Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

Medical Aspects of Chemical WarfareSolomon, I.2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile research, 452Somanadditives for, 135aging half-time, 316assays for, 699atropine treatment, 179barrier creams and, 531behavioral effects of exposure, 176capture of research documents, 51carboxylesterase and, 246case report: accidental exposure of a man to liquid soman(exhibit), 162–163, 312central nervous system effects, 416chemical structure (figure), 694diazepam treatment, 179effect of therapy on median lethal dose in monkeys exposed tosoman (table), 199effects of soman on acetylcholinesterase activity in wholeblood from human volunteers who had taken pyridostigminebromide (figure), 706effects of soman on acetylcholinesterase activity in wholeblood from human volunteers who were given an increasingdose of huperzine A (figure), 707fetal bovine serum AChE and, 245hydrolysis pathway of sarin, soman, and cyclosarin (figure),696incapacitating effects, 416median lethal dose, 694–695molecular model (figure), 166muscle necrosis and, 318neuropsychiatric effects, 320oxime treatment and, 189plasma-derived human butyrylcholinesterase and, 245–249pulmonary system effects, 174pyridostigmine bromide pretreatment, 179, 199, 201, 704red blood cell and acetylcholinesterase protection studies usingpyridostigmine bromide and huperzine A after ex-vivoexposure to soman (table), 705seizure-related brain damage, 224–225, 226–232, 244severe exposure to, 161synthesis of, 48, 157, 693toxicity and lethality of, 47, 693toxicological studies, 322volatility of, 168Somme, Battle of the“white star” mixture of phosgene and chlorine and, 19Sommervell, Maj. William V.symptomology of gas poisoning, 91Sommervillier, Battle ofphosgene and chloropicrin attacks, 25–26Soviet Union. See also RussiaAfghanistan War and, 62Biological Weapons Convention and, 61–62capture of soman research documents, 51chemical weapons threat, 56“Foliant” chemical agent program, 3Memorandum of Understanding with the United States onprohibiting chemical weapons, 63nerve agent weaponization, 3no-first-use policy on chemical weapons during World War II,51–52sarin and tabun production, 156US-Soviet weapons destruction agreement, 138use of chemical warfare agents in the 1970s, 61–62SpainBerber war, 42–43Spanish influenzaeffects of, 101Speer, Albertviews on chemical warfare, 49–50Spray deliverydescription, 132nerve agents, 120, 157SRBD. See Seizure-related brain damageSS John Harveymustard agent disaster at Bari, Italy and, 21, 53, 262Stafford Actfederal department or agency support to state and local governmentsand, 758–759overview of the initial federal involvement under the StaffordAct (figure), 760Stahl, C.J.1-chloroacetophenone research, 463Stalin, Josefno-first-use policy on chemical weapons during World War II,51–52Stander, T.1-chloroacetophenone research, 463Standoff detectorsearly warning for line-of-sight distances, 577joint services lightweight standoff chemical agent detectors,579M21 remote sensing chemical agent alarms, 578–579Stanton, Secretary of War Edwin M.Doughty’s chemical warfare proposal and, 12Staphylococcal enterotoxin BCDC categorization as a category B threat agent, 616Stark, Col. A.N.emergency gas teams and, 97START triage systemdescription, 517Status epilepticusbrain damage cause, 223definition of, 223nonconvulsive type, 223pediatric population and, 664therapeutic window, 223Steenland, K.organophosphate insecticide exposure research, 319Stein, A.A.1-chloroacetophenone research, 462Stenhouse, Johnsynthesis of chloropicrin, 117Steroids. See also Corticosteroidspalytoxin intoxication treatment, 621Stimson, Secretary of State Henry L.letter from Gen. MacArthur, 44–45Stimulantsdescription and effects of, 418STM. See Sacco triage methodStokes mortarsdescription, 118, 119Stoughton, R.W.2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile research, 444Strasbourg Agreement of 1675description, 136Strategic National Stockpiledescription and role, 765pediatric-ready medications and, 678“push packages” of pharmaceutical and supplies, 765Strategy for Homeland Defense and Civil Supportobjectives, 758Strokelx