Indigenous Group(Language Family);ReferencesCentral Coast Salish:Squamish, Halkomelem,Nooksack, Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Straits,and Clallam (Salish)(Suttles 1990: 463-465;Hill-Tout 1900:491)Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Coast Salish:Sechelt, Comox (Salish);(Barnett 1955: 25; Kennedyand Bouchard 1983: 64,1990: 447)Nuxalk (Salish) (Kennedyand Bouchard 1990: 325-330)Nuu-Chah-Nulth, Ditidaht(Wakashan) (Arima andDewhirst 1990: 399-401)Kwakwaka’wakw,(Wakashan) (Daisy Sewid-Smith, Chief Adam Dick;Codere 1990: 364; Galois,1994)Notations on <strong>Land</strong> and Resource ProprietorshipA range of tenure and ownership, from generalcommunity use and occupancy to family control; ingeneral, members of a kin group, descendants from acommon notable ancestor, shared inherited rights toresources, such as fishing sites, and o<strong>the</strong>r property; <strong>the</strong>management of resources was often by a designated chiefor household head; permission to use by o<strong>the</strong>rs requiredfrom <strong>the</strong> owners; in many instances <strong>the</strong>re were noexclusive rights recognized for individuals or families;resource use rights, when <strong>the</strong>y did occur, were inheritedthrough both parental lines (see Detailed Model)Extended family units, “local groups” or lineagessometimes owned and controlled specific resourceharvesting sites, such as fishing sites, over various partsof <strong>the</strong> group’s territory; most lands were used andoccupied communally; harvesting sites sometimesinherited within families; inheritance through bothparental linesTerritories and specific resource harvesting sites within<strong>the</strong>m owned and controlled by lineages or descentgroups, those having a common ancestor as determinedfrom a single origin story with authority invested in achief or o<strong>the</strong>r designates (e.g. <strong>the</strong> River Guardian);bilateral kinship, with people often claiming membershipand privileges of more than one descent group; onlysome men had ancestral prerogatives to be professionalhunters; ownership of fish weirs originally by descentgroups, but more recently by individualsAll resource sites and designated territories owned bylocal groups, and <strong>the</strong>ir use specifically controlled anddirected by hereditary chiefs; chiefs received a tributefrom all those using <strong>the</strong>ir resource sites, and wereexpected to hold a feast with <strong>the</strong>se goods. Rights toresources and o<strong>the</strong>r property could be accessed by gift,by marriage or in war or were inherited by one or morechildren, usually males (see Detailed Model)over 30 tribes, each made up of (usually) three or moreclans (numayms), membership in which was determinedby descent from a common supernatural ancestor asrecounted in origin stories; each clan owned house sitesin <strong>the</strong> village and various resource harvesting sites aswell as o<strong>the</strong>r property; <strong>the</strong>se were held underproprietorship of <strong>the</strong> hereditary chief; each tribe had4
easily accessible food resources; members traveled over awide area by canoe to access specific resource sites of itsclans; bilateral kinship heredity meant that a family couldclaim multiple resource harvesting areasHeiltsuk, Haihais,Oowekeeno (Wakashan);(Hilton 1990: 316-317)Haisla (Wakashan)(Hamori-Torok 1990: 308-309)Haida (Haida) (Blackman1990: 248-252)Tlingit (Alaska; Tlingit) (deLaguna 1990: 212-213)Coast Tsimshian, SouthTsimshian, Gitxsan, Nisga’a(Tsimshian) (Halpin andSeguin 1990: 274-276; Dalyand Vast ms. 1999; GisdayWa and Delgam Uukw1989; Weinstein 1994)Wit’suwit’en (Athapaskan)(Daly and Vast ms. 1999;Gisday Wa and DelgamUukw 1989; Weinstein1994)Tahltan, Kaska, Tagish,Dene-thah, Dunne-za,Basic social/political unit was a lineage, local group,whose members were descended from a commonancestor but mainly, determined by residence; manyresource sites were owned and controlled by suchlineages, represented by hereditary chiefs. Use rightswere also controlled by families within <strong>the</strong> local group orby crest groups or clans (not strictly exogamous ormatrilineal, as in <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn Nations). <strong>The</strong> local groupssometimes combined into tribesSix matrilineal exogamous clans (Eagle, Beaver, Raven,Orca/Blackfish, Salmon/Wolf and Crow, held territorialrights and controlled rights to harvest resourcesLineages or families, headed by hereditary chief (about50 lineages within Raven and Eagle exogamous moietiesor clans) owned and controlled resource rights, includingsalmon spawning streams, patches of edible plants, cedartree stands and bird nesting areas, as well as house sitesand houses. Territories and harvest sites could betransferred through gift or debt from one lineage toano<strong>the</strong>r; inheritance matrilinealLineages, or clans (about 30, within Raven andWolf/Eagle exogamous moieties) and under <strong>the</strong>m,houses, possessed territories including resource rights;Clan chiefs and “house owners” were administrators of<strong>the</strong> group’s property; could assign fishing spots, controlhunting seasons; territories could be gifted or taken inwar; inheritance was matrilinealLineages or houses (wa.lp, or wilp) within fourexogamous tribes or clans of matrilineal descent were <strong>the</strong>owners of fishing, hunting and ga<strong>the</strong>ring territories andlocalities, with rights, control and responsibilitiesinvested in <strong>the</strong> chief and his (or rarely her) counselorchiefs on behalf of <strong>the</strong> group. Use rights were oftengifted or taken as payment for debtsClosely follows Gitxsan traditions; tracts of land held bya house group (yex) of matrilineal kin, with rights andresponsibilities invested in <strong>the</strong> chief and or her counselorchiefs on behalf of <strong>the</strong> groupExogamous family groups as basic camp clusters orhunting groups with larger seasonal ga<strong>the</strong>rings. Control5
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- Page 24 and 25: Barnett, Homer G. 1955. The Coast S
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