Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfarenerve agent use, 156–1581920s, 42–451930s, 45–471950s, 54–561960s, 56–601970s, 60–621980s, 62–631990s, 63–6521st century, 65–66US Civil War, 11–12World War I, 12–42World War II, 48–54History of the Peloponnesian War (Thucydides), 10, 78Hitler, Adolfchlorine gas attack and, 17, 49, 157Germany’s failure to use chemical weapons in World War IIand, 49, 157, 413HN-1. See Nitrogen mustardHoch, Dr. Paullysergic acid diethylamide research, 413Hoffmann, Albertlysergic acid diethylamide research, 413Holland, P.1-chloroacetophenone research, 463Holmes, J.H.organophosphate insecticide exposure research, 319, 320Homatropineeye pain and, 192topical application of, 190“Honest John” rocketsnerve agent delivery, 122Hospitalsdecontamination shelters, 545–546Hospital Management of CBRNE Incidents Course, 769M22 automatic chemical agent detector and alarm and, 577patient thorough decontamination areas, 529How to Tell the Gases (Downey), 41HS. See Mustard agentH 2 S. See Hydrogen sulfideHu, H.2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile research, 452HU-211. See DexanabinolHu PON1. See Human paraoxonase 1Human paraoxonase 1mutation designs, 250–251Hun stoffe. See Mustard agentHup A. See Huperzine AHuperzine Acompared with physostigmine, 704mechanism of action, 705–706pretreatment with, 704–706red blood cell and acetylcholinesterase protection studies usingpyridostigmine bromide and huperzine A after ex-vivoexposure to soman (table), 705Hurricane KatrinaNational Response Plan and, 492Huxley, Aldous“psychedelic” definition and, 416Hydrocyanic acidUS troop training and, 53Hydrogen cyanide. See also Cyanide poisoningdiscovery of the properties and composition of, 116introduction of, 18nonmilitary uses, 342–343treatment for inhalation of, 353–354volatility of, 134, 136Hydrogen sulfideproperties of, 343–344Hydrolysis compound assaysanalytical methods, 695analytical methods for assay of nerve agent hydrolysis products(table), 697application to human exposure, 695–698hydrolysis pathway of sarin, soman, and cyclosarin (figure),696methods used to confirm human exposures to nerve agents viaassay of hydrolysis products (table), 698Hydroxocobalamincyanide poisoning treatment, 385, 390, 393, 396–397, 651, 676properties, 396–397side effects, 396Hypochloritedecontamination of chemical casualties and, 537pediatric casualties and, 677Hypothermiadecontamination issues, 548–549, 677pediatric population and, 661stages and symptoms of (table), 548Ibuprofenphosgene inhalation treatment, 354ICAMs. See Improved chemical agent monitorsICG. See Indocyanine green fluorescence imagingIEDs. See Improvised explosive devicesImproved chemical agent detectorsfalse readings and, 576simplicity of operation, 576Improved chemical agent monitorscold weather operation of, 550description, 544, 576effects on decontamination, 531Improvised explosive devicesdevelopment and use of, 130, 145toxic industrial material used in, 580Incapacitating agents. See also specific agentsanticholinergic deliriants, 422–425antipsychotic drugs, 420armed robots and, 415auditory method of incapacitation, 414cannabinoids, 418characteristics of PS, CN, DM, and CR (table), 458–459chemical methods of incapacitation, 415–425chloropicrin, 443, 455–457common features, 442controversy over using, 431–432conventional wounds contaminated with, 523decontamination, 469–471delivery systems, 122diagnosis of syndromes caused by, 428–430dibenz[b,f]-1,4-oxazepine, 442, 467–469differential diagnosis for (table), 429diphenylaminearsine, 443, 464–466dissociative anesthetics, 419–420factors in decisions to employ, 412, 415FBI’s use to attack the Branch Davidian compound in Waco,TX, 125features of, 133–134goal of, 412higher integrative or cognitive functions and, 415history and modern development of, 412–414, 443indole-based psychedelics, 416–418irritants, nausea-producing agents, and toxins, 416Kratschmer reflex and, 442Ixlii