at the end of his pl'Ouationu,l'Y period.

jNS~'I'1'U'l'E AND OOlJIAi]UE, l' U~A, I!'UR lUlU-H. 2~111 eteol'oluyy.--In addition to the ordinary meteorologicalrecol'ds, the record of evaporatiun, which was mentiolledill the last annual report, is being' lllaintained. Al'ocord of soil temperatures has al::;o been commenced duringthe year and will yield information as to diurnal andseasonal variations of temperature. Self-recording hygrometerand uarollletel' will also be Bet up. Most of tho informatiunpl'ovided by these records will become imllludlatelyu::;eful in connection wIth one or other investigatiun::;a,t the Institute.lJ1'a-inaye Data.-These aro Geing continued, and thetin;t several years' records togctl18r with those of the CawIlporegauges llave beon written up for publwation. Amongthe deductions which have been possible are the following:-(a) The alllount of water draining away annuallyvaries with tbe rainfall, it being large in wet years; but theamount which evaporates from bare fallow soil is almostUOllstanL for any OIle pla,ce. At CawIlporc about l81! ofwa,ter thus evaporates pel' annum, at Pu:::;a about 28/1; theL:orrespollding ligurc at Hothamsted is about 15/1. The expbllu,tiol1for the larger ~WIOllllt eva,porating at Pusa thantLt UtLwnporc prolJLLbly lies chiefly in the nature of the soil)but tili::; is a matter which remains to be demonstrated.(b) lJrailltLge from cropped land is nH,turally affectod by theextra, factor-the crop-and the drainage data have yielded::lome very intol'osting information in regard to it. On theuno halld

pends on the season of tho 'y8:1r. Dm'ing tho dry seaS()l1the general loss from this ea nsc is llwch less thall d.uri ng'the monsoon; henco the" protection" pl'Ovicled by n " rahi "crop will be generally much less tlUl,tl that. () fa" 1':1im1 "crop; t.he former may he 2" or 3", the latter 7" or 8" ofwater. (c) The amount of wH,ter which rnns ofr Lbo Jandduring heavy rain is known 1,0 vary within wide: 1i mit-ti, andalthough tho gauges have yielded ROlllO llli'Ol'lllatiou on tlw::lubjl~ct, it l'e1a,i,(\\:l to only one mril ma,lntaiIW(l pCl'l'euUylevel. No wry expl.iciL deductions [ITO therC'['ol'(\ IHJSRihlc,but the gCllern,l cOllulllRioJ1 has been clrn,wJI i 11:11, pnl'.hn,pHpopular idcns hnve exaggerated its muouut.Tlu; 11,lw/f,nt oj' Nitmte ill 1",'oi{..,..,--TlIiH slIil;jcu(. iH (JHI~which has long bocn considered of great illlpurL:UWI1, awlthe drainage wH,ter frum tho g:wgos, aH

INSTTTUTI~ AND OOT,L1CGE, FUSA, FOR UJlO-ll. 29ments over several years have shown that practically thewhole of the water assimilated by a crop is obtained withinthe root range, some 6 to 7 ft. in alluvial soil, and that althoughthe stores of water present below this depth arevery great, they are substantially of no service to the plant.The field experiments were at the same time utilised tocheck the vR,]lles of the Transpiration Ratios which hadbeen fonnd by 'pot-culture methods. The two methodsyielde~ very similar values for this factor.The investigation into the availabiUty of plant lood insoils is bejng continued, but many difficulties have been metwith, and its progress is slow.(/SCM' Lrl1Lri.--Reference was made to this subject in thelast report, and the work has been extended. The first investigationhad to do with a certain stretch of land in theMainpllri District, and a very exhaustive series of testsshowed that this class of usaI' land not only contains sodiumcarbonate, but is also highly impervious to water. Then.monnt of movement of water, whether in the downwarddirection during wet weather, or towards the surface duringthe dry period, is thus necessarily only small; consequontlyalso tbere cannot be any large amount of movementof salts.Experiments made at Pnsa on this soil have shown thathy the application of common salt its physical state can bealtered and the ~alts washed out. Rice was grown onsome of it last year and is now growing again, but themethod is, I fear, not financjally feasible. In other experimentsaIso made by pot-culture at Pusa, the physicaldef{\ct (imperviousness) was separated from the chemicalddect (alkali snlts) and then plants sown. It was thenfmmd that or the two the alkali was the more pernicious.During the PRst cold weathel' tho investjgation has been('Illltinuocl in [lnot]101' direction in collaboration with theJnigntiol1 Dep:u'tment. One of the features of this alkaliIn,nd is frequently the occurrence of " alkali spots" in themidd"le of fields otherwlse quite fertile. It has been frequentlyargued that thesl,3 result from the presence o~

30 REPOR't' Oli' 'l'HE AGHTOUl/FURAT.J Rl'~A~A Hon011na1s and excessive irrigation. The fact th[lt. the intro,duction of a canal is accompa nied by [I, riso of the snb-so ilwater level has lent snpport to the argument. The twofeatures are, however, distinct, and it corLa;inly does notnecessur'ily follow that they are related. W'o have sOlYlesoil, takOll from fcrNle land in tllc immediate neighbourhoodof a,lkali spots nnder obsorvation; it is maintainedfallow with a,n artificiaJ sub-soil wntnr-supply at, 2 ft.from the surface, and the experiment should show w]lothol'it will t11el'oby become" alkali ,"J3ut the work of the past cold weather dealt witJI anotheraspect of this question. It is not only in c[mal-irrj~gn,ted areas thnL " alkali spots" (100111' in cultivated fwlds;they are to be found in well-irriga.ted tracts also. It waRdecided, in consulLa,tion witl, tlw 1111'cetol' of J\gl'icmltul':'[Lud the Superintending Engineer, to take samples from nseries of such" alkaH spots" situated (a) within n, (mna,'!·il'l'igated traot, [l,nd (b) within n lleighhonring vvel'-:irri·,gatod traot, and to oompn,,'o them by me:111S of sHch rndh()(h;as wc at present possess. A suitahle tract of c01llltr'y W

INR'l'T1'1J'T'F. AND COLLRGF., T'URA, T,'OR IfllO-ll. 31the sample WitS taken in February, registered by means ofdistance and direction from a stone bench-mark especiallyput down on the field border. We shall thus not only havethe results of the comparative tests of the present year, butit will be possible to form a very exact opinion at a futuretime, say ten or fifteen years hence, as to whether the introductionof canal irrigation has caused either an increase ofthe a,rea of these" alkali spots " or any increase in the percentageof cc a1ka,] i " in the soil. The tests of the soil of experimentalplots near Aligarh which were referred to inlast year's report showed tha,t the only really effectivemeans which had been tried was gypsum, and in that casethe cost had been prohibitive. The land which Mr. Keventel'has reclaimed was esp~cially interesting. By the applicationof very large amounts of manure and liberal irriga,tion,crops have been grown for a number of years onsome very bad alkali land. But the samples taken to adepth of 9 ft. showed thai, the result of the treatment hadbeen to reclaim only thc top foot of soil, and that below thislayer, the soil is as bad as it was originally. The cropssubsist in fact on the liberal manure supply of the top soiland can even then only succeed by the aid of frequent irrigation.Date Pal1n.-Immediately after his return from CawnpOl'e,Mr. H. K Annett took up, a.t my suggestioll, the genera]investigati.on of the Dato Palm Sugar industry.Hithorto nothing had been done in relation to the chemistryin vol vcd in t.his indu:-itry, and it is obviously desirablethat this omission should be rectified. Mr. Annett touredtwice in the Jessorc District, which is one of the principalcentres, n.nd carried out a series of analyses of the juice ontho spot and later on of raw sugar at Pusa, besides collectingmuch valuable information in regard to the methodswhich are employed. The work will be continued on Mr.Annett;'s return from Cawnpore.Saltpetre.-During the year an attempt has been madeto work out the practical details of an improved method91 refining crude saltpetre which had occurred to me somE}

32 lU~p()R'r ()Ii' 'l'l-m AWUCrTL'I'TTHAI, l{,r(~RI(iAIWHyears ago as possibly feasible. The chief defects of thepresent methods are (i) the considerable time required inorder to obtain the refined product, (ii) tho amount of fnc'!used is greater t}W,Il it should be, (iii) a, snriolls loss (J fl1itrato OCClll'S, (i v) mnuh of th\) refmed ::;alLpetro i,8 of lowquality, (v) tbc colour of tho refined saltpetre is ortenbrown instead of white, (vi) refining is often intcnnpLedduring the Tains poriod.After working 011 a Inboratory Hmle, an nppiil'H,j,US wnsconstructed which wOllld dea,l with a maund of: crndc s11,ltpetrepel' charge, and this was worked daily at the Al1:1hn-­bad Exhibition. It was in charge of Balm .Jntilldrn Nn,thMukerjee, who has carried out the whole of thn e:-q)l'}'imentalwork connected with the process. The procesR issuccessful in largely eliminating tho defocts olllnn8ruJ,l~(1;nearly nino-tenths of the potassium nitrate in tl1(\ crudesaltpetre is obtained during the day aH n, whitp ruflnndsaltpetre of over DO per cent. pUl'i (-,y; no wntcl' h:m t() 1)C'cvaporatod, and the process is independnnt of tlw weatllN., \ jThl~ other fraeticlll of the potassium nitrate, Wll iell is not oh~tnjncd by thiR process, remainR in tho muds and ca,n h(\ (~x··tracted by present metbods.The process created a grea.t deal () f intorest. among t.herefmers who visited the Exhibition, hut them' is naturallyfL considorabk di['fcl'(;nc(~ h(\twetm nntl'.l'lfl ini tlg an int.omstand actually rep tacing the presnnt mothods hy ;1, somewhatoost1y ma.chine, and n() rlefinite opinion elm hl~ f()l'llIt'd n:-; t(lwhl'tilc,l' the now process win he adopted nnW 1t has })(\('11t.riod on a reasonably iaI'go scale, so as to form 11.11 nOClll'nt(\idea of the actual cost of working it. A proposal is at pl'l~sl~ni,111ldcl' cO]1sid()ration to erect the plant at n. l'dhwl'Y inBehar. A Bulletin has also lW(1n written ()n t]10. snhjpd,.R(bw(f,t;()'J/,.--Tl\(\l'(~ are two stmknt.s 1'1'Olll thu {illit('dProvinces a1\(l 'Ikn!.,!'al, rnSI)(~ctively,II ,at }H'l'S(',nt IllHkl'()'oi no';-, ht.rainillg, nnd a,nothel' is to corno from Tl':\'va1l(:()r(~ fitn,tn.Thel'O are also two pY'ohaJjonary :UlsjHtn.n['.s who kw{: '}'('­contly joined this section, who n1'1' ill tho positioll of Htndents.

INS'l'l'L'U'l'E AND C;OLIJEGE, PUSA, FOR 1910-11. 33PrograUWLe of 'W01'k fo1' Z911-12.-1. The work on theuvn,ilability of plant food iu soils will be continued.2. In relation to moisture requirements of crops, thecurrent work has to do with the moisture conditions necessaryto a green manure crop.3. The investigation on U sar wi1l be continued on thelines indicated in the body of this report.4. The chemistry and manufacture of Date Palm Sugarwill be invt~:)tigated by the Supernnmera,ry Agriculturalnhemist.5. Improvements jn the refining 0 f saltpetre will continnet.o be studied.fl, Ed'llcat1:o'i'L.-This requires no special comment andwill he conduct(~cl according to tho linos laid down.P1lblicatio7l,8.--The fonowing pa,pers have been published:-, ~.[(\moh No. 10, U The Water RequirementI' of OropA in Inrlia-­II," lW Dr . . T. Walter Leather, June 1911.Bulletin No. 24, "The Indian Saltpetre Industry," byDr . .T. Walter TJeather anll Balm .Tutil](ll'a Nath Mukerji,August 1911." flngar-cane in India," published in the Agricultural Journa1of. India, Vol. VI, Part III, by Dr. J. Walter Leather,u Ohapter on TnclusLrinl amI Agricmltural O1lQllliRtry" for thr.Repod of Board of Scientific Advice, by ]fr. D. Hooperand Dr. J. Walter IJeat11er, m09-10.t'I/['11e J-lOilS of ,,7 ater from SoiJs during Dry IV eather. jl Reportof tlJe SevelJth International OOllgresB Ot A ppTieil" Chemistry, by Dr. J. 'Walter Leathor, 1911."The Transpiration or Water hy Plants in the Tropics."RepOl't oS the Seventh International Oongress of Applie[lChemistry, by Dr. J. 'Walter Leather, 1911."'[']1{\ Efl\,c1; of Manure on tIle OompoRition o·f the Grain OtField Crops." Report of. the Seventh International Oongl'ORRof Apl)]ip

34 REPORT UF '.L'IHG AGlUOUl/I'UH.AT, rWSF,AIWnREPORT OE THE IMPERIAL ECONOMICBOTANIST FOn THE YEAH, unO-H.(A. HOWARD, M.A., A.R.C.S., F.L.S.)Part I ..Teac'h,£n{/, .T'ra';'nting and Staff.011,((,1'(/('.-1 held chal'g'(' of the section dnl'ing the yr.l1-1'nnder review except for tlw fi rst 28 dayi:l n f ,T llly wlwl) rwas on privilege leave ~'1nd on special duty in Engla.nd.Up to the ena or .July 1VIn\llvi Ahchll' H.nlnuHl\ KhaIl,Second Assista.nt, was in c]wrgc of the sect.ion. During mydepntatjon to the Kashmir Statn ill A nguRt anel N(~ptomber191 0, he was also in chn,rge of the cnrrent work at PUsa,Tn consequence of the satisfactory manTIel' in which thisas~istant carried out his duties dnrillg' five months in myabsence in 1910, his services wore rewlll'ded by the grant ofn special oharge nl1owanoe for the whole period in q L1ostiol1.St1.ldm'A4.ts.-Fonr short, UDlleSO S1.lldOll\.K a.ttcmclod the sectionduring thc yeftl'. Throe of those worked wdl, ('Speciallythe two sent from the Lnshai Hills by M'ajol' CoJo.Staf].--1n adcliUon t.o the work donn by my soooncl[I,Ssistnllt, Manlvi Abdul' l~all1na,n Kiln.ll, during my n,h:·4l\llCCfl'olll PnSH, in 1910, which ha,s a.lready beon referred to, Thnve plensm'(J in recording the promising work of' tlliHassistant in Euol1olllic Botuny. Tho third assist-allL, MUllslliIjn:r, Hnsnil1, who WitS in charge of' enrrent d'llti(~s atPnsn 011 two OCcl'1::;jons for short poriods, has also illlpl'ov(~d.ill his work and made himself nseflt'l in connoction wiLh thetohacco-cnring experimont.s. The "vol'k of' th' "(1st or titt'si'nJf was sn.tisCa.etol'Y.Part II.87)(;oial fVork ,in Enrlla'nd.To enable me to complete t.lw work l'fd'ol'l'ed to in thiNsection my privilege leave W~l,S oxtellded by 17 da.ys t.o (~

INSTT'fU'fE AND COT,LEGE, PUSA, FOR 1910-11. 35period of three months. During this time the work donewas the following:-TVheat.-One of the directions in which the improvementof Indian wl1eat has been attempted at Fusa has beenthe increase in 1'ust-resisting power of the kinds at presentin cultivation in the plains. This is a subject which has0n several previous occasions occupied the attention of theGovernment of India, but little or no l'esu}ts of practicalva,}ue have been obtained in the past. It was found. atPusa ltlld at Lynllpnr thnt nltbough the types at presentin cultivation differ c'onslclc['ahly in l'nst-resisting power,and that in consequence a considerable improvement in thischaraoter is possihle IJY simple isolation meth()(ls, neverthelessIndia does not possess any wheats with the same powerof withstanding rust as is shown by many of the wheats ofNorthern Europe, and especially by American Olub. Thequality of resistance of the best Indian wheats is of quitea lower order than tha.t possessed by the wheats grownlll1der the more adverse climatic conditions of the NorthTemperate Zone. This is seen not only when the twoclasses are grown side by Aide in India, but also when theyare cnltivated together in England. One of the direotions,therefore, in which improvement might he attempted was,in the light of the work alroady done at Cambridge on theinheritanoe of rust 1'08istanc8 in wheat, the production ofnew kinds by hyhridization botween Indian wheats andsom0 rnst-resistant. for111s from Northern Europe orAmerica. Attempts to carry this out in practice at Pusafailed on account of the hnpossibility of getting the rustresistingparents to flower in time for crossing to be doneand for the rcsu1ting grain to ripen before the hot weatherset in. Thjs difficll"it,y was overcome by sending the Indianparents to Oambridge for spring sowing in 1910 and ·bycarrying out the actnal hybridization work in England.Thanks to the facilities given by Professor Biffen at Oambridge,crosses wore mnde by us between various Indiant.ypes and American Olub and other rust-resistant wheats11,1', 0u,mhridge, a,nd the first generation of the hybrids wasV ~

:w RFlPOltT O]i' 'l'f-m M:HICIlTlJrnRATJ ImRgARCHgrown at Pusa during the past wheat season. A dnpljcntnset of tlwse seeds "vas also successfully grown for us at theCa"wnpore Experiment Station by Mr. H. Martin Leake,Economio Botanist to the Government of the U ni tedProvinces. Now that the difficulty of growing the firstgeneration in India has been overcome, it is expected thatamong the progeny of' these crosses wheats will be isolated,() f much greater rust-resistance tha.n any of tho types nowgrown in India. The work wiD be pushed on as rapidJy CUipossible, and it is hoped before very ·long to haNc the rOf·;uHHon a ReJd scale.Advantage WH,S taken of my visit to England to Gnl1s11H,with Mr. A. E. Humphries, Past President of tho Ineol'­porated National Assooiation of British and Irish Mil1CJ'~,on many matters connected with the milling and bakingqualities of Indian wheat and to go over in detail thesa.mples sent to England for testing in 1910. I ohtained nlarge amount of valuable technical information on thoquality of wheat and also took full opportunity of discnsRingin detail the lines of Tuture work on the improvementof Indian wheat. I consider Pusa has beon exceocljng'lyfortunate in sccuring for the milling and baking tests notonly t.he inva.lnable assistance of an authority of the standingof Mr. Humphries in the wheat trade, hut also hisactive interest in the work of improving the crop in Indin,.I Donsider it will be far baUer in every way to (1ontinne tohave tho final tests of Indian wheats done .in England tImnto attempt to earry out the work at Pus a nnder lahoratory(]onditjons. Results ohta,ined nnder snc11 ciI,'cnHlHta,nees inT ndiu, will novel' carry the same weight as the opiinion ofthe best available expert ill the milling and haking trade.In order to compare the appearance of the new Pus/),wheats with those now on tho market from vat.'ious parts ofthe world, I visited Mark Lane with Mr. Humphries andthe Liverpool Corn Exchange with Mr. "B 1'00 mh all , the propd.ctorof the Corn-Trade News and Millin,y. It waHa.clmowledged t.hn,t there were no whcat~ on the marketpnp~riol' ill cmnhincq appea,ranee, (lnality and Gonditjoll to

tK,s'j'lTlJ'l'E AND COLL.EdE, PI;,sA, FOl{. WlO-ll. :17the best Pusa wheats. As far as quality only is concerlled,Indian wheatl:) are somewhat inferior to Manitobas, but intheir greater dryness and in the greater thinness of theskin our be::;t Pusa wheats at lea,l:)t make up for their slightlack of qua,lity. As wheats are sold entirely on the nppear­;tnue of tl10 samples taken from the ships, jt is of the greate::;timportance to the Indian wheat trade tu keep thevarious grade::; of Indian wheats separate ttnd not to mix:red and white, hard and ::;oft wheats in tlle l:)ame sample.Thi::; lower::; the priGe that wCluld otherwise ue outailled,while adulteration with earth and other seed:::; does ::;til1greater harm. I saw several good sample::; of lndia,ll hardwhite wheat at Mark Lane entirely spoiled by admixturewith soft white and red wheat and with dirt and other seeds.A great work remains to be done in teaching the Indianeultivator the great importance of quality, ulllformity anda.ppearance in the wheat grown for sale in Europe. InLiverpool, the Pusa wheats were greatly admired and wereshown to a meeting of Liverpool millers by Mr. Broomhall,who, in returning the samples to me in London, wrote: .. Ihave just sent you back the samples you left with me. Ihave shown them to several of our millers who have greatlyadmired them. The wheat appears equal in value to thebest Manitoba." (Letter dated July 8th, 1910.)While at Liverpool the opportunity was taken of visit.iug the large new Grain Elevator recently erected by theLiverpool Grain Storage and Transit Company, which embodiesall the latest American and Canadian improvementsin construction.Tolwc(Jo.-In connection with the work in progress atPusa on the improvement of Indian tobacco, arrangementsworo made with onc of the Directors of the ImperialTobac~o Company in London to visit two of the bost f,wtOl'iesin London to see the types of leaf made usc of inEngland. These visits were of the greatest usc, and someof the information obtained was applied in the tobac:eocnringexperiments at Pusa during the past year.

Iiops.--In anticipation of my deputa;lion to Kaslunil'to advise the Durbar 011 the improvement of the hup industryin that State, three visits were paid to Kent to sec thelatest forms of lIop-drying oa::;ts and tlu) duvelopwolltswhioh have taken place in hop growing during the last.five years. The information obtained was made uso of illmy subsequent visit to Kashmir.Ji'1"U-it packing.-Ill 00111100t1011 with tho prOpOBt\J::; 101.'developing the fruit industry of Buluchil::ltan then undorthe consideration of the Secretary uf State, some time WW:idevoted to studying the methods oJ pack illg and Lrt\,Ilt5-porting fresh fruit Loth ill nse in Ellglnnd ttlKi also elllplayedby the various cOllntries which export fruit to London.Vcry vaJuable information was obtained whidl wi Ube of com;idol'ablo uso in WOr]dllg ()1lt Lhe Lust lllOLlwd8 ofsending fresh fruit horn Ba,luchistan to India. By:t Fo1.'_,tunato Oil"CUlIl~tance _l got in toneh with one of the Hiree··tor~ of the ltLrgest compally iu Gruat Uri.taia engaged illtho manufacture of fruit paCktLg(:~f:\ on the Amol'luan ;o;ys­Lom, and in consequ(mcc have had no di1liulllty iu j ll1POl.'t.j llg'into Baluchistan it large selection of modol pn,ut.;:'tges (\,lIdpacking ma.tel'ird,:.; JOl' ase ill the expcl'imcnts of Lhe [)I'csoutyear. 'A Btudy of the ITwLllOds of pack ing ui:iucl fol' Ll'1.Lll;o;pOl'L··ing fruit from Franco, the Chanuel Is"iu,mh.; alld t)ll"IltltA-fric& to :Londoll ::;Iwws how hauli:witl'd. I ndin j::; iJl chis I'('}-;­poet and wha.t gl'eat improvomenL;; u,t'u Ilcc\~::;,"i1I'y in I.hi:)L:ountl'y.Part III.'J'/i,e II up 1 lJdll:.,:t'l,!/ i'll II.. ((,s/l,mi1',I.n a,l)UOl'dallCu witll the ol'ders ul' Llle UOWI'IlJl)Ollt 01'India the months of Angnst and Septomber IH 10 W0rn spcnt;un depntatiol1 in Kaslllllil' for thQ purpose of ndvi:;itlg' till'DnrLat a,s Lo the best lllenus of oxtonding and. illlPl'()viug'the hop industry, A deLfI,ikd report on this Hllbj(~et WH;-;~ubmittod, which was a,l'terwal:ds printod by Che N'Llt1.e.

lNSTI'l'u'r:m AND COLLEGE, PUSA, FOIt 1910-11. 30A t present hop growing in Kashmir is in a very primitivecondition, the average yield of sun-dried hops being lessthan 2! cwt. to the acre, or one-fifth the average yield ofKent.In spite of this, however, the net profits are verygreat, and for the last sixteen years have averaged aboutTho pel' cent. or over £7 an acre.The natural advalltc.Lges possessed by Kashmir as a possiblecompetitor in the world's hop product.ion are considerable.Labour is cheap, plontiful, easi]}, trained twel easilymanaged. The soil of considerable areas of the valley issuitable for hops, while irrigation water is abundant, shouldit he found necessary to supplement the rainfall. Insectand fungoid pests are almost entireJy ahsent, while the costof transport to India is likely to bc much cheaper as soonas the rope railway to ,Jammu is completed. These advantages,however, t1re not likely to be utilised tD the full unlessthe Durbar decides to take the necessary steps to place theindustry 011 modern lines.In the details of cultivation, irrigation, training, pickingand drying there is great room for improvement, and itwas a great :mrprise to me to find that even a crop of 2tuwt. of saleable hops could be produced under present conditions.The cultivation of the crop is exueeding]y defective,and a large amount of moisture is lost by the dense growthof grass and weeds and the absence of 1;1, surfaoe mulch.This nocessita.tes surface irrigation and the consequontha,rdening of the land and loss of tilth. Beyond the provisionof single poles thero are no attempts at trainil1g, sothat there is insufficient space for the free development ;Jfbine and hops. The drying is done on sheets in the sun,H,nd during this process the hops are a good deal broken,and a large ~~mollIlt of lupulin is lost.Tn my rcpor't llIl a.ttempt was made not only to presentthe scientifio principles which underlie modern hop production,but also to indicate the improvements which are po::;­sible if it is decided to continue the industry 011 the presentlines. In addition the stops were indicated that WOllld benecessary if hop growing in Kashmir is tu be placed on

moderil lines and if Kashmir is to enter tho llHLl'keLs of theworld as a competitor with California.In addition to the wOl'k on bops two uther nmtters woredea.lt with in Kashmir l1t the l'equc::;t ol the U,evellue Minis··tel'. The first was an investigation into tho wine industry,which is carried on by the ;)t

lN8'l'lTU'l'E AND UClLI,EGE, L'USA, li'Olt unO-H. 41fruit work in Baluchistan. The staff has been strengthenedby the addition of a llew appointment, that of PersonalAssistant, which was given to a candidate who hadworked in this section for nearly five years previously as avolunteer.During tho months May and June of the present yearthe liues of future 'work on the fruit industry of the Provincehave been worked out in detail, and a scheme has beenpur. furward whiuh has beon aCL:l\pka by the Local Governmont.This falls into three parts. In the first place, (l, modern.fruit experiment station will be started for the purposeboth uf demonstrating improved lllGtllOds 0 r pruducll1g andtransporting fruit and also of a,ffording fa.cilities forfnrther experiments likely to be 01 pracLlcal value to thecountry. One of the features of the new experimentstation will be a nursery in which the best varjeties will bepropagated in large number for distribution to the zemil1-dtus. In the second place, a neglected fruit garden willbe taken ill hand, and methods of renovation will be comlllencedthis year. Thirdly> steps are being taken to workout the most suitable mothod~ of grading, packing andtn\.n::;purting fruit so as to make the most use of the pre.::ientfuuilities for railway transport to India.The uonntry round Quetta ha,s been explored, and asuitable ::;ite for the new experiment statioll has beenI:::leiected, /.l,nd stepi:> have been taken by the local Gove.rnnwntLo acquire the land. The Honourable Oolonel RalDtia.Y,C.LE., Agent to the Governor General in Baluchistan,who has strongly snpported the schome £1'0111 tha beginning,has pJaued a ia,rgc fI'lli t gal'den at my disposal for the re­IJeJITa.tiol1 oxperiment. It is hoped that ~t beginning will bemade with the ptwking experiment::; during the present.year, and the necessary buildings for the fruit experiment~tntion will be erected by September next.In the preliminary work involved in the scheme I haveheen gretttly assisted by the Political OfTi.cel's stationed atQuetta. Mr. H. R. O. Dobbs, I.O.S., C.l.E., Officiating

Hevcmnc ami

INSTl'l'U'['.£i; AND OOl,LEGE, rUSA, E'OR 1910-11.4HMr. Clon:stoJl, H,lld when the hest method of r.nriching thesoil by green manuring has been worked out I feel confidentthat wheat growing in this and similar tracts will at oncebe placed on a higher plane. In consequence of the satisfactoryrmmlts obtained at Raipur, arrangmnents hn.vc heenmade with Mr. Evans at Hoshangabad fm the trial of oneof the earliest of Pusa wheats at that station. In theU llited Provinces the methods of cultivation of whea.tswhiuh have proved successful at Pusa were tried 011 a largescn,lo in the botanical area at Cawnporc by Mr. H. MartinLeake, Economic Botanist to the Government of the UnitedProvinces. Both in yield and appearance of the grain theresults obLained were very much better than those realisedin the district. The Cawnpore results are particularlyvaluable, as they indicate the possibility of growing largeyields of wheat of high qna.lity under canal irrigation. Atthe Aligal'h experiment station Dr. Parr, Deputy Directorof Agriculture, United Provinces, obtained very high yieldswith one of the PLUm selections and has arranged for extendedtl'ia,b of th.is wlJent in llis cirde c111l'ing the nextyear. Arrangements for the trials of Pusa wheats nextyear have been made at Mirp,urkhas in Sind and in thePunjl:.tb at Lyallpul' and Gurdaspur.A considcrable demand for the now wheats has arisenlrom Australia. in cunsequence of the satisfactory behaviour() [ the ImlitUl :-:nmllics growll there in 1909. In thesame year a small sample of Pusa 6 was tried in Hungarywith the result that 1.6 ma.unds of this variety were askedlor by and supplied to the Minister of Agriculture ofAustria-Hungary in April last.One result of tho wheat investigations, which is of COllsidCl'ableimportancc' tll India, a,nd to the future policy of theAgl'i cultmal Dep~trtlllellt, deserves special notice. Thisis the value oJ the variety () f a crop when it stands alone.It is sometimes thought that ill the case of crops improvedv~Ll'ieties can be produued of such excellence that when di::;­tl'ilmted to cultiva,tol's greatly improved yields will result,110 maiter what the methods of cultivation adopted by the

4,1 IUGPO'R'I' ()jl' 'I'I-m AU HofClT Iil'lTItAL fU:81 1 ;AIWfIpeople may be. A little con:;ideratiol1 will show that theseexpecta,tions aru hound to J:csult 1n disappointment [l.H theyentireJy disrega.rd the fact that two of tho lillJit.ing i'aetor:o;in crop proclnution in India are the methods of (:nlt.i vatiolland moist.ure conservation l:"Ldopt(xl. Jll

INSTI'l'U'l'E AND (JOLLFXm, l'USA, "'OR ]fJlO·11. .t5and as a result :.1,11 extended trial of improved wheats andof improved methods of cultivation ,vas arranged onsome of the Court of Wards Estates. At the meeting ofthe Behar Planters' Association in February 1911 an accountwas given of the improved methods of wheat growingat Pusa which will be tried at a good many centres inBehar next year. Unfortunately, however, the demandfor seed which arose a.fter the meeting was far grea.ter thanthe supply.Milling and Baking Tests.-The most interesting pointwith regard to the milling and baking tests of Indianwheats during the past year is concerned with the qualityof the new wheats raised at Pusa by hybridizing high yieldingIndia.n wheats of poor quality (Mnzaffernagar whiteand Punjab Type 9) with types of high grain quality butof lower yield. The results obtained show that the problemof combining high yield and high quality has beensolved, the new wheats behaving in the mill and bakehouselike the high quality parent. A bulletin summing up thepresent p0shion of this aspect of the subject and giving theresults of 1910 in detail ha,s been published. In responseto numorous requests a full account of the actual methodsndopted at Pusa in growing the crop has also been included.'Translations in Urdu and Hindi of this paper have beenprepared dnring t.he year by members of t.he staff.Influence of the Envirollment 011 QuaJity.-Tht' experimentson this subject which are being conducted In collaborationwith Mr. H. Martin Leake, Economic Botanist tothe Government of the United Provinces, were greatly extendedduring the year, and a large number of samples havebeen forwarded to England for complete milling and bakingtests. It is expected that the results will confirm theopinion previously expressed that high quality and highyield both depend on proper cultivation and on proper soilmanagement previous to sowing time.T obacco.-A considerable amount of progress has beenobtfl,hied dnring the year in the tobacco experiments.

4flRIT.POlt'l' 0\" '1'l-m A GlUCUT/I'UltA L R,11~Sli;ARCHManuring. -"- It 11ll,S be on f01l1ld at Pusa. tJlItt the 8ucuessof this crop in Beha.r depends on the rapidity of growthdnring Octob~r and November, and tha.t, this rapid growthis only p,ossiblc provjdc(l 11, large ~llpply ()f ()rganic ma.nuroin the right condition is added to t,he soil. It is 118na1 tonse indigo seoth, oilcake and cattle manuro for this purpose,but the app1ica.iioJl of Llwsl' sllhHL:l,IlCl~S in sldHejentquantity is a costly pl'OCesB. In t '!lon i l wnR fonnd that,green manuring wi Lh ,""(UI, it' cnnicd 01lt ill goorl How so asto allow ()f a. thm'(Yll f !;11 inem'pol'nJiOll with Llw soi'l, wa.s notonly [l,S clTecLive as elw ot'g'nniu lTlI)'11111'l'S l1sl1nJly employedhut also fat' ulwnpm. 1)nl'ing tlH~ prl\Sont yea,r (;h(\ reslllt.sw:ere repented, and Ll'in Is ()l: t.he 8.unc vm'iet,ies with seeth,8('1.11" cn.ttle lIlmmrc' :l11d oilcalw '\(('1'(' marl!,. Do!,]) in ykldand qlu1.lity ()f CtlI'ud kn f' (ht~ l'('imICR with s((,n worn (mtirolysatisfactol'Y, and accol'dingly j,h(~ PUSH, l'e~mlts hav of Cllt'l\

INSTITUTE AND COU,-U;G "i, PUSA, FOR 1910-11. -1·7Personal Assistant in the investigation of the inheritanceof characters in this crop which, as was expected, hasturned out to be a somewhat complex subject. The objectof thi::; work is to discover the mode of inheritance of thevarious leaf characters in particular so that new andimproved varieties can be made by hybridization. Practicallynothing is known on this subject, and the scientifichreeding of tobacco is still in its infancy.Fibres.-San (CTotalal'ict juncea, L.).-Several newvarieties of this crop lULVe been isolated during the year,and interesting results have been obtained with this cropas n green manure. These are being repeated during thenext. cold ,yeather at PUS;;1-.Patwa (Hiu'iscus Ca'nnclbin'lls, L.).-A paper on this cropin India is now about to appear in which the work donednri'pg the pust four years at Pusa is summed up. ~aturalcroAs-fertilization tukes place in this crop to a considerableextont, but it has been found possible to eliminate to a greatextent the effects of this by removing the hybrids duringt.he seedling a,nd vegetative stages. Possibly these methodsO(1,n be extended to other Indi[m crops in which crossingtakes place and can be made use of 011 seed farms.Pollination.-The importance of a close study of themethods of pollination in t.he crops of India and the bearingof these matters on the growth of seed for distributionto the cultivators in India were dealt with in a memoirpub1ished during the year. This matter was referred toin the previous annual report. The paper iu question hasll,ttracted a good deal of attention, and the subject has beendeveloped still further dllring the year. Natural C1'OS8-fertilization has been found to occur in til (Ses(tmum ind1:­cu/m) , mJwr (C(tjan'lJ..s 'indic'lM':i), niger (G'ltizotia A byssinica~[md jn Jute (Cm'chorns caps1.llrwis). Some progress wasmade during the 'year in working out the pollination detailsin the variouo oil-serd crops grown in India.P1'ogm1fWw of w01'k for 1911-12.-1. T1'a.ining.-Thet.raining of advanced Rtudent.s in this section will be Q01)­tinued,

2. Plant Breedinu rlnd Pla'nt Tmp7'OI)8ment.--During1911-12 the following crops win be studied :-wheat,tobaoco, oil-seeds and fibre plants.Crt)Wlbeat.-The botanical survey of the wheats ofBaluchistan and the agricultural survey of thewheats of Bengal will be completed. The productionof improved ,1110. rllst-l'Gsistant vll.ri(:'-ties by selection and hybridization will be continued.The co-operative experiments on thoinfluence of the environment on the mining andbaking qllalities of Indian wheats which arebeing conducted in col1abora,tion with Mr. H.Martin Leake, Economic Botanist to the Governmentof the United Provinces, win be continuedon an extended basis.(n) Tobacco.-The product jon of new varieties byselection and hybridization will be continuedas well as the testing' and cnring of the varietiesalready isolated. The investigations on the influenoeof the environment on the st,a,hility ofthe type finn qnnlity will be continued.(c) Oil-s~(:id8.-The study of the oil-seeds of India willbe continued on similar lines to thmle ndoptedin the investigations 011 whea.t.(d) F'irn'e8.-The isolation n,nd testing of p,nre raC(\Nof the fibre plants of India will he contjnned.(e) Frnit.-The fruit experiments nt, Pu~;n, will he COlltinuedon the lines laid down in the First FruitReport. Dnring the months May to Rr.pt.e1l1her, the 'work c01lnected with the developmentof the frnit industry of Bn,lnchistall will hecommenoed.P1J,blic(/,t'£ons.~-~Thelarge alllonnt of work that ha,rl tohe got through during the past yeaI' hns delayed Lhe pnblicationof results, bnt it. is hnpecl I.his w-ill 1)(\ (liHpnsed ul'(1 n "i ng the next year,

NS'J'TTTT'l'l~ ANn COLLF.OR, rUSA, FOR l!HO-ll. ,1.91\ fifth volume of flil' Ziiclttl6Jl[J de1' lrtnrl'//11:'l'fsc!uf,/ttid/.eni(ul't1t-r'-Pjlanzen dealing with the breeding of tropicalplnnts is now being pnhlishecl hy Messrs. Pnul PfI,rey01' lkrlin under the editorship of Professor Dr. C. Frnwirthof Vi('nna. I accepted the invitation to contribute thearticles on tho following crops :~,lnt{' (no),(']}(J1'1J8 ('apslIlo.1·;S and C01'(,/1I)1'1I8 olitoni'1l8) ,liZ (SI'.'i(kllll/711 'i'lllli(~ll1Jl), pal/Nt. (lhhis('//s ('(f:/I·tlahimls),I'()z(\ll(~ (llihis/'/IS ,'{(t/I(/a1'I.1./((.) and ,.;(/.)/ ((.I1'IJ/alm'ia :i11l1('()(I.).alHl Pfl,P01'S on these have heen f'Ol'vvflrded to Vienna_In addition the following papers have heen pll hlblwdelm'ing the year :--1. Rnggerd;ioml for i.he l)evr,lopmenio of the Hop Industry orKaslnuiI'. (Printed lJY the Kaslnnir State for official use.)2. '1'11(\ Milling nml Bakillg QUI11itips of Indian Wheats, No.3.80111B lWW Pnsa HybridA i;ested in 1910. Pmm Bulletin22 (with n. IJ. O. Howard).:1. Tllf' 'F,n()l1omie Rignificfl1W(l of Natural OrOfl:del'tili.7.ation inTmlia. 1\fI'llIoil'R of ilw Department of AgricmHm(\ of11l!lin (BotHuimtl SCl'iIlA), Vol. TIl, No. fl (withn. 1" C. IIow[tl'(l and. A hlm TInbman Khan).,to Studies in IlI(liu.u li'ihl'e Pl::tllts, No.2. 011 SOlllP llew varintiPiiof [£.U)'isnus c((.nnab·inus, TJ., and Hihiscus Sabda1'·i!fa,L. M.ellloil's of the J)epnl'tmpnt 01 Agri(:uJLure ill Indin(Bolul\ll'al Sel'ies.), Vol. IV, No.2 (with G. L. C. Howanl).G. nc>pOl'i. Ol) Bml1lO1llin Botany for the year ruding June 30t]l,1mn. PrinLPfl in i.hl'\ UPPOl'i. 01 fhp UO::ll'd of Seiel1fi[kA,lvicn, 1J11.

REPORT OF THE IMPERIAL MYCOLOGTf-;TFOR THE YEAR 19"10-11.(E. .T. BUTLER, M.n., F.L.S.)1. C hw'ge and Establishnw11 t .--I remained m c1ll1t'gcof the sec.tion throughout t.he year. Mr. :F. .T. li'. Rhn,wheld the post of Snpernmnerary Myeologist.. Mr . .T. F.Dastur was eonfirmc(l ill lIiH nppnin[,m(\l)t ns "fil'f\t. ill'1siHtant..Balm P. C. Kar was appointed to the vn,eant post of R8con(1clerk. All the sta.ff have worked well.2. Trai'l'l.i1l{/.-Ml'. F. Fateh-ud-din, Assistant Directorof Agriculture, Punjab, attended for a myc:ological courseonce a week up to April 3rd. A forest ra.nger from thesame province received a conese of training in fruit diseasesup to _L'...ugust 13th. A private student from l1omha.yabnndoncd the course early in the year. Amongst viHitorHDr. Vermocsen, Mycologist elect to the Belgian Oongo,worked in the Lnboratory for over two monthR at the endof the year.3. lHd to P']'o1,-irwial DelJa1'f'lnents.-Cnlleutions ofnamed fungi, uhiefly pal'Hsitic, have been supplied to OwMadras and Mysol'l\ Tnycologists. A considel'nhlo numberof specimens have heen named for nea.rly all the provinces,1]le la,rgest number being for Bomlmy nnd Eastcrn "Bengaland Assam. Advjce rega.rding the work of Provinein 1nssistnnLs 11n.s been given on s('vern.l occasions.4-. Plant rl'isl'{['s(! ,r'1I1'('st-i(/a't-!:o1ls. (a;) Parm d·is{'os('s.-- Ammnoir giving a· fl1]1 aceonni, of the hUG-l'ot of palmyI'n,co('o ftncl areca palms hl Madras was pnblis}l('d in Rf'pl(~m"bel'. An organised campaign, having ns it::; ()hj('ct. to J>1'(>.vent the spread of the disease nnd to stamp it out Witllillthe affected area in Godavari and Kistnn Distriuts, hiLSbeen in progress since] 907. The pnrasitc (Pyt.li)l'llrtl. ]7((,l',;d­'110Tlltn) n,ttacks the crown of the palm 0111y, kHiing the tt'enh,v destroying the growing poillt. Rpm>('s c:J.pnhl(~ of

lNS'n'l'\JT1~ AND COLT,1i~UJG, P11SA, FOR Hnn-l J. li1spreading infection from tree to tree are liberated at anadvanced stage of the disease. No other method of checkingthis infection was found practicable than burning thediseased tops before spores had time to form. This wascarried out by gangs of toddy drawers recruited by a staffof subordinate officers of the Revenue Department underthe control of a special Deputy Collector. Up to the end ofthe financia,} year 1910 about half a minion palms had beencut out in Godavari at a cost of some Rs. 50,000. TIleoperations were extended to Kistna in Ja,nuary, 1910. Theconclusions given in the memoir are as follows :-" Theoperations have been entirely sllccessful in lilnjting the diseasein God:wari District. to the area previously infected.Now that they have been extended into Kistna, it is fullytrusted that they win be equally successful in checking thealarming spread to the south which has been going on forsome time in that direction. This alone should fullyjustify the cost of the operations and their continuation.It, is unfortunately impossible to estimate the number oftrees saved from attack within the infected area,. Still thenumber of trees saved in those parts where the work hasl)f~en longest in progress rllust be many thousands, and apart('rom preventing any extension in the Godavari District, itis not unlikely that the value of the palms actually savedwithin the district already exceeds the cost of the operations."Since 1910 thE' control of the work has passedinto the hands of the recently appointed Madras Mycologist,Mr. W. McRae.(b) Tna d'iseases.-A hulletin by Mr. W. McRae, on theoutbreak of hlister hlight of tea in Darje81ing District, waspublished in .July. This contained a more complete ac­COl1nt oj' tho disease than the publications on the same suhjr.ctmentioned in l::tst year's report. It is unfortunatelyprobable that Lhe blight has come to stay in Darjeeling asit cloes not seem to have appreciably diminished since itsfl!':',t, nppcarftnec. Many planters are experimenting on thelin('~ snggested by Mr. McRae for its contra], but it is evi­

52 nF.T'OR'I' (W 'I'Tm AOTI,n1TTTll'TT I1.A T, H.ERF.A ROlf(Jut. A tea parasite, Laps'iadia Tluae, fOlmd in ,Javn, some12 yenrs ago but not previously recorded .in India, was rcportedfrom the ])oOltrS in July. It causes a 1e11,f disease,known fts copper-blight, which spreads with gl'ea.t rapidity,but appears to he closely dcpendent 011 weather conditions.A note describing its characters waR wrjtten by Mr. F. J. F.Shaw for the J anmtl'y number of the Agricultura,l J ourna,1of India. A disectse 0 f tea Rced knowll for many years in/.Assam was investigated hy the Imperial Mycologist in collaborati(lnwith the officers of the Scientific Dnpn.rtmcnt ofthe Indian Tea Associu,tiol1. It has llecll shown t() he pl'ObRh1yassociated witb the tea, seed bug, POe(:lZo('()1'is Zat'lt8,which punctures tIw ~eed and sucks the j nice. Throughthe opening thus made fungi a,re able to enter, a,nd the sllbsequentinjury to the seed is clue to the growth 0 f 011e (,1'other of several species of rot-producing fungi at the 8Xpenseof the seed tissnes. The Tea, Association is issuinga pamphlet pointing out that this insect is probably muchmore injurious in seed gardens than was pt'eviollsJy S11Spectedand recommending measures for its destruction.Several other tea diseasef'l were investigated dnrjng t,hr~year, in particular the stem cHnkC'r', the cause oj' which IHstill ohscnre.(c) 80ft 1'Ot of ging61'.-Ml'. W. McRae puhlished anaccount o£ this disease in tho AgricuHura,l ,Tou1'na,l o£ India,April, 1911. It is prevalent in Eastern Bengal, Gujarat,and probahly elsewhere. In Rangpur the Joss indamp soils is 10 to 15 per cent. of the crop; in bnd yeal'Halmost the whole may be lost. The cause appeflrs to be thettttaek of' lL fungus (Pytkl:'tl'rn gra(!'ite) on the l'hi7.omcs andbase of Lho plant. As a result of uxperimrnts carried outat Rangpul' in 1908-01), Mr. McHac was ill n position to rc~comlllend effective measures for checking the disease.(d) l"llnfW1"ic leaf-spot.-This is a, disca,sc found aHover N arthern India, hut not usnally very dOFltl'llctive. Itwas found by the Imperial Mycologist to he caused by Honundescribed species of l'apM'ina, and au acconnt 0 f: it waRpublished in the Annales Mycologici in Februa.ry, Inn.

iNSTITum AND dOLLimE, PUSA, FOR 1910-11. 53it IS probably responsible for a reduction of the yieldwhich may be much greater than the cultivators themselvessuspect, but no treatment can be recommended as yet.(e) Wilt diseases.-Experiments carried out at Pusaand independently by the Mycological Assistant of theBombay Department at Poona, have demonstrated that thefungus whioh on,uses mhar' (pigeon pea) wilt produoes virulentSPOl'CS on the stom of diseased plants. Hence it is advisableto pull out attacked plants carly. Mr. Shaw ha.sfound that the cause of the death of cotton seedlings atCa.wnporo is Rhizoctonia a,nd not n Fllsari'lt'1JL wilt. It isprobable, however, that the cotton disease in the CentralPruvinces, ECtal'S and other parts of India is a true wilt,and it is hoped to investigate this shortly. A gram diseaseresembling wilt, sent from the neighbourhood ofPeshawar, was found to be caused by Ascochyta Pisi andnot F,ltsa!J'i'lt7n. A supposed outbreak of indigo wilt whichca.used a good dea,l of ,L1a.1'1ll in September, was shown tobe due to leaf-sucking inseots.(f) gUgCt1'C(tll,{), d'iseas13s.-The field experiments withred rot and (' ephalospo1"iu'ln disease were abandoned asthe plots becn,me infected throughout, and were also attaokedby vvhiLe-allLs. Suceessfnl inoculations were obtainedwith a fnngns whidl causes a root disease in Madrasanu has not. previonsly been described. The Bombay Departmentis following the recommendations of this sectionin introducing healthy sets into some districts where redrotis severe.(g) l/01'(lst tree diseast(3s.--These continue to occupy acertain amount of time as there is no Mycologist attachedto tho Forest Department. The chief work of the yearwas the study by A. Hafiz Khan of the passage from rootto root below ground of Trarnetes P'ini, the fungus whichcauses heart rot of the blue pine. He published an account.oj' his investigation in tlw Inrlia1/. ]/ore ..,'ter, Octohcr, 1910.A serious disease of the Nahor (MesuCt je1'1'ea) has appearedin 8ihsagar and Tista Divisiom;. It is unduubtedlycaused by a fungus at the base of the tree, but we have

failed to isolate the species. A leaf disease of Piauhyensisrubber reported from( Assam was i dentifiecl a~ C' M'('OS'pora Cectl'ae, which has not previously been recorded oIlthis tree. Diseases of sal, OaSUarillD.., habul poas and doodarwere also examined for the Forest Department.(h) Root -rot c(!,?f,sed liy llkizoclon-in.-In Sep Lembol' () I'last year n, number of crops on the li'a,nn were nJ.1.ackod byi1 species of Rkizoctoni((. Tho crops damaged were pl'incipa,llygroundnut, cowpea and j ute, at the same time speuimensof cotton seedJings from Cawnpore showed similarsymptolll):; of disease. The fungus was isolated from eachhost and cross inoculatioHH per formed with n, view to ascertainingwhether special races of the fungus n.l'e l'l'strictcdto particular hosts a,nd tbe oxtent to whjull Cl'OpS 11rc li(lhl(\to infection in the field. Owing to the subsequent discoveryof Rkizoctonia on tho mulberry [L,ud papaw, 111()scope of the work has sillce become extended; at proseu I,(~xcept in the case 0 f the Rkizoctonia Oil .i ute, the evidenceis against the existence of special physiologicnl rHees Ollparticular hosts. A fruiting stage of the fungus waH discoveredon the gl'oundnut and coincid.es with one wh.ich haNbeon previously described a8 oeourring on potatoes illAmerica.(i) Othe'J' z)lant d'iseflses.-·--A diseasl~ oj' wlwnt whi(~11does not appear to resemble any hithcrto df1HcrH)cd, wnsreported from Dlmrwnr and Hoshangnlmrl. It is hOj)('d t()investigate it more J'ully lwxt seasoll. Tlw anthl'HCllOSOof ehillies caused by (/oNetot1'ic'/i,I/,'lI 'lIiU'/'I/.JJI, was vvidt'spl'l~adlast yeFLl', and. we had several enqnirics about. it.. Ot,lWl'a,nthraOllOBoB examined were those (If be:1.l18, sjdn., lllH.llg'()n.nd pI ant a.] 11. An n,Ltl1ck of a speOi(~8 of P /i,ylop/i.!'/wf((. oilrhea. was reported from Dacen. The study or the Phytol'il'tli01'((, on oastor 'was oontinued. Tho downy mildew of( " IIc'II'J'hitU-!:o(te, P l(('S'///'OPfl'/'((, (''II fJellsl:.~·, IV H.:-l fOllllc! at [) 1I~:\'dnring the year. This disease, wbich hn.R heen spreadinggradually thr()ughont. (he kmpt'rnte portions of' tl\(~ w()rldduring the past fifteen yea.rs from c8ntres in tltl~ UnitedStates and ,Tapan, waH not previollsly knowll .ill Iu(lia.

Tile conidial sLage of tho Sclel'ospom oIl jOWiil' WI.tH fouudin Bombay and supports the conclusion pl'evi()u~]y arri velluL that the cHseasc is identical "vith that of bajra due CoSck/'ospo7'(t (f1'{un'inicolct. Tbe llumber of pl1rcels of specimensse11t in for examination was 97, amI, as nsual, it largepart of tbe routine wO.l'k of the section was the identificationof these; recommendations for the chL'L:k of disease'scaused by tholll \voro given when possible.5. SY8temat'iG' If)()rk .-Much time was gi yell t.u thisbra,uuh of the wurk during the yea,r. It has been poini,ed()ut in previous reports that the accmnnlntion of ,,1, goodulasl:iificd collection of Indian fungi is as ncCeSS,Ll'Y a partof the equipment of the section as the microscopes or othertools of the laboratory. 111 Indi

51i itEPOlt'l' Ol~ 'rUE .AGRICUl/i'uitAL RESEAIWB:pruposal::; made ill collaboration with the Imperial Entomulogist,for the legislative control of plant imports likely tointroduce injurious insects and fuugi into Iudia, weeoprinted and circulated for the consideratioIl of l..1oca1 Governmentsand public bodies interested, and have ~net with,011 t,he whole, a favourable reception. To carry these proposaJsinto effect will be on8 of the most important dutictlof the section in the near future. A note on the orga,nistttionof the serviue for the control of insect P()st~ and fungnsdiseases was drawn up, also in collaboration with tho Im··peria.! Entomologist, .for tho International Institute :)[.i\._griculture, Rome. An outbreak of flnx dodder at Pns[\.was dealt with, the crop being burnt.. Rccommel1datioIlHwerc made to the Seientific Department of the Il1dia,n TeaAssooiation of the best means to adopt for disinfecting' tea.seed intended for export, as this was insisted on in tllDcountry for which the seed was intended.7. Pr'o[J1'rtrnrne of 'lVVl'lt. fol' 1911-12.-(1) Il()sNI,1'o/i. wulH,'J)'lH'l'irnental w01'k.---Tlm work on the wilt diBeaSL)~ ofel'ops will be eOlltinued all the bues indica,ted ill the llWlllOil'on Pigeon-pea wilt published last yea .. r.The illve:::;tiga,tion of tho fungus diseases of !:)ug'nl'UlLllUwill be continued. The chief points uJ Ow IU'estml, U1Hl11il''yare the spread of red-rot throngh tbe ::;uil, the l'clativ(\ illlllllluityof thin unnos to this disease,

l'rovineial Depa,rtments of Agriculture and tlll' FUl'c::;t Department,

REPOHT OF THE Il\ILPERIAL ENT(}MOLOG 1STFOR THE YEAI~ 191.0-11.('1'. nAINBHLG(~I~ FLETCLlI~Lt, RN., F.E.S., F.Z.N.)(://(/'J'[fI' (fml g ..;{,({bli.'·.,.j/lIlI'lIt.·-·Mr. l\{;jswcll Lc·i''l'(lY. L1l(~Imperial ElltOlllO]ogiRt, held charge ()f the sedion llllLil:30th January, when he proceeded Oll Jll'ivil(~g(\ leave alldfurluugh uut of India. Uw WU1'k 01' the section hning tlll\llcontinued by mn nntil Llw clww oj' 1]w period llncler review.Thcre havf\ ht\Oll no changes in [,]W perman

He was away un privilege leave from 16th December 1910to 6th J anllary 1911. Mr. R. R. Ghase, who held the postof Sericulture Assistant, resigned on 25th October uno,sinco when the position has been filled by Mr. M. N. Dc,who has worked hard and :;atisfactorily.V isit07·.~·.~The Assistant Professor or Diology in LhePunjab Government, College, Lahore, and the Lecturer inElltomology at the Cawnpol'c Agricultural College, bothworked in t.he Laboratory during their vacation lleriodK,t.hf~ furmer 1'1'Om Decembel' to ,January and the latter fromMareh Lo ,Tuuc. The Entmllological ~\ssiFiI,ant to thel-htrodn State spent. rt f()rtnight in Pasa discnssillg his workand his programme for t.he ensuing year and ill cnllecLinginformation likely to be of use. The Entomological Assistant,Burma, also spent about three months at Pnsa" learuingthe practica,l side of Sericulture and obtaining informationabout crop-pests.l'mining.-One student froIll tho United Provinces remainedfrom last year and continued his course in GeneralEntomology until October. During the year, the llcwlyappointedLecturer in Entomology at the Lyallpur AgriculturalCollege and the Entomolngic to be regrettedthat no stndents have been sent for the course commencingon 1st .June 1911. The short courses in Sericulture werenttended by ma,ny applicants from all parts of India, andof these thirteen have cOlllpleted their course during theyear; seven other students were received in .J nne un 1, 0 fwhom six remain under instruction. The semi-a.nnual::ihn!'t COllrse:; in L:w-cultul'e have been taken np by fifteenstudents, of whom six were Forest Rangers specially deputedfor this purposc. A certain amount of instruct.ionin Bee-keeping has also been given to interested applicants,hut as Apiculture in the Plains of India is still in an experimentalstage, no regular course of instruction can begi \'(111 before its success is aSl:lul'cd.

60 lt~POR'l' 0] usa,leaving the field-assistants free to undel'take prautien.l workand demonstrations.III Madras, sten,dy progress has bC(:~ll lllade in illvcstign,t.-­ing tho insect-pests of urops and in clovisi ng tLnc1 delllullstratingmea,llS of control applicable against mwh, 11ncl verygood work has been done; this is the more import.aut. be­Gause the insect-pesLs of Madras arc to a large exLent diffel'­ent from those which (Jccur in the p1a.ins oj' NurtJlOl'll lndia.In the CenLral Provinces, the cxptWimcllts against T

Bongal and Assam, the principal pests dealt with havebean the Hice Grasshopper, Reminquatic Rice Caterpillarand the Behar Hairy Caterpillar. In Baroda State, theEntomological AStlistant has done good work in promotingan interest amongst cultivators in such pests as the HairyCaterpillar, the Bollworm and the Til stem-horer and in inducingthe adoption of measures against tl1CBn a.nd otherpests.Generally speaking, the Entomological work in the Provincesis at present preliminary and is necessari1y confinedto little more than inspection of the experimentfLl farms,noting the local pests and the destruction cansed by themand demonstrating methods to cultivators in the event ofany special outbreak. Much more than this cannot be donewhilst the Provincial Entomological staff is so limited.COTrespondence.-This is a subject which increasesautomatically every year as the I'mrk of this Departmentbecomes more widely known. In addidon to local inquiriesas to insects fLttackillg crops received and lLnsweredby the Provincial Agricultural Dopartments, a very largevolume of correspondenoe is received and dealt with atPusa; this includes a large amount of correspondence receivedfrom official sources, hut a very large proportion isin reply to questions and requests for information and advicehy the general puhlic, and these include queries on almostevery conceivable phase of Entomological work-insectRdamaging crops, gardens, orchards, timber, ornamentaltrees H,neL shrubs, books and papol's, stored ecreals andproduce of all kinds, insects on domestic animals, silk, lac,bee-keeping, insecticides and sprayers, and the identifici~,­tioll of insects-and even on subjects not strictly concernedwith insects, such as the destruction of rats. The parcelsof injurious insects sent in numbered 166. A total of2,384 inquiries CHme in from official and public sources, andthe whole of thcse were dealt with as fully as possible.This is work which occupi~s a very large fi,nd constantly increasingproportion of time, but we consider that this workhas a very direct value H!nd that it is our d11ty to satisfy

112 HEP()H'l' OF TI·m AUnJ()ITI!I'lTRA f, R1~81~AlW1fevery inquirer to the best or our abilit.y. The large increaseof clerical work during the year lw.,s thrown a greatneal of additional work on the Clerk (S. C. Mukerji) andTypist (T. V. V. Snhramani), buth of whom have workedvery satisfactorily and their work dr-serves specinJ tnf'ntion.Resea-rcli..-I>rogress hn.s been made with illquiry intothe lire-histories and hahi t8 or in;j 1l1'10mi ill:-lr.cts. Am()ngstthe more important of these have been the Rhin(ll'c.}'oSBeetle, the Surface and Painted Grasf:{hoppcrs, Pota.to Bug,Lucerne Hypem, Smn,ll Cabhage Ca,terpillar, Termite::;,nice Weevil, Green Bug, Potato Mealy Bug, :Fish Insectand Red Pumpkin Bectle. Experiments havc heen madeon the preservation of wond froll! atta.ck by Termites(white-ants). Assi.stnl1ce llils b0('11 afforded to the ImperialAgricultural BiLct.erjologist in fU1.'th(.~rancc of hiswork on the diseases of El'i Silkworms.lnsectic'ides (['ltd Spra!J8'l'8.-·A number of patent insecticidesreceived for trial have been tested anu l'eportC'd 011 asto their suitability .fur Indian conditions; as tt rule, theynre not snperior in ofl-icacy to simple mixtnrflS proclll'ahklocally, whilst their prices are prohibitive. Informationon insecticides for Indian usc has been collected in Blllld/inNo. 22. An inereasing numher of spraying mnchin('f:{ issold in Indin every year, ltnd. this Dopttrtment keeps a. registerof the places whore insecticides 11110 sprnyingmachines :11'0 obtainable, so t.hat il1qllil'~l'S elm h(~ nt ()IH.'(~referred t() Ow vendor supplying the kincl 811 itwl Co t.lwirneeds.,')'e'J·/{~u.lt'/l1'8.-E:,qwJ'iJllPnis ]In,\'(' hurl) l11a(I(~ Oil tll(' CI'()Sliingor Ttn.1ian nncl Fl'(~lldl Ulliv()lj,illl~ "MlIIIH'L"'Y Nilkw()1'1111'with all the n.vn,ilabl(' in(li[!'(\nolls lllultiv()/tinc 1'1WeS OJ('c' ,objeet being to seclll'(~ n rohust. and vigol'o{ls IllllltivlJltincrace yielding fl. lwU(',)' silk t1H.l.ll is pJ'()dllCed hy j hI'llu,tive forms at pl'eS(mt (mltivnt(~cl. TTp to 1,111' pl'n,sent the mongJ'el races pl'Odnccd by crossjng t.lw Rlll'ope;ulnnivo1t.ine with Nistal'i nnd Bnrmese Rt.ock givr t.he hestp"01l1ise as regards yield and

crosses between multivoWne indigenous races have alsoproduced individnals more vigorous, more productive andless liable to disease than either parent stock. It will,however, require some time to establish a race which canhe recommended.Mulberry Silkworms from European seed were successfullyreared at Pusa on bush mulberry in November 1910and March 1911, the resulting thread having been valuedby the trade in Calcutta at prices which compare extremelyfavourably witb that obtainah1e from any multivoltine race.If it is possible to rear one (or, in many localities, two)broods of European worms on bush mulberry in Bengal andEastern Bengal--and the Pusa experiments indicate 110reason why this should not be done-the fact may have animportant bearing on the silk trade.The cultivation of Eri Silkworms has been continued atPusa and is at present carried on in almost every districtin India. The interest displayed in the cultivation of theEri worm received a great stimulus through the displayof Eri products at the Allahabad Exhibition, where a largebuilding was entirely devoted to seric.:ultnral methodsand manufactures collected and exhibited by this sec Lion.Here every process, from the egg to the fll1ished cloth, wasshown actually at work under practical conditions, and allkinds of silk cocoons, threads, cloths, etc., were also exhibited,a, gold medal heing nwrLrded for those exhibits aLthe close of the ExhibitioIl. An assistant from Pusa wasin charge of the exhibits, and his time was fully occupiedin explaining the processes and attending to innumerableinquiries from interested visitors, and particula.l'ly inbringing to their notice the advantages of Eri Silk Hnd itscultivation in the provinces in localities where the climaticeonditions and other facLol's arc favourable to the adoptionamI extension of the industry. Batches of vi~itors-especiallyof the cmltivating classes--were taken round andcarefully shown the details of the work. A discussion wasalso lHdd ;11 '(.11(' Agl'icnHl1l'HI (:nnfc-mmce flt Allnhnhad regill'ding(,111' S(8pS (-0 hr taken to (~xton~ the indl1Rtl''y it1 the.'

li,1,H,r.pmrl' OF TTiE ACmWnf/l'rTHAL IlT~8r~AnurrUnit()d Provinces. Illustrated pamphlets, in II:llgli:::;ll,lJ rcln and Hindi, d(\scl'ibjng the met.hods of )'o

INs'rTTWI'F, AND COLLJ';ClE, PUSA, FOR IfJl()-ll.fiijbeen reported alrea,dy, cannot he summarized here. Erithread of fine count ha,s been produced on a commercialscale by the Chhoi Silk Mill Co. at Bombay, and the use ofthis fine thread should have an important influence on thedevelopment of the industry. There is still some difficultyin the disposal of small parceb of cocoons and thread byroarers on a small scale, the mills being unwilling to buyexcept in large quantities; a goorl deal of help in this directionhas, however, been afforded by Calcutta firms who havnbeen taking small parcels for shipment of the silk to Enropefor experimental purposes.Lrtc-c1tltllre.-Experimental work in Inc-culture vvascontinued, and brood-lac was supplied to applicants h1Bengal, Central India, Madras and Bombay. Fifteenstudents were given a thorough practicaJ training in laccultureand numerous inquiries on this subject were alsodealt with hy correspondence. A continuation was madeof the collection of material in collaboration with the ForestDepartment, with a view to the working out of the racesof Lac Insects by Mr. E. Ernest Green, Ceylon GovernmentEntomologist, 67 pareels containing 325 lots of specimensfrom a la.rge number of food-plants having been receiveddnring the yea.r. The maJ.orl"J, as it accumnlates,is sortrd ont with n view to Filcilitatc the working ont ofthe various races when the collection is completed,Apic1lU1.t1'B.--Two strains of gpodallv selected Italianhoney-hens were imported from England in November 1910,with a view to aseertaining their suitability to the conditionsprevalent in tho plains of India. The experimenthas so far proved a snccess, but it is too early as yet to pronouncedefinitely on tl1is.DMnonstration.-The most important item under thisheading is probably the Allahabad Exhibition. Apa.rtfrom the exhihits in the Silk House, 15 show-cases of insectsinjurimls to crops and 24 cases showing the food of asmany common Indlr111 birds were prepared and exhibitedjn the Agricultural Court, 19 show-cases of Indiall insectsF

66 REPOU:£ ()]i' 'nm AGltIOUL'!'U.RAL .RJ~SEAlWllwere prepared for the Forestry Court, where this exhibitwas awarded a goJd medal, and, in the absence of the SecondImperial Entomologist, an exhibit of four Rhow-cnseswas prepared for the Medical Conrt by the Snpol'nmnCral'YEntomolorrist to show tho rej:1tions between insects :wd SHoll,,:)disenses as Mnl:1,l'irt, Enteric Fever, Plague, :Myinsis,Cholera, SandAy Fevl'l', Yellow l!evcl', etc. T attended, theAg:ricl1}t,nral Conference held in ,T anu::try at t118 AllahabadExhibition, and road 11 pn,per discuf-lsing practical remedies[l,,g'11,inst two of tlw most clcstl'nctive ins('.cts of tl](' UnitedProviums.Rtendy pj'ngTHss Itni4 heon made in 1',110 Tn'(\pnratio1) 'l,ndiS~'II(~ of crdnlll·(·(l plntr':;: illmd,I'ntivf'. \If il1~el'f~-r)('stR (If C~l'OpS,n.nd tllC'Rl) ltavn h(:\~ll (listrihutt:(l In n11 Pl'Ovinei.n1 i\1!,'l'iCll1-f I1l'al n·pn.rtnwllIH., to 1Vrll~;(~llrnN, /I, r.~1·i01Il1.1Irn:1 R(lnint,i(\~ Hl1dnrllnUJ'()1l1"; Edllcntlo11nl Estnhlisll111f'nts. Tlwsc plates areavailahln fm' (l(,lrlonsll'nti(1l] am1 f(w 1188 in illm;tl'nt.lclll ofpopular nrtielc~ in vernaclllnr nnd. other Provincial journals.Shnw-casps were pl'f'pn,1'8d ano sent to tho Dnsolmt-ExbihitiOl1 in MvsCH'c. (;olnl1r('(l lnntnrn slid(\Fl of sl1hjectssekct(xl from t110. cnlonrAn l)latcR of ernp-pCi4tR haveboen preparcd nncl n lal'~'r' Porrim; of thnf4C jf; now :w:rila.hl(~jbosides Ser]OR Oll F\ilk and Tlac.Tn.w}('.{ S'ltr1;(!?I.-Onmpnmtively very little tim\' hilS hr.(lllelc'vat('(l to the gGll(']'[ll collections, lmi. steady pl'()gl'e!~~1 lmshe(,ll I1md8, :1 Inr!.('(~ nnmhnl' of aeC0.SSiOllS having !Juen rt,(ldNIaud ,uJ'n.np;od. COllRider:Lhln :I,(lrlitiol1s hnvu lInoll l1\t1d(~ totilt: Nl.ndcnts' 'Wol'kiIlg Collections. Cn71nctiollS 'lmvo h{~{\nmaar np ftnd sen!". (lnt for iilnntifien.tion hy spoclalists :t.lldto HHtllOrR ()f vohmj()s .in pl'op!l.T'ation fol' tho Frwua, of !-lId/aSeries ~ tlwRC inc:lncln (,'oU('1J/l}()la, ()'l·tlI01Jtl)?·(f, Tdti(fiiim,T rwmitidm, N e'If,l'oT)/'r?},(l, Oilnlla/'(l, Rr((,(~()nid((!, nnd J d"l1 (l'/l-­m,()II'I~rlm H;'lm'(>'}I opt (!7'((, A 1~'It1c((.ta, ny n ((,sf.'irlm, R1f.!(!Urlm n,nd(,'etowiadm, ('!1l'I'(J'(tlinnida', Cl(wiiim, M'£I:'I'() lep'idop..tll'l '(("Thysano7J'tM'((' and Rhync!wta. Collections lwvn heenidfmtified for Provincial A~mist.n,nts, tllC Tndia11 Mm-1(mm,the Bomhny Nntllri1.1 History Society's MllRC1l111, t.h(\ Qllct.taMllR01lHl 8,nd fot' many private coJ1ectol's.

INS'l'I'l'UTI~ AND COIJtJffiOE, PUSA, I,'OR 1910-11. 137Miscellaneou.s.-Exhibits illustrating the work of thesection were sent to the International Congress of ElltOllWlogyheld at Brussels in August 1910. Entomological inquiriesand notes sent in to the Bombay Natural HistorySocicty have been dealt with and the Imperial Entomologistlectured to the Society 011 the eve of his departure fromIndia. Requests from officials and private persons outsideof India for information, specimens, etc., have beencomplied with as far as possjble. Live Erj cocoons haveheen sent to England, France and Morocco.Pr'ogramme of ?Dork /01' 1911-12.-The work of the' pastin advising 011 insects will be continned, and concurrentlythe study of the insect-pests of crops will be canied out inthe Inseotary at Pusa and by the Provinoial Assistants.Assistance will be given, when desit'ed, in co-ordinatingand directing the Entomological work in the Provinces,and special help will be given in the event of any seriousoutbreak. The issue of coloured plates and lantern slideswill be continued. The experimentaJ work with bees willhe continued and ex.tended if possible. Instruction jn Eriand Mulberry silk-eultul'e and in the cultivation of Lacwill be given to students attending short courses in thesesubjects. Further collections will be made of lac insectsin all sta[,:8s for the purpose of ascertaining tIll" relationship~lClf the various l'UC0Fl. Ne\v insecticides anG appar::ttnt!~mI.HuiUt:d ful' tl'ial will be testf:,.d wiiI] it view to theirntility Iluder TndiiLll elll1ditiollS. Rc,.arillg (If Ti:1'i Silkwormswill bf\ cOlltiulled anel all possible help given tothose commencing this indw::;try. FnrtlJer experimentalwork will be done on the mongrelisatioll of the races of theMllJherry Silk-worm, and it is anticipated that the pl'ovi­Rion of r,old-storilge at Pllsa will mnc11 faci1itate t.1JiR.8pecjnJ attention wHl ]Jp devoted to acqniring n knowledgeof TDdian Termites (wliite-nnts), {he clamage they do, andthe beRt methods of preserving crops and constrnctionnlmnterial from t.heir ravages.Pu,7JZicatirJrls.--A list of the more important of these iR.attached, but less and less time is available for work of t.his1" 2

!lR m~l'on.'I' OF rrrm ACiInC!TTi/rnn.AT, rmSJ

INS'.ITfU'l'E AND (JULLEUE, I'UI::lA, .I!'Ult 1\)10-11.tit)REPORT OF THE SECOND IMPERIAL ENTOMOLO­GIST _FOR THE YEAR 1910-11.(F. M. HOWLETT, B.A.)In 1909, after n. year and nine months' ::>ervice, I was absenton ::;ick leave for a year and five mOllth::;, returning toPusa on March 22nd la::;t. I bave, thereforo, now just COlllpletedtwo years of activo service, and the present is a convenientopportunity fat' putting' forward one or two conclusionsregarding tho work of my section.I was appointed to study Diptera., and in particularthose insects which suck blood and ,"vhich may transmit dii:iease.Roughly speaking tho study of any group of insectsusuaJJy takes Ol1e or two distillct but complementarylines ;-(1) l'umonomios.--The study of the structure of deadspeeimcns as a means of obtaining an accurate nomenciatureand scheme of classification, thereby facilitating thecorrelation of results obtained by work in other branches.(2) B·ionotwios.-The study of the life-history, from eggto a,dult, and the habits of living insects, their relationswith otller orga,nisms and the factors which determinetheir vl1l'ious acti vitics as a lllenns of obtaining knowledgewhich will olUtLle us to control these activities.Of these, (1) can be undertaken in any country to whichspecimens can be sent, and at any place affording sufficientfacilities in the way or necess::try literature. In this countrythe Indian Museum is the only institution at presentpossessing a library with any pretensions to adequacy inraspeet of Dipterous taxonomies; (2) can be undertakenonly 011 the spot. The elucidation of the life-history andreactions of insects is the only way whereby, we can attainto morc than an cmpirioal knowledge of how to control them.To follow this line ill the vase of tl, group such as Diptera,about whioh so little is yet known, demands moreover a

70/:iOIl10Wha,t, broader scientific outluok than is necessary L(l LhuP Llre sYfltematist.It would of COLlrRe he possihle to pursue taxolloJlJicstudies and uccupy ourselves with 1,11.0 doscriptioJl aDdmuuing of llOW species of Diptera, useful work whioh mightwell be extendod over several years, bnt l.hiH would, j tl myview, constitute under 1.118 cirUlLlllsta,nccs a ndsdircc:tioll llfenergy, sillec slIoh work cnll Il(_' lw,U,01' nIHl mllrn nasily d,ollC:elsewhere.On these and other gruunds I ,have regarded (~) }.ts LIlt!direction in which nul' work should proceed, [mel I ha.vonow a. foundation in a knowledge of t.he mahl features illthe life-history and babits of all gronps of blood-sncking'insects in India, as also of tho few Diptel'[L which aro ofany considorable direct agricultural importance. I makeuse advisedly of the ,phrase ,. main feu,tures," since the prosentanangemcnts regarding laboratory accounnodatioll d()not admit. of insects being kept alive except undor cOl1cli~tions so unsuitable as often to make it di11icult 01' impossibleto obtain reliable results from observation 01 indi vi 'duals ill ca.ptivity. Our disH,uilities ill this direction aruserious, but I am glad to say that steps are llOW being t,dWlltowards the provision of more suitable aucormnoUtl,tiOll.1: returned from England in March, arriving at ]3ulll}JH,Y011 the 10th and at Pusa, all the 22nd.. No touring has becllundert[Lken since that elate. I found that SillCO my deptL]"­ture an amount of material has accumulated which has occupieda good dea.l of Illy attontion and which will taketime to arrange and work out. A portion of our NemOCel'H,has been named by Mr. Brunett.i at LIlo Indian MnSelltll,a.nd the identifications of a n nmbor of tho Taht1.11idrc smrLto the British Musollm in 11)08 lHwe now boon published,whieh will facilitate work in this group.I do not hero attempt to submit a detailod report, of thopa,st f:our months. In addition to work on the collection and011 blood~insects in general, attention has been directod inpartic'.Ular to (1) parasites of Tahanidre, ma.inly ohsol'va,tiollS

INS'I'J'l'UTIG AND CUIJIJEUF:, J'tTSA, 1"U11, H!lll-IL 71on [1,11 egg-pnrctsitc of (lUI' common hot weather Ta,hamu:;(1'. al/J'i1hec(l?tS); (2) temlJel'ature reactions of Mosquitus;I believe I have found that temperature constitutes at leastone of the main factul's controlling mosquito-bite; more observationsarc l'(xt11il'f~d, and the work is still in progress;(3) the relative o(ilciency of I. mil1ions" and other enemies01 lIlosqllito-ln,rvre, in progress; (4) Peach-Bies; with regardto Lll(~fin last. it Sf~NIlH impl'ohab1e that their attn.cks cnn heCIJlIlplpl ply pl'nveutNl by I:wything short of netting the trees,iJut we lU\.VH lin\V [I, cheap and simple metl)od (depending onihn " chemica-sexual " reactions of the nm1e flies) wherebythe damage they do may be very much reduced.A numhc1' of publications are in hanel. Four studentshave been received, though it was impossible to allot themany window-space in which to work.While absent on sick leave, I attended the First International.Congress of Entomology at Bru~sels, and thoughunable to enjoy the lavish hospItality which was displayedby the Congress Ollicials tow(j,l'ds all visiting delegates, 1was present at all the meeting::; and read two papers, byMr. Lefroy and myself. The~e will be published III theProceedings of the Congress. From the s

72 RICI.'OH'l' oil' '1'111'; AUHIC\Tl/l'lTltAJ, B,I~NJ'lALllJ!-irespiratory mechanism of Ticks and the influence of temperat.ureon rn,t-fleas; J may romark that the temperaturewhich was fatal to adult fleas was found to be unexpectedlylow.I also propared several illustrations for ProfessorNuttall, made :111 experimental study of the e1100ts of variousdegrees of magnification and reduction in reproducingdrawings ::Lud wrote two articles [on (11) Mosquitos andTem pera,tlll:e, (2) Methods 0 f presurv ing Insects J w hiohwore published in " Par:1!:iitology."Pl'ograrnrne of WQ1'k /01' l£J11-12.--WOl'k on blood-sllckinginsects, ticks, and other similar parasitos directly 01:indirectly injurious to llllLl1 will be continued, and atton·tion will also be given to Dipterons pests of orops nnd fIllit. ,Instruction wiIl be given to agricultural ~tudel1ts in lhosesubjects.A large amount of time will have to ho given to workil1gthrough a,nd a,rnmging the mnteria,j which has aUUUltllllatedduring my absence, sent in by Medion'! and Vetc,['in~ary Ofiicer::l.SpeciaJ investigations proposed are :-(1) Life-histOl.·y and hahits uf 8imuliulll (hiLi cn,Ltlllfly),the dllllg-inl'ustiug' Cat,Lle-ilio,'l, Nnlld-lli('s.,and snch hou:-;e-Llil~R as are likely to he l'ouwl

iNS'l'I'J'U'l'E .AND COLLEUE, i'l]8.A, FOlt Win-ll. 73REPORT OF THE IMPEIUAL BACTERIOLOGISTFOR THE YEAR 1910-11.(C. M. HUTCHINSON, B.A.)The work of the Bactcriologiual Scctiun dUl'ill~ the pastyeeL!" the first during which it has been ill operation, hasnecessarily been largely confined to trial and selection ofthe methods bost ad~tpted for c1ealil1g with the special conditionsof soil and climate obtaining in India. The biologiclLlttnalysis of a soil not only involves a determination ofthe number and kinds of bacteria contained in it and theirrelation to the production of plant food, but must also includeinvestigations having for their aim the discovery ofhow such bacterial functions as make for fertility may beencouraged and used to the best advantage in the ordinaryoperations of agricultural practice. Hence the main linesof work of this :::lection have been aimed at detel'luiningunder what conditions variolls soils will best serve as culturemedia for those bacteria, naturally present in them,upon which the processes of conversion of the organic nitrogenof humus into assimilable nitrates depend.Much preliminary work has been done in testing methodsalready in use, l,l,nd modifying them in accordance with thercq uircmcnt::i of local conditioll::i.Special a,ttention has been pa,id to methods of platingsoils in such a way as to obtain information as to the numbor,kinds, and functions of the bacteria ill them; this hasinvolved a study of media suitable fo], the purpose, and ofmethods of inoculation, and this study is still in progress,as it appears probable that each soil requires variation inthe composition of the medium in which it is 1.,0 be plated,ill accordance with its chemical and physical character,and with spccinl regard to its previous agricultural history.In soil plates made for the purpose of counting the numbel'll;uf bacteria present per unit volume or unit weight,

special atLention must be pa.id to the variaLiolls ju su.i l.ulilllate previous to the time of samplillg, us oLlwl'wiseerrOn80l1S conclusions may be drawn as to the number orbacterin, ll.ormally present. ]Tor insta1lce, n l.'u,],l1 red1 of OlWtenthof an inch ill December has beon found Lu raiHo theIllllllbol' of hnutel'i.a. to 100 milliolls pur gnull ill Uw UU1U'SU of~w honrH, Whel'eaH the sall10 ::;oil GouLained only!) milli()wipne gra.lll two wndi::-, Jakl'. ~imilf1.rly the ra.Ce of dneOlllPOSitjfJll nncllliLI'iHuaLiull of (jf'gn,lli(: 1l1ai.Lnr :in Ilulia.11 soilsappc:m'H 1-.0 Iw vpry difl'(\rclll, from j,hnL wlli!:ll Ims 1)(;1'11 1)1)·SCI'v(xl ill EUl'olw, nud is no dOllbt Lu I)(~ CIl1'l'('In.(.ud wiLli Lll\~speciaJ uuntiitiolls 01' Huil nlle] cl.illln.Lu of LlliR cOllu\,ry.Thes0 cn,::;ei-l IJH.Vf' h(1lm l'cl'ol'l'ed to fl,R iJlnsLl'ntiollS fir LlIOIlflcessity for proceeding with grea.t eft,nt,ioll ill workillg nuLspeci.al problems hy Lhe a.ppli.catioll o[ gmLOl'ally aeuepLodmethods.A complete series of experiments has beel} ea,rriod oueto determine the best means of sterilizing soils, l-LH t.hemajority of experiments on soil bacteriology depend n1'o11work with sterile soil as a medium. Great dilliculty im!:!been experienced in obtaining complotely sterile soil; intermittentsteaming in many cases has failed to ellsure s1;m'.ility,possibly owing to the rapid formation and gorminationof spores by some of the numerous spore formers present,and the use of the autoclave for pots of soil, of whichonly on8 can be inserted at a time, makes an experimontinvolving the use of some 50 pots almost impracUcable,owing to the differences in time involved. A sterilizing'plant for dealing with a large number of pots simu ltancouslyis vary much needed.Samples of Pusa, soils have been ana,lysed bactcriologicaJly,pure cuitures of tIle bacteria found have been ma.de,and their physiological fUllctions examined. Special aLtentionhas been pu,id to Lheir relative ammonifying powel',and the knowledge thus obtained is now being utilized indealing with special problems.A special study has been made of the ef.fect of hot. weather ploughing upon the bacterial content of the soil and

its possible relation tu the undoubted increase in fertilityresulting therefrom. It has been found that this operatioIlincreases the rate of alllIDOlliflUatioll ul the soil hUlllus, probablyuy the :c;elcctive action or combined desiccation andnbnormal temperature; similar relmlts GrW be ohtained bylwating tho soli. t.o tiW> C., the Buil platc:) shewing a suryiy

70 11,El'OH,'j' OJ!' '1'j U; AUltLUUL'l'UltAL ltIGI:lEA1WHried out to determine the effect of various methods of partial01' complete sterilization upon fertility; thm;o investigationsare still in progress and have yielded some resultsof great interest, snch as the fact that the addition ofToluene to a soil a,lreacly sterilized by hoat increases itssuitability as t1, mediulll for the growth of ammonifyillgbaetel'ia and cUllsequently its fertility; this renders it unnecessaryto assumo Umt such actioll is due to tho Sllppl'C::lsionof phagocytos, a,ltllOugh thero is of COUl'SC 110 reason whySUell removal should not ountrilmte to tho gonomJ drect insoils partially sterilized by addition of Toluene.So far but little work has been done upon any bnt ]ucn.lsoils, as these h~tve afforded alllplo opportunity for 1'esoa1'oh,but samples 01 US(lT soil have been examinod in (JofllwetiOllwith the use of gypsum, cattle ma,nul'O, and straw asmeaIlS of modifying their infertile condition. Dr. I.lcat!lOl'kindly supplied samples of these soils,

INSTITnTl~ AND COLTilWE, PDRA, FOR, lIllO-ll. 77should undergo a preliminary training at Pusa. It is importantthat these mon should have a previous training inanalytical uhcmistry of a high order, as my experience hasbeen that it is possible to teach bacteriology to a chemist,but that the converse alternative is a waste of time. Thiswas my own experience at Pusa with a medical1y-trainedhacteriologist who acted for a time as my assistant, andwhose qualifications as a biologist did not fit him for workas a soil bacteriologist, this being due to the very differentnature: of the work involved in medical and soil bacterjology.On thp- other hand my present three assistants whoarc all chemists, have shown great aptitude for bacteriologicalwork, and th8ir previous training as analysts has beeninvaluahle jn dealing with soil problems, which dependlargely for their solution upon quantitative estimation ofchemical changes in soil constituents.Certain special problems have been dealt with duringthe year; these include investigations of the cause of :-1. A bacterial disease of Tobacco occurring in Rangpur,due to the presence of a strain of Baci11usSola.nacea,rnm, differing from those described inAmerica and Japan in its pathogenicity bothfor Tobacco and other Solanaceous plants, suchas Tomato and Brinjal (Solanum Melongella).2. A disease of the Eri silkworm associated with thepresence of bacteri a. in the intestine; Memoirson these two subjects are in hand. Invaluableassistance in the prepnration of sections for mioroseopicl,xnmiuntion in comloctios with thesediseases was afforded by Mr. Shaw of the MycologicalSection, who was kindly permitted by theImperial Mycologist to devote a consjderableamonnt of time to this work.3. The efficacy of Ratjn and Trope Ratin as rat exterminatorsin India. Experiments were madewith fresh samples received from England, anda report on the results was furnished to theInspector General of Agricultllro j n India,

78 REPOR'I OF 'l'Tm AGHICTJJ/l'UR,AT, RJ1]SEAROHRatin is [I, bacterial culture proraTed in Copell~hn.gell, which js intcl1aed to pro(hwc an infeotiow:;disea~C' in rats which lwve fed on unitstroated with it, and which thell sprend tho 0011-kLgioll amongst othcn.;, AJthongh iJw cm hureNwhen received at J?nRn were alive, lUi was provedhy tl'[Lnsfol's, 110 pathogenic effects fo110W0dwhen given li'iTjth food to captive rats. In COTrespondingwith the Director of' t1l

INS~'I'l'url'E .AND CQ]jLEGE, PUSA, FOR 1£110-11. 79P1'og1·arfl//II.B of ~VI]1'1(, 101' 1911-1'2.-1. The systematicinvestigation of' the distribution, physiological character,and functions of soil hacteria in India, will be continued.2. A specia.l ]ine of enquiry wiJI be taken up as to therelations existing between the practice of green manuringin India and the activities of soil bacteria.3. Special problems, such as plant diseases of bacterialorigin, will be dealt with as occasion may arise and opp.ortunitypermit.4. The training of the assistants in the section will becontinued.Pu,bUcat'ion.-An article on tne inflnence of Bacteriaupon soil- fertility was publishcd in the Agricultural J OUl'­ual of India, Vol. VI, Part II, April Hn].

80 ltEl 1 0RT 01" 'l'l-m AGH.!CUL'I'UltAI, H,I'~RIMHCHREPORT OF THE, IMPERIAL COTTON SPECIALISTFOR. THE YEAR unO-H.(G. A. GAMMIE, F.L.S.)I held charge of the appointmont frum the 1st ,Tnly tothe 5th August 1910, when I proceeded on priviluge leaV(\.During my H,bsencc, Mr. S. V. Shevade, B.Sc., held cunentcharge of my offtce. 1 rosullwd my duties on my rot,m'n onthe 6th Novemher and continued in charge until tho end ofthe year under report.In July, l,onda, Dhal'war Experimental 8tnJ,ion, Gol,n.kExperimentn,l Station 11,11(1 Vadgnnn (all in the TInmlmyPresidency) were visitnd, In tIl!: months of A ngust andSeptemher, Mr. Shcvnde visited VaC1gaon, Dhnnvnr, Ga(hg,Kilgiri and Kumbarganvi. A -EtCI' my return from lc[!,ve,I visited Vadgaon and made a tour in I.hG Contral Provincesin the company of tIl(' respective Dupnty Directors.Khandwa, Raipu!', Nag-pnr and Akola were visiterl InNovemher, I also visited Dh1111n, n,nd Ahmednaga,r. IIIDecemher, I a.gain went to Varlgaon in connection with 11.scheme to introduc(' cotton into thiR tract, and in ,TanuaryI visited Khanapur, IJnnrla, Re1gnllm and Desnr witl! theS[l,me ohject. Tn the snnw month J saw the cotton-experimentsat Rholaplll'. Tn Fohrnary, J completed my obsr,rvution8on cotton growing in t,11C\ lJecran, at Tnkad and Isblllpurand joincd the Drpllty Director on tour in GlljarnJ,visiting NaV'sari, Rlll'at and Nndiad. Tn March', I met tIleDepnty Dircctor of Agricnltm'c, Bengal to advisc bim re­Q'ftrcling W8 prospects of cotton cultivation nt ChinSlll'nh.I again visitrn t110 Exprrilllcnta'i Rtatiol1s in the SOlltlwl'nMahrnttn,Oollntry. Tior the r'emaindnl' of tlw period I W[lSengaged in laying down (1, series of tl'la.ls in my expcri-111ental station at Kirkee.

TNR1'l'rTTTJ'J AND C01Ui3Cm, (lTTRA, FOR UllO-ll. 81()(,ntral Pro'vinc,es Cottons.I visited the Experimental Station at Khandwa, whereI met Mr. Evans, the Deputy Director of the NorthernDivision. This station is 13 acres in extent and is dividedinto -t acre plots, seven of which are devoted to cotton andfive to J O'll.la1' n,nd Baj1'i varieties. The experiments oncotton will be continued this year, taking in, however, onlyfonr varieties, "mal'/)ensis, 1'oseurn, Saugo'l' J a,ri, Bh~t7'i and,perhaps, Cambodia. The following are the notes I drewout on the ground during my inspection :-Ka'l'keli.-This being H in (jan {Jluht (Bani) is not suitedto this tract, and the faet is sufficiently proved by the appearanceof the plot this season.1Y1 alvensis is strong and vigorous and the outturn pro~mises to be satisfactory. The staple, almost as harsh as, islonger than that of 1'08e1lm. Which of the two willultimately prove to be the most profitable is a, point only tobe determined by a test of outturll per acre. Local opinionstrongly inclines to the belief that ?'osmtrn is H1G moreremunerative crop. This year 1'oseurn, being on a highlyingplot with shallow soil, cannot safely be compared foroutturn with rnalvensis, which is all a lower level with deeperand richer soil.Sangor J rtl'i had borne its ripe bolls intact for about amonth, and the ,\Thite Flowered Vnrhadi or '}'08(Jum alsoretained its ripe cotton uncommonly well. Practicallynone had yet fallen to the ground. The retention of theripe cotton in the open bolls is a characteristic general toour indigenous Indian cottons.Of Blbuf'i and Cambodia it can be safely said that theformer is almost oertain to succeed in the better classes ofsoil in this district. The group of cultivators, who accompaniedus in the fields, concurred in my view after inspectingthe crop as it stood on the ground.Carnbodda does not promise so well i11 the northern as in~~he southern cotton districts. However, to make the mat­G

82 RJ)]POR'l' OF' '1'[-1P~ AGRlUUf/I'TTHAL Rl~8EA1WHtel' certain, it would be quite worth while to give it anotheryear's chance.Sall(Jor' Jad is a dwarf variety, coming so qnickly tomaturity that the fir~t picking' is ready this yenI' in thomiddle of October. The secd was odgillal1y bronght fromthe Rehli TaLnkn 0 f the Saugor District. It, is an extremelyprolific cropper and n.ppen,rs to he s1.1itabk moreespeeinJly for the poorer c1asses of soils, w~lich nrc apt tol()se mni~ture rapidly when the 'late monsoon fn.ils n,R itoften due'S in 1..11i:.:; diBLrict.The sf~od obCainccl locnJJy in Dllrhanpur has produced acrop so mixed (the mixtnte c:nYlHisting of Jari with a smnlle)'proportion of lJani and LTplrmd Georg-inn) that the fae(,strengthens onr cOllviction that, if puro varieties a.re estahlishedby the Department, which will thell distl'i1mtc tllOmf01' genera'! cultiva6on, methocls must decidedly be devised,by home or village ginning or otherwise, to C\JlSUl'r, Chat t,lll\sevarieties arc maintained in their purity. AR regar/osill,({1'(!(,'l7dea and othot' W('ocli-;.I vjsitccl tho Expcrimt·ntn,1 Rtations n,t, Hniplll', Nngplll'and Aknln, in Ow company of Mr. Clol1sl.oll, the nqm(,yDil'

INSTITU'I'E AND COUJRGE, l'USA, FOR 1910-11. 83general conditions of the district do not seem to be altogetherfavourable.Cambodrin Jooks unthrifty and chances are decidedly inits disfavour, hut I advised Mr. Clouston to give it anothertrial as the rains have been ahnormally heavy. Attempt~to introduce the cultivation of Deshi cotton and J mi'ar haveresulted in failure.At Rajnandgaon we visited two fields of Blwd in thecompany of Mr. Fredericson, the Manager of the local mill.These had done very well and the local cultivators wereimpressed with the result. Mr. Fredericsol1, however, saysthat Bhuri will not altogether serve as a substitute forAmerican Upland, which is snperior in quality. It willcompete on favourable terms with the longer stapled indigenousvarieties snch as RToach, and this, ::tfter all, is adesidercd1.trn in the CentrnJ Provinces.At Nagpur, Mr. Clouston still retains his plots sownfrom seeds locally obtained from many parts of the provinceand these have enabled him to g::tuge the nature and extentof the mixtures as they normally exist in the fields. Varioushigh-class Uplands from American seed do not holdout promise of success. The utility of protecting cottonfields against insect itttacks with girdle::; of Bhendi stillseems to he a moot point, but, from my own experience, 1cannot help considering that there is much to he said in itsfavour. Insccts certainly prefer it to cotton, and if carebe exercised in its destruction when its purpose is effected,much latent and active insect life must be destroyed at thesame time.The varieties of cotton actually under serious trial consistof Bhu1'1:, mal1)ensis, 1Jera, c1.f,tchica and Tosea.In order of their value in length of staplc they wouldstitnd thus :-(excluding Bh1_m:) , malvensis,1wra, 1'08('(1, andcutch'ica. The last two are white-flowered forms of thetwo preceding them. Malvensis and 1.1em (yellow-floweredforms) arc decidedly superior in the matter or staple, butthey are snrpassed in percentage and total yield by 1'osean,nd c1drli:ir:a (white-flowered forms). rrhc valuations givenG ~

84 REPOR'r OF 'I'HF. AGHJO[TVI'{THA L RTI~,"1Ri\lWHby the trade are practicany equaJ for aJI, so, from 11, cnltjvator'spoint of Vil\W, the two last (:[w sa:fely bl' takell as thebest to grow. Mr. Clollstoll estimates that Iw haB gainedfrom 2 to 3 pel' cent. in quantity by selection, and I seizedthe opportunity to point out to him that this is really nlong step in advance, especially when it becomes establishedover the enormous cottOIl tracts of the Ccmtrnl PrOViIlel'Sand Berar.The popular belief is thnt, hy sulcmtiIiu JIJeth()(li:;, an increasein length of stap1e and proportion of cotLon to s(~(\dcan he easily attained, but the public genel'ldly H,nd mom··ber~ of the Agricnltltl'al Dcpal't.mcut also sholLld buldsteadily in their view the fact that to evolve rm addition ()f'even one or two pnr ccmt. in length of staple :Lwl perC{111tag(\of cotton to seed in a few years is in itself :1 notahlc feat,and that it is chimericn,l perhaps to hope to ron-ell anythingbetter. Anyhow, it wonld at least servo as nn OXC(,nentfoundation for a fresh start in advance.Forms of all varieties with llfLl'l'Ow-lohed lenves al'emore easily fixed than those with broad 10hes. Unduo importanceshould not, however, be attac1lc'(l to the d(~grce oj'division in the loaves. At tlw TelinklH\ri 'farm thorp- an'plots of Bh'U1'i, CCi1nl)()cU((, and t1i(~ indigcllom; vHl'iotins.All have suffered, nit-hongl1 slightly Nll, !'roUl wntl'J'-loggi llgduring the recent heavy raills. CottoJl is :1, crop willI a d

At Akola, where a large area of the Experimental Sta,­tion is devoted to the raising of ::lelected seed, the cottonscomprise Bkuri, 'lJLalvensis, Dr!1'Ct, I'm,'ca, c'Lltehic{t and Bard.Ba'''},,/~ ha::l fallen into disrepute

Hinganglmt tract B(ln,i is grown for distribution, hut thceeis llO call for the seed us the people arc jntroducing thecoarser, hnrdiel' and more productive J ari (vera) and Va?'­lwd'l: (1'osoa). An ofIiciellt hand gin of moderate cost n,ndsimple construction which would clean n,n appreciahleamount of cotton pel' working day is n,n urgent necessity intho cotton tracts.1. wish here to emphasize my opinion that 11 real advallcoin the improvement of some of the staple cottons of theCentral Provinces and 11u1'8..r has all'mllly heon offcctod.The cultivators show [1 pJ'

IN8'1'1'1'(I'I'i~ AND CJ()L[~IIXa~, 1'1lSA, II'()J{ J~llU-II. 87No.4. Roscum.--" Fully good middling" ill grade_Staple rongh and uxtremoly ::;}Jort. VallIe 7d.,quite nominal.Ii i,s mentioned that" with the uxceptioll of the fourth:::;ample, Ro.'w'IMn, aJI the samples sent are useful cottonswhich could lw readily sold in this llIarket [l,t considerah1yhigber prictls than aro obtained froIU East Indian cotton,n,nd wo hope that there lllay ho some possihi1ity of thesecott()llS being prouL1ced in quantity in yonI' clistrjcL."l]oml}{f,Y Cottons.Tr-i(l,l 'with Bhn1'l: cotton of i(uml){o'rj(lll'lJi (7;2 miles fromDha'l''({J(lr).-In Ma,rch 1909, while discm;sing (;ottoll nmttel'i5with the Deputy Director of Agriculture at Dharwar, Isuggested 'the possibility of a succes::;ful introduction ofBku,1"i into the tract lying in thc heavy rainfall zonewhere land wal:) largely left uncultivated. Accordingly ttplot of about 3 acres was taken up at Kumbarganvi. Thesoil is 8ha1y, and is known in local Kanarese as M(tsar'i,Bhu1'lcat'i or B(1)ti in Marathi and Garett in Gujerati.The nverage anuual rainfall is 50 to 60 inches, fallingheavily from June to the end 01 September and more lightlytill the beginning of November.Two ploughings D,nd three harrowings were given butno manure. The seed (obtained in 1908 from Bengal) wassown by drill at the rate of 20 Ibs. per acre on the 18thAugust 1909. Germination was excellent and the plantswere thinned out to a foot aptLl't in the rows, whioh wereat 2 feet intervttls. The plants were soon attacked by stemborers and caterpillars. The latter were removed by hand,a diflleult operaUon as the creaturel:) concealed themselvesduring the day. This n,tt.ack lasted for fonl' weeks. It.was estimated thnt 50 per cont. of the crop wa,s attackedbut the sequel proved that the plants recejved no material1I1J11ry. Tho first picking was started on the 15th .In,Jluary;this gave 14 lhs. 7 oz. of seed cottoll; the second was on the25th ].i'ehruary and ga,ve 72 Ibs. of seed cotton, the third ana

88 RE.POlt'f m' 'l'l-m AGlUCU L'I'UltAL ItESEAIWHthe fourth on the 18th March nnd 1st Apri] respectivelyand gave 130 Ibs. (per acre 216 Ibs. 7 oz.). Tho percentageof lint 1st picking-33'25; 2nd-:J4'J2; n,nd the 3rd-34·37.The valuations ::;howecl that the resulting clean cuttonwat; of very poor quaJity, the report being that it was llObetter than _Bengal::;. The first, socolld and third piukingswere valued a.t Rs. 280, Rs. 275 and Rti. :260 pel' candy of784 lb::;. _Broach cotton ill the same da,y's market heingRs. 330, Surat RB. 345,

plant

Cotton C1'IOP Expar'irnents cond1lcted on tlw fJl'Y Ji'(~1"1fI,b'.vZJel'imentctl Stcttion of it M/I,ednagar.-Hel'n we have nd··verse conditions uncleI' another aspect, IHtmely, (l f d rOllgh Laud not excessive rainfall. The soaSUll on the wbole wasreported to be good, but the rainfall was n.bove tho averageand towards the end of the season was n,lso unthncly. Thegermination of the seeds was therefore affected by the packingof the ~oil which occurs clm·jng hmwy fa11s of rain. Thesubsequent resowing of the numerous gaps and nwl'C thanusually rapid growth of weeds threw an excessive additionto the normal cost of cultivation. The first picking whenapproaohing maturity was destroyed by the heavy dowllpourin the Swat'i rains. The plants, however, l't\UI)V(~l'­ed, but the occurrence of a suddon frost finnlJy destroyedthe crop. l\ (1,1'1..:0(,), on tl\t~ w hole proved most re~ istan L,yielding at the rate of 144 Ibs. of seed cotton pOl' acre, whilu5 typos of Khandesh cotton gave 94, 100, 104, 112, 114 l1>s.respectively. Although due attention was paid to all thedetails of treatment and cultivntlon, no workahlc precautionscould possibly be employed to insure the orops againstthe vicissitudes of such an abnormal seaSOll.The following arc valuations by Messrs. Tn,ta Sons onsamples fro111 Ahmcclw:lgnr :---No. Nltluu of ('OLLoll. l{mHa.l'l" V"hlllLioll.1 Kltl'keli 1l' ill :l:liiHI,npIn.'L N. V.{;yp" l'4lLlllU lLfi ~. V. K. .., ;J2:'5 N. U. U. typo It'll-hl't· 1'01lgh IIIllI VOl',Y Hho\'(, ill ,{,lip 1(1 ; :l1Ir,1111)",· IiI", Kllll,lllh'Hh.(j l(ll/l.wle,,1l 'l'ILiR iH a. Blql

INS'I'l'I'Ll'l'IE AND (JOLLICUE, PiTHA, I"UR 1!110-1L 9]Cotton Crop Exper'irnent8 on tlw LJll;uUa E(vpel'inwntal8tat'ion.-I visited this station on the 29th November.The first plot of cotton inspected was labol1cd N. R., aselection of N eglechl'fn roseUnL out of the types ordinarilygrown in the fields. The plants were robust, tho standeven and the pl'oduction excellent. The staple is that 01:V clrh(ldi. Last year the produce of this was above 900 Ibs.of seed (Jutton pel' acre with 11 percentage of 37·5. Theseed cotton is bought by the merchants at the rate ofHs. 21-8-0 per maund (144 1bs.) against the rato ofUs. 20-8-0 pOl' local cotton.The second plot was of N. R. C. (fv'eglectu1n rOS6Ulnc'lttckicu7n). This is also a selection from the local cotton,The crop produced last year was 850 lbs" percentage 35.The staple is a little longer and finer than that of N. R. andthe cotton Wtts valued at Rs. 10 more per candy (784 lbs.).The third plot was that of 1rwlvell:·;;-is, N. V. M,; differsfrom vera propel' or Jan: in the superiority ofits staple. It has been grown on :1 large scale only thisyear.Corn'illa Cotton.---Fresh seed was imported this yearfrom Ifill Tipporab as the acclima.tized plant had deteriortl,tcd.The lobes of the leavcs arc broad as well asnn,now and the Howers are usual1y white, but some areyeltow. The crop is very poor and very late.BJ~'u·r'i.~This plot lookt> good aJlld productive. Onecultivator at A.l1mJner is said to have 20 acres of goodBltu1"i under cultivation. There is a rising demand for itsseed and the prospects of success in Khandesh as in Beral'are decidedly hopeful at present.Carnbod,ia looks more sturdy than Bhu?"; but it is a laterurop. The prospects of both are of course uncerta.in untilthey have been subjected to the experience of a dry season.The cultivator at Ama.lner, already mentioned, has obtained1'1'0111 the merchants Rs. 10 per maul1d (144 Ibs.) of seedcotton over the price 0 f local cotton.Of. the crosses, that of Comill{t with Bani is most promisingas regards both quantity and quality. The selected

02 itEPOlt'l i OJ

INRrl'I'I'lITI'~ AND COLLTXlE, PUSA, WOn, Wl(J-ll. ~J~The Manager of Messrs. V olkart's Spinning and PressingFactory informed me that he was buying extensivelypure snpplie::; of the very coar::;e V fl'J'(UZ'L (,roscwn) cottonwhich he considers does really possess a, staple. He saysthat this cotton is mostly used in Germany, Austria andHungary and that BenyaZts' are used in Italy. Fraudulentpractices arc obviously ca,rried on by cultivators. Wetand damaged cotton is packed into the Centre of finer stuffand much Jeaf B,nd dirt is present. The dry, brown leafis Hut so objectionable because it can be blown away, but itjs difficult to free the cotton from the black leaf caused bydnmp.I\Jwl1dcsll cotton seed bears a good reputation in theEuropean ma,rket, its refraotion being only 6 per cent.while that from Berar is 6~ to 7.The cultivators, as a rule, do not take away the seedduring the ginning t;eason, but just before sowing time,when they have made up their minds as to what they areto grow, they take whatever they CH,l1 get in the shape ofReed from the mounds in the compounds of the ginningfactories. A few of the more careful cultivators, however,e::;pecially those W110 farm on a large scale, bring theirReed cotton to the ginning factory, see it ginned in theirpresence, and often sell it during the process to the highestbidder. They ta,ke away tbere and then what they requirefur the next season's sowing .. Cotton EtJ)perirnel1ts a.t Sholapur.-l visited these in,J anuary in company with Mr. Patil, the Divisional Inspectorof Agriculture. The first plots seen were atMohanmala on }t1,nd owned by the late Rao Bahadur Warad.These experim~nts were started last year with the objectof n,scert~1,ining the mixture existing in the cotton fields ofthe Sholap1ll' District and also the value of the componentpn,rts () f s11('h mixtures,

94 REPOR'l' OF' 'l'T-m AGRTUlTL'I'"(TR,AT, RERRATWn,,'-

INSTT'I'U'l'F. AND COLLEGE, rUSA, FOR, 1,910-11, 95I understnnd from Mr. Patil that the experiments areto be transferred to Karml11a, about 12 miles from ,J eurStation. The villagers there luwe lost their crops throughthe use of unsuitable seed obtained locally from ginningmills, Tho cotton usually growll hy them is a mixture oflleglectnl11 wiLh n. liLtle Jowari lIatti and Upland, Thepeople prefor t.he narrow-lobed noglectum and say thatthey are willing to buy up any quantity of seed. The rainfnl1is said to he precarious and the methods of cultivationpoor so that the locality seems altogether unsuitable forhigh cJnss cottons, I !lave rrcommended that pure varietiesof neglectlUn be ohtained either from Dlmlia 01' fromA kola" We have since sent 1,300 Ills. of Varhadi seed toMr, Patil, also 150 Ihs, of Saugor-,J ari seed, an early ripeningdwarf, prolific variety, which ripens its crop at leastlthree wleeks in advance of J ari and Varhadi: I alsovisited rasure's Estate on which the Department is workingwith manurial exp~riments.The following are valuu,tiom; by Messrs. Tata Sons onsamples sent from euch of the treated plots :~Nu.Dl1s[Jriptiou of sltlll}1k1 Pint lllftllll1'ec1 with F, y,111ll11Ul'C',~ 1'101. m:1ll1l1',,

Agajn, in compmlr with Mr. Patil, 1 visited the (:'xpt~rjmentswith Broach COU(lll (~(:~Cd8 imported frolll N ava.sarilast year) neal' hlnmpnr in the Krishna Valley. This is ahighly cultivated twcl l'el'Lile tract aDd agricnltural opel'­a,tions have heeH very cttrefnl1y n,ttendecl to.In tho lirst field local .Towari Hntti and the illJportedBroach are growing side by side. Tho fotItle!' was ripening,whi Ie the btter born only iiow(ws and nnripc boDs.In another field uf imp()rted Broach, SOWIl in .Tnrw, thebolls were ripening. li'rmn tlw condit.ioI18 of the80 twotrials one sown in the end ()f ,Tnly and tlw other in ,lune, itis plainly obvious thnt no deln,y should OCCllr in the sowingof Broach COLL()l1 ill this diNtriet. l a,lso snggested thetrial of fllt.ul'i nnd Camborha in thi~ tract.The following are valuat.ions of local ,Townri Hatti nndBroach cotton growll in adjacent plots on theRe tl'jn,lH :--No,Pl'i(~n pill'"ll1l(ly.ltKMAUKIl.1 [f the ~r.Cfl iR BL'ngnl, it. ll:trl ""dlLinly ilHl'l'OV(',l ill 1,,11111111\11',;oil 111111 lo()k~ 11101'[\ iiI", l\[i"nj "OU,OIl.--lt~~--';;:15 \VOKj,UI'Il st',VI ...2 ~'lnll'l'l'nHlrlc lIS 11\)0\"('; i~ iH llULLot' ill l'olIJ1ll' j,[1It1l Nn. 1:; KllowH dL't"l'iomtioll in (lOiOlll' ()lIly •4 BuLLl'I' ll101n "Nu, :; in ('1)\OUI', hut ~Iighlly ~horl;l'l' ill Hllll'll1:IKf,llitLn.N.R.-NoR. 1 anLl;3 ILl'l' JOII'ltl'i IIntti; N"", a [llllI ,I'llI'll 1'1'01Il Hl'('ll ill[P()l'~(!11 f"OIlINa,ntduI'i.}i({8is oj 111t/'ltlllinn lilli' elllltl.v :­[·'in" 1'1111'111, Chi , l~H. 380.H Bl'uneh ChI., !tH. ann,(hu)(l W"Hi.V!'II G,l.. [!.N. ;\:)1;.'(llllly of U4 Ill".)«SUll10 l'Xpel'illlCll l,S arc bci ng cond.nctud a,t N ad iad in UteKnirn Dish'jet tn ,':iolve tJlc very di1ncllJi. problem oJ' illlCl illga bettor cotton Lhan the local Rosi.Three varieties H,l'C at present nnd(~r trial; BOllrholl,fllm1'ii, and Cmnhodin:-nO'l!1'/ion.-This wns the second yt'Hl' of its growth.During t.lle IirHt yoar' .it yielded 400 lb8. of s(1('dcottOll pet' nero, Hncolld yenr, 1,000 Hm. or senq

LNs'rT'l'UTB AND COLL1W11i1, 'PTTRA, Jl'OH 1m 0-11.cotton prr aC1'8. The second yen,r's growth wasextremely satisfactory, so much so that thebranches had intermixed and it was impossibleto go into the field. It remained to be seenwhether after pruning (third year) the ontturnis maintained.Bh11ri.-This was sown in May under irrigation onlyuntil the rains broke; outtUI'll 1,100 1bs. of seedcotton per acre.Cam,bodia.-Sown in May under irrigation likeBliuri; outturn 800 Ibs. of seed cotton per acre.It seems that both Rltu1'i and Camhodia should he establishedbefore t.he rains to reap a good harvest. It wasgathered that cuhivators from the neighbourhood occasionallyvisited the farm and were satisfied with the growth,outtnrn, etc., and as a consequence of this the Superintendenthas received many requisitions for the supply of seedof all the three varieties mentioned above.Samples were valued by Messrs. Tata, Sons & Co, asfollows :-Rs.Fine Sur atN'avasari .400' 380' } pCI' cant 1 y 0 f~()OFine Broach .78~1 Ibs.Valulltion of NI1

!l8 REPOR'l' OF THE AQRIOUJ/1'URA 1, RliJSEARCHMadras Cottons.Good work is being done in the SOllthern Districts 0 f thePresidency judging from the samples of selected cottonswhich were sent to 1110 for valuation.These wore adjudged by the Directors of the Bonabn,yCotton Ass oci a,tion , Limited, who remarked that all thesamples showed nice clean cotton (l,nd the differences inpric8 is all practically due to staple. That the KarungannisaInpks are lIW1'e suitable fot' WClwing mfll~ than tl10Uppn,111 ::>amples, hnt both styles should snit hnycrs for export[Lnd local consumption.The following is their det[dled report :-Ramp1cR ()f cotton 'from MadraR slllnujttcd by the Imperia]Cotton Specialist :-IktRis--Fine M. G. BroachFino M. G. Nnvnsal'i .".,li'jlle O. F. ~einnovcllyRs.350:17'6----"-=---------------------~------~----------------ApprOl;:illHtt~murlwt valuoin TIs.IJorDescriptioIl.carllly of'784, lUB. losa1}1 pOt· cont.discount.Rl])Il"AnICS.---------------------------1 ----1------"--_____ _UPP£!1n Variety.'~14[)1 U Onliu:try field crop2 U Podig-t·oo UppUU1 •3U Ditto331} RatilOr hUl'sh itllstaplo ; voryclouIl.Stuplo rathol' lwtt,or I.lutllNo. t.'I·UDittoDitto.r, !T DiU,)lliU,o.flUDittoDit(:o.7UDitb0ni~lo.-------------------'---_._._--

.t.NS'l'I'l'O'l'E AND COLLEGE, PTfSA, I!'OI{' 1010-11.UH-----r---------------~----~------------I ApIlroximatolll:trlret valuein Us. perDc~criptiOll.calldyor7i:i4 Ill •. lessu} pPl' cont.di"cUlllli.KIlTltngnrmi Variely.II\:2 KilK4KoKOK7KS KOK10 KllK12 K13 KIi: If·Karuuganlli ol'uinnry field cropPOCligl'OO K I1rllllgfLllui. .Ditto •SelectllU KarUllgmllliDitto •Pccligl'CO Kal'unganniDiLLoDiUoDittoTlitLoDittoDittoDittoDittoDitto3,1,53-1i:;3,t53453433503453453503403453703703753BOSilky stfLlllc.Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.DiLto,Irl'cgulnr in staple.St!lpio l'athel' il'l'egllhu'.St"plc gOOcl1l1ll1 silky.Dittu.DiUo,Long sil ky st!Lple, cxcelleut"spinning cottOll,Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.It will be 8eon from the above that the selections havebeen valued almost in their correct order by Mr. Sa.mpson.Bengal Cottons.I visited the Experimental Station at Chinsurah andfurnished the following report, which was based on an inspectionand discussion with Mr. Smith, Deputy Directorof Agriculture.The first plots seen were of Cambodia and Bhuri cottons,one-fifth of an acre each_ These were on well-drainedraised land and their condition was very satisfactory in­'deed. As explained to me, I gathered that this class of landis very rare jn the province, its height above the generallevel being due to an accumulation of silt and weeds thrownnp while oxmtvating tanks. It is the most suitable of soilsfor plantains, etc., and we can scarcely expect a cotton oropto compete with these in value. The second series of plotsvisited were of the same oottons on paddy land, lying at thegcncrullevel. The plants were unthriHy and showed clis~tinct signs uf damage by water-logging earlier in the sea-

lUI) ll,EPOIt'l' 0[1' 'l'HI~ AURWULTURAll ltW:lKAUUtlSOIl. Practically no crop had huen produced [Llld the immaturebolls were shrivelling. Tho plots of indigenollsvarieties were only just uoming into flower. This menllSthu,t bolls could only lJO ripened during the hot weatber,and as their produce at the best would on'ly be equal to tllOmost inferior Berar or Khandesh cotton, they ttre soarcelywort}) troubling with in [I, tract which grows more highlyremunerative crops, snuh as rieo and j nte. DashUa n,TlUHhogila arc still la.ter and the length of time they occupythe ground is a scriouf:) objeution to thoir uultiva.tio!l. Itis to be regretted that the primitivD people of Ohuti;1 Nagpurcannot be induced to extend the uultiva,tioll of :mlUl'j_cotton in their country, but, so far as they arc cOIwerlwd,there is probably no material incentive for them to so exertthemselves.All the Indian varjeties of cotton have now been triedin the deltaic area of Bengal., LWeI Lho inevitable eonclusionto be dra,wn from the oxperience thus on,rued is tlmt theGOl1ditiol1s of soil and climate are not in [my way suitablefoI' cotton cultivation, nnd I canIlot recommend that experimentswith a view to introduue their uultUl'C should bope],severed with.The following RIlUlplcs frlllll Chi m.; IlI.'H,h , Bengal, we!.'okindly reported on for me hy Messrs, Ta,ta, Sons & Co, ofBomlmy:-No.Naill!'.Pl'jeo pCI', I HI'iMAlll,a.IJIllley •!l llhtlri •B 1J()~hilll.. I 't'1I0 coU

iNSTITU'fE AND cOLLj~aE, l'USA, FOR IDlO-ll. 101It will thus be seen that no very remunerative cottunhas as yet been established in BengaLPiln/nb Cottons.Excellent results a.re being attained by Mr. Milne, tIleEconomic Botanist, as wiH be seen from tlm account publishedin his progress report and by the Bdtish CottonGrowing Association, Manchester. It was considered that161 A. F. ,vas the best, while Pride of Georgia comiIlgsecond is nearly equal by 199 E., 220 F., and King's Cottonis slightly lower than the last three. The reports on theindigenous cottons are not so favourable. It is to be hopedthat the extension in the cultivatioll of the higher dRSScottons in the Punjab will be persevered with.Val'llations.-All samples received were submitted toMessrs. Tata, SOIlS & Co., Bombay, for valuation. Cordialacknowledgment is due to these gentlemen for theirkindness and promptitude in giving opinions all cottonswhenever submitted to them.Some samples were also submitted to the Bombay Chamberof Commerce, to whom thanks are also due.P1'ogmrnrne oj 'Wode JOT 1911-12.-1. To visit and advisoon points regarding cotton and its cultivation wheneverrequested to do so by Provincial Departments or Agriculture.2. By special invitation of tho Department of AgricllltUl'e,I>unjab, to report on the work done in the way ofcotton improvement ill that province. The question of thedistribution of seeds of improved val'ieties will be furtherdiscussed with the propel' authorities in the Oontral Provincesand Bombay Presidency.3. The study of the behaviour of Bourbon, Bll-uri,and stwh other cottons in non-cotton producing tractsll8 detailed in my last year's programme will be contimled.4. Tho conditions of cotton cultivation ill KathiaWH1'l1nd adjacent parts would be investigated.5. All enquiry will Le commenced on the manurial fe·q LUl' l)!IWnts of lJottOl1.

102 REPORT Ol!' 'rim Acim. m!JRIMltCll iNS'I'I'l'ITTJ'l I!'on l!JW·l1.Al'iicle on Caravonlea Cotton. Agricultural ,TU1l1'JJal of India"Vol. V, ParL III.The present position and prospects of Cotion Cultivatiou inIndia. ]!'or thc Intel'natioual COllgI'CSS of ':ProIJical Agl'iculiul'C,13 l'lUJsels , May, 1910.

CAT.CUTrASU~EmNTENDIilNT OOVERN~[JiJNT PRINTINO, INDIA8, IIAS!ONOS STlIEE'T