Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

Medical Aspects of Chemical WarfareYemen Civil War, 57–581970sbinary weapon development, 122–124plans to abolish the Chemical Corps, 60–61restoring the Chemical Corps, 61restrictions on sea dumping of chemical weapons, 60Soviet Union’s use of chemical warfare agents, 61–62Yom Kippur War, 611980sAfghanistan War, 62chemical training, 63Haig Report, 62Iran-Iraq War, 62–63Soviet-US Memorandum of Understanding, 631990schemical attacks, 125chemical weapon development in Libya, 65Persian Gulf War, 63–65Nishioka, N.S.mustard agent injury treatment, 285Nitritescyanide poisoning treatment, 383–384, 386, 390, 394–395, 397Nitrogentoxic effects of exposure, 326–327Nitrogen dioxidepathophysiological effects, 350Nitrogen mustard. See also Mustard agentbiochemical mechanisms of injury, 263–265description, 119gastrointestinal tract effects, 276potential terrorist use and, 667synthesis of, 260three forms of, 262use of in chemotherapy, 260–261Nixon, Pres. Richard M.ban on biological warfare agents, 138destruction of chemical weapons and, 61, 122United States ratification of the Geneva Protocol and, 60, 137Nonivamide. See Pelargonyl vanillylamideNonlethal weapons. See Incapacitating agentsNonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugstreatment of mustard agent exposure, 282Noort, D.phosgene research, 737sarin research, 696North Koreachemical weapons capability, 145Notes on Gas as a Weapon in Modern War, 90Nozaki, H.patient thorough decontamination research, 540NRF. See National Response FrameworkNRP. See National Response PlanNSAIDs. See Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugsNSP. See Neurotoxic shellfish poisoningNunn, Sen. Samchemical warfare comments, 125Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction ProgramRussia’s elimination of chemical weapons and, 144Nunn-Lugar-Domenici Actdomestic preparedness program provision, 128, 754–755O-chlorobenzylidene malononitrileacute effects, 447–448acute inhalation toxicity of CS in animals (table), 448animal studies of effects, 448–449carcinogenicity studies, 449Ocharacteristics of (table), 445chemical structure (figure), 446chronic toxicology, 449clinical effects, 447–452deployment of, 444exposure guidelines, 447human studies, 449–452incapacitating effects, 416, 444inhalation toxicology studies, 448introduction of, 342, 443long-term effects, 452personal defense spray use, 443physical characteristics, 444repeat exposures, 448–449safety of, 472severe medical complications, 452subclinical toxicology studies, 449symptoms of exposure to, 444thermal degradation products, 444, 446–447Vietnam War use, 444O-ethyl N,N-dimethyl phosphoramidocyanidate. See TabunO-ethyl-S-[2(diisopropylamino)ethyl]. See VX nerve agentOC. See Oleoresin capsicumOccupational health and the chemical surety missionadministrative documentation to support a chemical suretyinspection (exhibit), 606–607advising agencies for the treatment of chemical agent injury(exhibit), 595categorization of workers based on their likelihood of exposureto chemical agents (exhibit), 601chemical agent definition, 594chemical agent workplace, 596–597Chemical Surety (AR 50-6), 594chemical surety definition, 594demilitarization of chemical warfare agents, 609–611information sources for chemical surety, 594inspection of chemical storage containers, 596installation medical authority responsibilities, 594, 599–604,608medical aspects of a chemical accident or incident responseand assistance, 607–609Medical Management of Chemical and Biological CasualtiesCourse, 594–595, 608medical response team and, 607–609medical support of the chemical personnel reliability program,599, 605–607medical surveillance for chemical agent workers, 597–604personal protective equipment needs, 596–597, 599refresher training programs, 605safe treatment and disposal of chemical agents and weapons,596–597Toxic Chemical Training Course for Medical Personnel,594–595, 608training and education for chemical agent workers, 604–605understanding patients’ occupational healthcare needs and,595Occupational Health Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of OccupationalExposure to Mustard Agents H, HD, and HTchemical surety resource, 594potential exposure evaluations, 602RBC-ChE monitoring, 601Occupational Health Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of OccupationalExposure to Nerve Agents GA, GB, GD, and VXcategories of personnel required to have RBC-ChE measured,601chemical surety resource, 594potential exposure evaluations, 602lii