An ergonomic assessment of the airline baggage handler

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11The spine is made up of 33 vertebrae. Vertebrae are bony segments stacked ontop of each other connecting the upper spine to the pelvis arranged in five sections. Thecervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal make up those five sections. The lumbarsegment contains five vertebrae, named sections L1 through L5, respectively. This is theorigination site of most back pain. Ligaments, cartilage, and muscle work together tomaintain the vertebrae in proper position. This system provides enormous strength andflexibility, helping to support body weight and maintain an upright position and balance.Also, this section of the back absorbs a large part of the lifting force that the body andback encounters during material handling.Each vertebra consists of a thick cylindrical hollow-core bone from which threebony pieces protrude out. The bony structures join with those of the adjacent vertebrae ata point called a facet joint. When a section of the vertebrae is thrown out of alignment,the facet can press on nerve tissue causing pain and discomfort. Normally when the
12vertebrae are aligned, their centers form a canal, which the spinal cord and nerves passthrough connecting the cord to the body's network of nerves.Ligaments and muscles help form the connection of the vertebrae. This systemprovides strength and stability while also allowing a range of flexibility. Strains(muscle) or sprains (ligaments) of these structures within the system are a commonsource of low back pain.The lower back contains six vertebral discs that protect the lumbar vertebrae,while also serving as cushioning shock absorbers and stabilizers. The vertebral disk ismade up of the nucleus pulposis, a soft jelly-like center, and the fibrous armularis, a toughfibrous outer portion of surrounding the nucleus. As the discs become worn formmovement and activity, i.e. material handling such as baggage handling, discs maydegenerate under stress or as a result of the normal aging process. Vertebral fractures orpressure from protruding disks at the point where nerves pass through spinal openingscan impinge or pinch the nerves, causing damage and pain. Figure 2.3 provides aschematic illustration of the spinal nerve pinching by herniated disk.The spinal cord passes through the vertebrae canal allowing for transmission ofelectrical signals from the brain to the skeletal muscles of the body. Spinal nerves flowthrough the spinal foramen between each set of vertebral bodies. If the spinal cord,nerves or vertebral housing is damaged from some type of trauma, or overuse throughexcess material handling, compression and or impingement of the spinal nerves maypotentially result causing pain, numbness, or loss of function of the body parts, which itinnervates.
Page 5: AN ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENTOF THE AIRLI
Page 8 and 9: BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHAuthor: Stephen
Page 10 and 11: ACKNOWLEDGMENTI would like to expre
Page 12 and 13: TABLE OF CONTENTS(Continued)Chapter
Page 14 and 15: CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1 Baggage Ha
Page 16 and 17: 31.2.2 Author's PreparationMany tim
Page 18 and 19: 5way in and out of the work area. T
Page 20: 71.3.4.4 Evidence of No Effect of W
Page 23: Figure 2.1 Principle muscle groups
Page 27 and 28: 14which obesity, poor conditioning,
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2.4 Musculature of the Later
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.5 Anatomy of the Shoulder
Page 33 and 34: CHAPTER 3LITERATURE REVIEWS3.1 Summ
Page 35 and 36: 22loading and unloading of narrow-b
Page 37 and 38: 24When the safety professionals wer
Page 39 and 40: 26exceeded 70lbs (32kg). However, 1
Page 41: 28slowing changing along the landsc
Page 44 and 45: 31aircraft on the tarmac, the bagga
Page 46 and 47: 33baggage handlers with 111 (71%) p
Page 48 and 49: 35In response to the training quest
Page 50 and 51: 37question about loading the wide b
Page 52 and 53: 39combinations were calculated. Eac
Page 54 and 55: 41participants from the Royal Dutch
Page 56 and 57: 43The heights, angles, and velociti
Page 58 and 59: 45placed on various joints on the b
Page 60 and 61: 47The purpose of introducing the pi
Page 62 and 63: 493.6 Back Belt LiteratureThe notio
Page 64 and 65: 51It was out of this necessity for
Page 66 and 67: 53The fleet service clerks, or bagg
Page 68 and 69: 55increase in TAP can increase the
Page 70 and 71: 57A concern for this study is the m
Page 72 and 73: 59A body chart diagram to assess wo
Page 74 and 75:
615.2 The Future of Baggage Handlin
Page 76 and 77:
635.2.1 Workstation RedesignThe wor
Page 78 and 79:
65injury because the top and lower
Page 80 and 81:
67baggage handlers as well as aviat
Page 82 and 83:
APPENDIXMODEL FOR FUTURE BAGGAGE HA
Page 85 and 86:
INSTRUCTION: PLEASE CIRCLE WHICH BO
Page 87 and 88:
74[12] Harman, E A, Rosenstein, RM,
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An ergonomic assessment of the airline baggage handler

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