LECTURES ON GEOCHEMICAL !N1 ERPRETATION OF ...

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- 34 -tempe~atu~e in kelvins. Molal solubilities (m) of amo~hous silica inthe tempe~ature range 90 0 to 340·C at the vapor pressure of the solutionand at 1000 bars can be calculated using equations (19) and (20) (fromFou~ier and Marshall, 1983) .V.P. solution log m: -6.116 + (0.01625 T) -(1.758 x 10- 5 T2)- 9 3+ (5.257 x 10 T)(19)1000 bars log ~ = -7.010 + (0.02285 T) - (3.262 x 10- 5 T2)(20)The solubility of amorphous silica in saline solutions (m ) at temperastures ranging from 100· to 340·C. and pressures ranging from the vaporpressure of the solution to about 1000 bars can be calculated usingequations (21) and (22) where p is the density of the saline solution.spO is the density of pure water at any given temperature and the indicatedpressure (obtained from steam tables), and m· is the molal solubility inpure water obtained from equation (19) for the vapor pressure of the solution,and from equation (20) for 1000 bars (Fournier and Marshall, 1983).log m :: - n log p F + n log p. ( ) + log mD ( )s s v .p. v . p.(21)[log m· - log m· J(1000 bar) (v.p. )n (22)[log pO(1000 ba
- 35 -other hand? an increase in pH accompanying adiabatic cooling may affect thesilica scaling potential of a solution. so the effect of pH on the solubilityof silica should be considered.Dissolved silica hydrolyzes to fo~ silicic acid. "48i04' and some ofthis silicic acid dissociates,+ (23)The degree of dissociation of silicie aeid as a funetion of pH can bedetermined as follows, where square brackets denote activities of theindicated species. Kl is the first dissociation constant, ~ is molality,y is the activity coefficient. and T is temperature in kelvins:- +rH Si0 3 4J rH J1(24)("4 81°.- - pHm. "381°4 x 10@. ".S10.xy H3SiO~Y ".810.(25)Values of y H4SiO~can be calculated using the Oebye- Huckel equation.When m. "481°4 is dete ~ ined using equation (14) and substituting - log pFfo~log V. the value of y H Si0 is unity.4 4Values of Kl in the temperature range 0 to 350·C can be calculatedusing the following equation:- log "J. = - 631.8144 - .2961 T + .000133266 T2+ 16705.03/T + 267.6478 log T (26 )For most natural thermal waters values of pH are too low for the seconddissociation of silicic acid to be important. and~ Sl02 (total)(21)+ 1
Page 1 and 2: ,. ,O~KUSTOFNUNNATIONAL ENER GY AUT
Page 3 and 4: PREFACESince the foundation of the
Page 5 and 6: P~eTHE SOLUBILITY OF SILICA IV HYDR
Page 7: - 1 -CARBONATE TRANSPORT AND DEPOSI
Page 10 and 11: - 4ca~bonic acid (Table 3). Equatio
Page 12 and 13: - 6 -Values of y a~ewater and the r
Page 14 and 15: - 8 -The s implest equation ~ep~ese
Page 16 and 17: - 10 -c0"0"'0>,'"0>>-.- .D"0"'Q)Q'"
Page 18 and 19: - 12 -The effect of partitioning of
Page 20 and 21: - 14 -FIGURE 5. The computed activi
Page 22 and 23: - 16 -REFEREYCESA~o~sson.S .• 191
Page 24 and 25: TABLE 2.Coefficients for use with e
Page 26 and 27: - 20 -TABLE 4. Values of ionie cnar
Page 28 and 29: - 22 -vapor pressure of pure water
Page 30 and 31: - 24 -Figure 2 shows the solubility
Page 32 and 33: - 26 -TABLE 2. Temperatures, enthal
Page 34 and 35: - 28 -800600~ci>E 400NoVi200o 500 1
Page 36 and 37: - 30 -800~ 600"- 0>E 400NoVi200o 50
Page 38 and 39: - 32 -has an enthalpy L , and the r
Page 42 and 43: - 36 -SILICA SCALING POT ENTIAL AS
Page 44 and 45: - 38 -and no silica scaling will oc
Page 46 and 47: - 41 -CATION GEOTHERKOKETRYRobert O
Page 48 and 49: - 43 -fo~ dilute solutions). Thus,
Page 50 and 51: - 45 -3.002.50~ 2.00Q-;"1.50z~g-' 1
Page 52 and 53: - 47 -whe~e ~ is 1/3 fo~ wate~s equ
Page 54 and 55: - 49 -Kg concent~ations in geotherm
Page 56 and 57: - 51 -Na/l00070IMMATURE WATERSK/l00
Page 58 and 59: - 53 -CONCLUSIONSIn evaluating cati
Page 60 and 61: 55CONVECTION AS A MECHANISM FOR TRA
Page 62 and 63: 57and mainly wi thin interconnectin
Page 64 and 65: 59During drilling, the mud weight r
Page 66 and 67: 61TABLE 2. Calculation of specific
Page 68 and 69: 63REFERENCESG~iffiths.R.W., 1981. L
Page 70 and 71: 66Temperature __, t 1/
Page 72 and 73: 68crystallizing about 0.1 km 3 of r
Page 74 and 75: 70usually to the side along a ~ift
Page 76 and 77: 72Although the above calculations a

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