Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfarefield sanitation and, 83–85first airplane gas attacks on American forces (exhibit), 26first projector attack on the AEF (exhibit), 26“gas fright” syndrome, 82gas mask development, 18, 19, 80, 561–562historical summary of chemical warfare agents used in (table),38–41hospitalized casualties, in percentages by causative weapon(figure), 85incapacitating agent use, 443, 455initial responses to gas attacks, 82–85map of Belgian-French border (figure), 16map of western Europe (figure), 13medical personnel as victims, 101–102mustard agent use, 2–3, 15, 18, 20–21, 25–26, 27, 260, 261–262,530phosgene use, 2, 734prewar intelligence and the Second Battle of Ypres, 79–82profiles of chemists (exhibit), 15Royal Army Medical Corps role, 85–89six chlorine-phosgene cloud attacks: British casualties December1915-August 1916 (table), 83Spanish influenza and, 101trichloromethyl chloroformate use, 20US experience with chemical warfare, 21–42World War IIcapture and detainment of German military scientists in OperationDustbin, 51capture of soman research documents, 51chemical weapon delivery system improvements, 120demilitarization of captured weapons, 54German gas reserves, 104–105Germany’s experimental testing of chemical and biologicalwarfare agents in concentration camps, 105, 157nerve agents and, 3, 48no-first-use policy on chemical weapons, 51–52sea dumping of captured chemical weapons, 54smoke and flames agents and, 104Zyklon B use in Nazi concentration camps, 15, 51, 105, 373,397, 656Worldwide NBC Mask Handbook, 561Wound decontaminationgeneral considerations, 538initial decontamination, 538off-gassing and, 282, 538–539thickened agents and, 538wound exploration and debridement, 539Wurtz, Charles A.discovery of cyanogen chloride, 116synthesis of tetraethyl pyrophosphate, 156tetraethyl pyrophosphate synthesis, 462-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile research, 451–452, 471Yom Kippur War. See Arab-Israeli Yom Kippur WarYperite. See Mustard agentYpres, First Battle ofstalemate result of, 14Ypres, Second Battle ofcasualties, 82chlorine gas attacks, 14–18, 21, 79–82detailed map of Ypres (figure), 17prewar intelligence and, 79–82Zante, R.phosgene research, 735Zeiler, A.G.phosgene research, 345Zhukov, Soviet Defense Ministerchemical weapons threat, 56Zinc oxidephysiological effects, 358–359toxic effects of exposure, 327Zyklon Bdevelopment of, 15use in Nazi concentration camps, 15, 51, 373, 397, 656ZXylyl bromidedevelopment and use of, 14, 17, 79“Yellow cross.” See Mustard agentYemen Civil Warchemical weapons use, 57–58, 262, 341Compromise of 1970, 58Yen, D.cyanide poisoning research, 385Yeung, D.T.human paraoxonase 1 research, 251Yih, J.P.XYlxviii