Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

Medical Aspects of Chemical WarfareRoyall, Under Secretary of War Kenneth C.chemical warfare comments, 53RSDL. See Reactive Skin Decontamination LotionRüdiger, Col.,sarin research, 47, 156RussiaChemical Weapons Convention and, 3, 65, 157demilitarization of chemical agents and, 144–145stockpile destruction (table), 144use of fentanyl in the Chechen hostage situation, 3, 65, 107,413, 419Russian VX. See also VX nerve agentchemical structure (figure), 694Ryanodine receptor antagonistssoman-induced seizure-related brain damage treatment,227–228Sacco triage methoddescription, 517Saddam Husseinbombing of Sardasht using mustard agent, 656Iraq’s chemical weapon capabilities and, 64Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait and, 63–64Saint Mihiel offensivechemical attacks, 32–33division field hospitals, 95–96medical support for the treatment of chemical casualties, 99overview and detailed map of US participation (figure), 34Salem, H.hydrogen cyanide research, 354incapacitating agent research, 442oleoresin capsicum research, 455tear gas research, 342Salt Lake City, UTaccidental release of ammonia, 145Sandberg, C.G.cyanide poisoning research, 393Sarinaccidental exposure of two US soldiers to in Baghdad,157–158, 168, 195, 197advantages of as a weapon, 126animal testing of, 47atropine treatment, 179Aum Shinrikyo cult attack with sarin in the Tokyo subway, 4,125, 127–128, 158, 178, 181–182, 193, 196–197, 223, 244, 316,317, 321, 492, 518, 540, 657, 695–696, 699, 754behavioral effects of exposure, 175, 176carboxylesterase and, 246case report: exposure of three men to sarin (exhibit), 172chemical structure (figure), 694clinical effects, 316codenames for, 47electroencephalographic effects of exposure, 177, 321–322German production of, 48, 119, 156hydrolysis pathway of sarin, soman, and cyclosarin (figure),696intermediate syndrome and, 318–319Iran-Iraq War and, 157, 195–196molecular model (figure), 166muscle necrosis and, 318plasma-derived human butyrylcholinesterase and, 245polyneuropathy and, 317production during the 1950s, 55projectile delivery, 121–122properties of, 3pulmonary system effects, 173–174Ssigns and symptoms reported by Tokyo hospital workerstreating victims of sarin subway attacks (table), 541Soviet Union production of, 156synthesis of, 693toxicity and lethality of, 47, 693toxicological studies, 3222-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride treatment, 187US production of, 120volatility of, 134, 168Saudi Arabia. See Arab-Israeli Six-Day WarSaunders, Bernard Charlesdiisopropyl fluorophosphate research, 48Saxitoxinchemical structure (figure), 623clinical signs and symptoms of poisoning, 624–626laboratory findings, 626–627lethal dose, 623–624mechanism of action, 623monitoring, 627protection issues, 628sodium channel effects, 617, 623sources of, 622stability, 627, 628synthesis, 622–623toxicity, 623–624treatment, 627, 628SBME. See 1,1’-sulfonylbis[2-(methylsulfinyl)ethane]Scheele, Carl Wilhelmcyanide research, 116, 373discovery of chlorine, 116Schouosboe, A.dantrolene research, 228Schrader, Gerhardorganophosphorus compound research, 47sarin research, 156tabun research, 47, 156, 693Schwarzkopf, Gen. H. Normanchemical warfare comments, 64Sciuto, A.M.phosgene research, 348, 736, 737–738Scopolaminedescription and incapacitating effects, 421, 422SE. See Status epilepticusSeizure-related brain damagedescription, 223mechanisms contributing to nerve-agent-induced SRBD(figure), 225neuropathology of, 224–225secondary stroke injury and, 226Seizuresbrain damage cause, 223central nervous system effect of nerve agent exposure,178–179, 244neuropathology of, 223–224seizure-related brain damage, 223status epilepticus and, 223therapeutic window, 223September 11, 2001, terrorist attacksdomestic preparedness issues, 755–758, 765, 767–768, 769Operation Enduring Freedom and, 65Strategic National Stockpile and, 765Serotonin 5-HTincapacitating effects, 421SERPACWA. See Skin exposure reduction paste against chemicalwarfare agentsSettle, J.A.D.mustard agent exposure treatment, 279lviii