Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

IndexOccupational Safety and Health Administrationdisaster and medical response to mass casualty events, 492fixed decontamination shelter recommendations, 545–546hazardous waste operations and emergency response training,515levels of personal protective equipment (exhibit), 542, 580monitoring of decontamination personnel guidelines, 542OSHA Best Practices for Hospital-Based First Receivers of Victimsfrom Mass Casualty Incidents Involving the Release of HazardousSubstances, 493permissible chlorine exposure level, 359personal protective equipment guidelines, 515powered-air purifying respirators and, 544work-rest cycle recommendations, 495–496Ochsner, Gen. Hermannnonlethal gas attacks on Soviet troops, 52views on chemical warfare, 49Office of the Surgeon GeneralCBRNE programs and, 768Oise-Aisne offensivechemical attacks, 32US participation (figure), 33Okinawaaccidental release of sarin, 59, 60Oklahoma Citybombing of the Murrah Federal Building, 754Okumura, T.Aum Shinrikyo sarin attack on the Tokyo subway, 493patient thorough decontamination research, 540Olajos, E.J.oleoresin capsicum research, 455tear gas research, 342Oleoresin capsicumacute effects, 454characteristics of (table), 445chemical structure (figure), 453clinical effects, 454–455deployment methods, 453description, 452–453FBI research on, 443historic use of, 453long-term effects, 455medical complications, 455medicinal use of, 453personal protection use, 443physical characteristics, 453physiological effects, 453, 454safety of, 472US Postal Service use, 4421-chloroacetophenoneanimal studies, 460–461carcinogenicity, 461characteristics of PS, CN, DM, and CR (table), 458–459chemical structure (figure), 460deployment methods, 460description, 457harrassing dose, 461human studies, 461–464incapacitating effects, 416invention of, 442long-term effects, 463–464personal defense spray use, 443physical characteristics, 457, 460physiological effects, 460severe medical complications, 464sublethal effects, 461toxicology, 460–461volunteer acute exposure studies, 461“120 Cities Program”description and focus of, 7551-methylsulfinyl-2-[2-(methylthio)ethylsulfonyl]ethaneurine sample analysis for mustard agent and, 711, 716–7171,1’-sulfonylbis[2-(methylsulfinyl)ethane]urine sample analysis for mustard agent and, 711, 717, 718OPCW. See Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical WeaponsOperation CHASEchemical weapon dumping and, 59, 60Operation Desert Shield, 64Operation Desert Storm. See also Persian Gulf Waraccidental battlefield exposure to chemical agents, 129–130description, 64–65pyridostigmine bromide therapy and, 202–204Operation Enduring FreedomSeptember 11, 2001, attacks and, 65Operation Iraqi Freedomimprovised explosive devices and, 130Iraq’s failure to report its chemical warfare research and weaponsproduction and, 65–66Operation Solid Shield, 87field training for chemical attacks, 106OPIDN. See Organophosphorus ester-induced delayed neurotoxicityOpioids. See also specific agentscyanide poisoning treatment, 523description and incapacitating effects of, 418–419, 421nerve agent exposure treatment, 523overdose treatment, 418pediatric population and, 667popularity as illicit drugs, 419side effects, 667OPs. See Organophosphorus compoundsOral effects2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile, 448Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical WeaponsChemical Weapons Convention and, 138, 140–141Organophosphate insecticides. See also specific agentscompared with nerve agents, 316–317electroencephalographic effects, 321intermediate syndrome and, 318muscle necrosis and, 317–318neuropsychiatric symptoms and, 319–320polyneuropathy, 317Organophosphorus compounds. See also Insecticides; Nerveagents; specific agentsanticholinesterase use, 251–252atropine treatment, 184brain injury and, 223cardiac arrhythmias and, 190categorization of (exhibit), 47compounds included, 158earliest reported incident of toxicity from, 47German development of, 46–47incapacitating effects, 416mechanism of action, 161, 244, 701original use for, 244pediatric effects, 658, 661physostigmine development, 46Test-Mate OP Kit field-forward assay, 693tetraethyl pyrophosphate development, 46–47toxicity of, 661–662, 701Organophosphorus ester-induced delayed neurotoxicitydescription, 317Orrenius, S.mustard agent research, 265liii