the first and most basic question is theradar reflectivity of gliders. The Ministryof Aviation must obviously be satisfiedon this point if gliders are to be integratedinto the system, and for thisreason they have placed a contract withthe Marconi Company for research intothis problem. The results of this researchhave not yet come in but a recent pressrelease from Marconi indicated that theyare experimenting with metal foil appliedexternally on some of the glider surfaces.H. C. N. G.HOW TO FALL OUT OF A CLOUDWITHOUT REALLY TRYINGBy RAYMOND JONESSK the average pundit bow he managesto maintain his balance andAhe will probably either give you a blanklook, or muller some incoherent nonsenseabout semi-circular canals in theinner ear. It is generally regarded thatthese organs in the inner ear are mainlyresponsible for keeping the human framethe right wa,y up. This, however, is onlyhalf the story.Few people are aware of the veryimportant part played by the eyes inmaintaining balance, a large proportionof the information received by the brainfrom the inner ear being modified, ifnot completely reversed, by informationreceived from the -eyes. Experience hastaught us that we should be parallel totrees and buildings, and perpendicular tothe ground; so we unconsciously maintainthis position when moving about. Sogreat is the part played by the eyes thatI would even venture to suggest that theyare the body's most important organ ofbalance. Without going into a detailedstudy of the anatomy of the inner ear,let us see why this is so. I feel that alittle understanding of the situation maybe of some help to pilots contemplatingtheir first attempt at cloud flying.Briefly, there are three semi-circularcanals. and these constitute the mainbalancing organ in the inner ear. Eachcanal is perpendicular to the other two,and is itself in either a vertical or ahorizontal plane. One end of each canalopens into a roughly spherical chamberwith a number of sensitive hairs attachedto the inside wall. The whole canal isfilled with fluid. The jdea is that, whenthe head moves in any direction, thefluid tends to get left behind due to itsinertia, the hairs therefore being de-46flected. An electrical impulse is triggeredoff and this carries the relevant ,codedinformation to the brain.All very nice. However, if the motioncontinues, the fluid catches up and thebairs return to their normal position. Anelectrical impulse is :\gain sent to thebrain indicating, this time incorrectly, thatthe motion has stopped. When themotion does in fact stop. the inertia ofthe fluid tends to make it carry on, thehairs being deflected the other way.Once again a message is faithfully transmittedto the brain indicating, again incorrectly.motion in the opposite direction.It can be seen therefore that, statistically.approximately two-thirds of theinformation reeeived by the brain fromthe inner ear is incorrect. We are not,ho~ever, blissfully ignorant of ourmovements for approximately two-thirdsof the time. This is because, wheneverincorrect information from the inner earreaches the brain, it is politely rejectedin favour of correct information receivedfrom the eyes. Over a long period tilebrain has become c-onditioned into acceptingas correct, information from theeyes, whenever it conflicts with that fromother organs of orientation. So strongare the overriding visual impressionstbat we are not normally even aware ofthe false sensations from the inner ear,unless the rate of change of motion isvery vio lent,H we close our eyes, we are left tothe me~cy of our semi-circular canals.These are, however, merciless; just trygoing into a 360· turn with the eyesclosed, and then coming out, Qpemngyour eyes only when you think your
wings ar~ lewel. If you can do thisreasonably well twice in succession. Jrespectfully suggest that you are eitherdeformed or a very good cheat.When cloud-flying., one has to replace'the normal familiar image with a lessfamiliar one. If an artificial horizon isused, no great difficulty is encountered,since the "isual image is then "ery similar"to the one that would normally beexperienced. A few minutes' practice isnormll11y all that is required for thebrain to become conditioned into unconditionallyaccepting the indications ofthe instrument. But how many highperformanceclub aircraft are fitted withan artificial horizon? Potential p\.mditsall too often have to have their preliminaryinstruction (if they have any) in theT-21 fitted only with a turn-and-slipindicator. Here ,one has to relate one'sposition in space to a pair of very agilehut unco-operative pointers, and to anA.S.l. that is often prone to attacks ofepilepsy. The result .is that our buddingyoung pundit successfully manages tocome screaming out of the bottom ofhis cloud after only a minute or twoduring his first few attempts.The trouble is that the false sensationsof motion can be so strong thatthe brain does not know whether toaccept them, or the "isual interpretationof position in space. There lies a hiddendanger here since, when this happens,some people are prone to attacks ofnausea similar to airsickness. This conditionusually only occurs when thereare equal but conflicting impressionsfrom two separate organs of orientation.It is interesting to note here that it isalmost impossible for a pilot to makehimself airsick while he is in full controlof the aircraft, no matter how many,violent manoeuvres he mllY perform,even if he is prone to the condition whenflying as a ,passenger. This is because heis constantly aware of his attitude, the"isual interpretation of PQsition overridingany false sen~tions from hisinner ear.How can our young pundits benefitfrom this knowledge? The importantthing to realise is that, when moving,about, we are continuously subjected tothese false sensations from the inner ear.The brain, however, has ower a longpcriod been conditioned into disregard-Series production of the hig~-performanee sailplane "STANDARD-AU5TRIA SW'With retractable wheel (ground clearance 9~-") approved type certificateAn elegant sailplane with a reputation for a surpassing surface quality,Write for technical data I1nd
- Page 1 and 2: SA LP A&GLIDIGFebruary - March 1965
- Page 3 and 4: SAILPLANE& GLIDINGOFFICIAL ORGAN OF
- Page 5 and 6: 1965 WORLD G,LIDINGCHAMPIONSHIPSHE
- Page 7 and 8: FRED SLINGSBY'S RETIREMENTANY are t
- Page 9 and 10: D-34(o)D·36Polyt 3Kria7
- Page 11 and 12: dead into sun, and the haze made VI
- Page 13 and 14: its normal position lies very near
- Page 15 and 16: well that you should understand how
- Page 17 and 18: TESTING A SOVIET DISCOPLANEBy V. IV
- Page 19 and 20: cursed. The designer looked despond
- Page 21 and 22: SECOND NEW ZEALAND CHAMPIONSHIPSHOO
- Page 23 and 24: •Official rest day.three pilots a
- Page 25 and 26: 1965 COURSES AT LASHAMHE 196'5 cour
- Page 27 and 28: LEE WAVE uGEN" FOR AEROPLANE PILOTS
- Page 29 and 30: of the Sheffield gale. The other is
- Page 31 and 32: IT wasn't just having to get used t
- Page 33 and 34: change, my man," I sa.id grandly, a
- Page 35 and 36: outes. It's all a snare and a delus
- Page 37 and 38: electrical horizons 'have complete
- Page 39 and 40: Finally, the turn-and-slip indicato
- Page 41 and 42: 1964 KRONFELD ART EXHIBITION AND196
- Page 43 and 44: Loi61U ;nOrder Pi/or Points 1964 Or
- Page 45 and 46: RHODESIA'S FIRST 500 KILOMETERSBy E
- Page 47 and 48: 2-3~ en154.2'-'5-0 IDID6 0 en~c7
- Page 49 and 50: JIy30-40506"0 70 8"0 9"0I I I I, eq
- Page 51: BRITISH GLIDING ASSOCIATION NEWSCHI
- Page 55 and 56: T" T I G" I. 1.111 Y 11 74'0THEKRON
- Page 57 and 58: as the squall struck us, about half
- Page 59 and 60: about 3,000 feet, at which altitude
- Page 61 and 62: TRUE FLIGHT-A FABLEBy M. BIRDOOKING
- Page 63 and 64: iBOOK REVIEW•Great Flights and Ai
- Page 65 and 66: will go on into the foreseeable fut
- Page 67 and 68: I feel that the home-made winch wil
- Page 69 and 70: FOR SALE (contd.)T.3IB, C. of A. fr
- Page 71 and 72: BLACKPOOL AND FYLDEP"e.~enratioll o
- Page 73 and 74: which we had from the Shaw Slingsby
- Page 75 and 76: able piece ef Club equipment was bu
- Page 77 and 78: And still he wasn't satisfied, this
- Page 79 and 80: As usual, Lasham continues to opera
- Page 81 and 82: to his usual standard. The surprise
- Page 83 and 84: Margate before setting off in Sky.)
- Page 85 and 86: CHEVIOTS (Acklington)SINCE our last
- Page 87 and 88: a gliding record. He made his first
- Page 89 and 90: The Boomerang.from a light-weight a
- Page 91 and 92: The Club's order for a Ka-6 waschan
- Page 93 and 94: Lindner, of Teek, with 2,434.2. - A
- Page 95 and 96: A Gliding Holiday io Kentwith the K