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Neil Revill was born in County Durham, in the northernpart of the UK, in August 1972. He spent his school yearstraveling between Royal Air Force bases in Germany and England,where his father was stationed. By 1988, he was living inLos Angeles. In October 2001, a small-time drug dealer namedArthur Davodian and his girlfriend, Kimberly Crayton, werestabbed to death. Davodian was found decapitated. Accordingto the prosecution, Neil was the last person to be seen with thecouple; as such, he was charged with their murder. Neil hasalways maintained his innocence.Reprieve, a nonprofit capital defense organization, becameinvolved in Neil’s case. Reprieve worked closely with the Britishgovernment and Neil’s public defenders to secure an agreementfrom the prosecution that they would not seek the death penalty.In March 2011, after six days of deliberation, Neil was convictedand sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility ofparole. Reprieve continues to assist on Neil’s case in the courseof his appeals.Could Your Client Be Entitledto Foreign Nationality?ABA Guideline 10.6A provides that “Counsel at every stage ofthe case should make appropriate efforts to determine whetherany foreign country might consider the client to be one of itsnationals,” urging counsel to investigate fully the possibility thatsome country might be willing to assist the defendant.Indeed, the determination of nationality may require someeffort by counsel. Foreign citizenship legislation can be surprisinglyflexible, sometimes allowing a person whose overseasconnections go back generations—even to grandparents orgreat-grandparents—to have their nationality recognized. Somecountries have “right of return” clauses to facilitate the reunionof a diaspora. For example, descendants of German nationalswho were deprived of their citizenship on political, racial, orreligious grounds between 1933 and 1945 can have their Germancitizenship recognized. Residents of former colonies maybe entitled to recognition as a national of the colonizing nation.Linda Carty, for instance, is a British woman on death row inTexas. She was born on the Caribbean island of St. Kitts andNevis, and her mother was born on the neighboring island ofAnguilla, a former British protectorate. Because of this, Lindais a British national, and she has been receiving substantial assistancefrom the British government.Opportunities Arisingfrom Foreign NationalityForeign nationality brings with it a whole range of unique opportunitiesfor effectively representing your client. Engagingthe weight of a foreign government in your client’s case canfacilitate access to extremely persuasive mitigation evidence,as well as other resources that can be utilized by the defenseteam to great advantage.Many countries place an extremely high priority on theirright to provide consular services to their detained nationals,particularly where the individual is facing a death sentence.Consuls have the power to provide a wide range of humanitarianand other assistance. This can include facilitating funds to thedefense team, assisting with records collection and investigationabroad, identifying expert witnesses, enlisting the diplomaticassistance of their country to communicate with the State Departmentand international and domestic tribunals (e.g., throughamicus curiae briefs), providing culturally appropriate resourcesto explain the legal procedures of the detaining country, providinginterpreters, arranging for contact with family and friends,and generally acting as a cultural bridge between the detaineeand their defense team.This assistance can bring critical resources to bear on thepenalty phase of trial by humanizing the defendant in front ofthe jury in a culturally sensitive way. Consular officials may alsomake representations to the prosecutor, asserting the country’sinterests in avoiding the death penalty for its national and providingreasons why a death sentence is not appropriate in thatparticular case. Engaging the consulate can make the differencebetween a foreign national facing death or a lesser sentence.The Vienna Conventionon Consular RelationsThe right to consular assistance is contained in Article 36 ofthe Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (the “VCCR”), amultilateral treaty ratified unconditionally by the United Statesin 1969. Under its provisions, an obligation rests on local authoritiesto promptly inform detained or arrested foreign nationalsof their right to communicate with their consulate. At therequest of the foreign national, local authorities must contactthe consulate and permit consular communication and access.However, law enforcement authorities frequently fail tocomply with their obligations under the VCCR. Any such failureis likely to have both practical and legal implications for a detainedforeign national. As a legal matter, a breach of the VCCRcan give rise to a claim on behalf of your client. Reprieve canassist counsel in drafting motions that raise these violations. Itis also worth noting that diplomatic conflict over internationallaw violations can be a factor the prosecution considers in determiningwhether to agree to a non-death resolution of a case.