Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault
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Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

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Indexsoman-induced seizure-related brain damage treatment, 227Goebbels, Paul Josephviews on chemical warfare, 49Gongwer, L.E.2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile research, 449Goodman, Ephraimincapacitating agent research, 412–413, 425, 427Graebe, Carl1-chloroacetophenone invention, 442Graham, J.S.mustard agent injury treatment, 284, 285, 671wound debridement of chemical casualties research, 539Graniteville, South Carolinaaccidental release of chlorine, 131, 145, 548Grant, Gen. Ulysses S.chemical weapon use and, 12Gray, P.J.2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile research, 451–452Great Britain. See also specific battles and battle siteschemical warfare use during World War I, 12–21dibenz[b,f]-1,4-oxazepine use in prisons, 467excerpt from “Take Me Back to Dear Old Blighty!” (exhibit), 89nerve agent research, 48plans for gas warfare during World War II, 52Royal Army Medical Corps, 85–89Russia’s elimination of chemical weapons and, 145six chlorine-phosgene cloud attacks: British casualties December1915-August 1916 (table), 83VX nerve agent synthesis, 157Greeceancient use of incapacitating agents, 412ancient use of toxic smoke, 10, 78, 341cyanide use, 373Greek fire and flaming concoctions, 11, 78, 341“Green cross.” See ChloropicrinGrignard, Francois Auguste Victorchemical weapons developed by, 15Growth factorsmustard agent injury treatment, 285–286Gruenthal, M.dantrolene research, 228GSCOSG. See Diglutathionyl dithiocarbonateGSH. See GlutathioneGuide for the Selection of Chemical Agent and Toxic Industrial MaterialDetection Equipment for Emergency First Responders, 581“Gulf War” syndromedescription, 64Gutentag, P.J.2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile research, 449, 450Guthrie sulfur mustard synthesis, 260Haber, Fritzcomments on the importance of chemical warfare, 41development of chlorine gas as a weapon, 14, 15, 80Second Battle of Ypres and, 14, 15Zyklon B development, 15, 51The Haguecourt of arbitration, 136Haig, Gen. DouglasBattle of Loos and, 18Haig, Secretary of State Alexander M., Jr.“Chemical Warfare in Southeast Asia and Afghanistan,” 62Hair sample analysismustard agent, 726Halothanepediatric population and, 667HHAPSITE Smart Chemical Identification Systemdescription, 544Harel, M.human paraoxonase 1 research, 251Harrigan, A.Armed Forces Chemical Journal article, 57Hart, B.H. LiddellItalian-Ethiopian War observation, 46Hassan, Capt. Kifah AliIraq’s attacks on the Kurds and, 126Hay, AlistairRussia’s use of an incapacitating agent against Chechens, 413HC smoke. See Hexachloroethane smokeHCN. See Hydrogen cyanideHD. See Mustard agentHealth Service Support in a Nuclear, Chemical and Biological Environment(FM 4-07.7), 609Health Service Support in a Theater of Operations, 512Heart rateeffects of nerve agent exposure, 180Heat injuriesacclimatization and, 604heat stress physiological monitoring for chemical agent workers,603–604individual protective ensemble and, 528, 541–543, 569moderating strategies, 603training and, 603Heat strokedifferential diagnosis of incapacitating agent intoxication, 428Hebb seizure-related brain damage research, 226Hefazi, M.mustard exposure research, 313Heinrich, U.2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile research, 450Hellreich, A.2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile research, 450Hematologic effectsparalytic shellfish poisoning, 626Hemodialysissaxitoxin treatment, 627tetrodotoxin treatment, 627Henderson, Dr. Yandelltoxic gas research, 89Henderson, NVaccidental release of chlorine, 131Hesse, isolation of physostigmine, 46, 156Heston, W.E.mustard exposure research, 313Hexachloroethane smokecomposition of, 358toxic effects of exposure, 324, 327, 358–359Higginbottom, R.dibenz[b,f]-1,4-oxazepine research, 467, 468Hill, A.R.2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile research, 452Himsworth, H.2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile research, 452Historical backgroundchemical attacks involving children, 656–657chemical terrorism, 125–130chemical warfare capabilities, 130–136chemical weapons agreements, 136–145cyanide use, 372–373development of chemical weaponry, 116–125early military uses of toxins, 10–11, 78–79incapacitating agents, 412–414, 443medical management of chemical casualties, 78–109xli

Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfarenerve agent use, 156–1581920s, 42–451930s, 45–471950s, 54–561960s, 56–601970s, 60–621980s, 62–631990s, 63–6521st century, 65–66US Civil War, 11–12World War I, 12–42World War II, 48–54History of the Peloponnesian War (Thucydides), 10, 78Hitler, Adolfchlorine gas attack and, 17, 49, 157Germany’s failure to use chemical weapons in World War IIand, 49, 157, 413HN-1. See Nitrogen mustardHoch, Dr. Paullysergic acid diethylamide research, 413Hoffmann, Albertlysergic acid diethylamide research, 413Holland, P.1-chloroacetophenone research, 463Holmes, J.H.organophosphate insecticide exposure research, 319, 320Homatropineeye pain and, 192topical application of, 190“Honest John” rocketsnerve agent delivery, 122Hospitalsdecontamination shelters, 545–546Hospital Management of CBRNE Incidents Course, 769M22 automatic chemical agent detector and alarm and, 577patient thorough decontamination areas, 529How to Tell the Gases (Downey), 41HS. See Mustard agentH 2 S. See Hydrogen sulfideHu, H.2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile research, 452HU-211. See DexanabinolHu PON1. See Human paraoxonase 1Human paraoxonase 1mutation designs, 250–251Hun stoffe. See Mustard agentHup A. See Huperzine AHuperzine Acompared with physostigmine, 704mechanism of action, 705–706pretreatment with, 704–706red blood cell and acetylcholinesterase protection studies usingpyridostigmine bromide and huperzine A after ex-vivoexposure to soman (table), 705Hurricane KatrinaNational Response Plan and, 492Huxley, Aldous“psychedelic” definition and, 416Hydrocyanic acidUS troop training and, 53Hydrogen cyanide. See also Cyanide poisoningdiscovery of the properties and composition of, 116introduction of, 18nonmilitary uses, 342–343treatment for inhalation of, 353–354volatility of, 134, 136Hydrogen sulfideproperties of, 343–344Hydrolysis compound assaysanalytical methods, 695analytical methods for assay of nerve agent hydrolysis products(table), 697application to human exposure, 695–698hydrolysis pathway of sarin, soman, and cyclosarin (figure),696methods used to confirm human exposures to nerve agents viaassay of hydrolysis products (table), 698Hydroxocobalamincyanide poisoning treatment, 385, 390, 393, 396–397, 651, 676properties, 396–397side effects, 396Hypochloritedecontamination of chemical casualties and, 537pediatric casualties and, 677Hypothermiadecontamination issues, 548–549, 677pediatric population and, 661stages and symptoms of (table), 548Ibuprofenphosgene inhalation treatment, 354ICAMs. See Improved chemical agent monitorsICG. See Indocyanine green fluorescence imagingIEDs. See Improvised explosive devicesImproved chemical agent detectorsfalse readings and, 576simplicity of operation, 576Improved chemical agent monitorscold weather operation of, 550description, 544, 576effects on decontamination, 531Improvised explosive devicesdevelopment and use of, 130, 145toxic industrial material used in, 580Incapacitating agents. See also specific agentsanticholinergic deliriants, 422–425antipsychotic drugs, 420armed robots and, 415auditory method of incapacitation, 414cannabinoids, 418characteristics of PS, CN, DM, and CR (table), 458–459chemical methods of incapacitation, 415–425chloropicrin, 443, 455–457common features, 442controversy over using, 431–432conventional wounds contaminated with, 523decontamination, 469–471delivery systems, 122diagnosis of syndromes caused by, 428–430dibenz[b,f]-1,4-oxazepine, 442, 467–469differential diagnosis for (table), 429diphenylaminearsine, 443, 464–466dissociative anesthetics, 419–420factors in decisions to employ, 412, 415FBI’s use to attack the Branch Davidian compound in Waco,TX, 125features of, 133–134goal of, 412higher integrative or cognitive functions and, 415history and modern development of, 412–414, 443indole-based psychedelics, 416–418irritants, nausea-producing agents, and toxins, 416Kratschmer reflex and, 442Ixlii

Indexsoman-induced seizure-related brain damage treatment, 227Goebbels, Paul Josephviews on chemical warfare, 49Gongwer, L.E.2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile research, 449Goodman, Ephraimincapacitating agent research, 412–413, 425, 427Graebe, Carl1-chloroacetophenone invention, 442Graham, J.S.mustard agent injury treatment, 284, 285, 671wound debridement <strong>of</strong> chemical casualties research, 539Graniteville, South Carolinaaccidental release <strong>of</strong> chlorine, 131, 145, 548Grant, Gen. Ulysses S.chemical weapon use and, 12Gray, P.J.2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile research, 451–452Great Britain. See also specific battles and battle siteschemical warfare use during World War I, 12–21dibenz[b,f]-1,4-oxazepine use in prisons, 467excerpt from “Take Me Back to Dear Old Blighty!” (exhibit), 89nerve agent research, 48plans for gas warfare during World War II, 52Royal Army <strong>Medical</strong> Corps, 85–89Russia’s elimination <strong>of</strong> chemical weapons and, 145six chlorine-phosgene cloud attacks: British casualties December1915-August 1916 (table), 83VX nerve agent synthesis, 157Greeceancient use <strong>of</strong> incapacitating agents, 412ancient use <strong>of</strong> toxic smoke, 10, 78, 341cyanide use, 373Greek fire and flaming concoctions, 11, 78, 341“Green cross.” See ChloropicrinGrignard, Francois Auguste Victorchemical weapons developed by, 15Growth factorsmustard agent injury treatment, 285–286Gruenthal, M.dantrolene research, 228GSCOSG. See Diglutathionyl dithiocarbonateGSH. See GlutathioneGuide for the Selection <strong>of</strong> <strong>Chemical</strong> Agent and Toxic Industrial MaterialDetection Equipment for Emergency First Responders, 581“Gulf War” syndromedescription, 64Gutentag, P.J.2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile research, 449, 450Guthrie sulfur mustard synthesis, 260Haber, Fritzcomments on the importance <strong>of</strong> chemical warfare, 41development <strong>of</strong> chlorine gas as a weapon, 14, 15, 80Second Battle <strong>of</strong> Ypres and, 14, 15Zyklon B development, 15, 51<strong>The</strong> Haguecourt <strong>of</strong> arbitration, 136Haig, Gen. DouglasBattle <strong>of</strong> Loos and, 18Haig, Secretary <strong>of</strong> State Alexander M., Jr.“<strong>Chemical</strong> <strong>Warfare</strong> in Southeast Asia and Afghanistan,” 62Hair sample analysismustard agent, 726Halothanepediatric population and, 667HHAPSITE Smart <strong>Chemical</strong> Identification Systemdescription, 544Harel, M.human paraoxonase 1 research, 251Harrigan, A.Armed Forces <strong>Chemical</strong> Journal article, 57Hart, B.H. LiddellItalian-Ethiopian War observation, 46Hassan, Capt. Kifah AliIraq’s attacks on the Kurds and, 126Hay, AlistairRussia’s use <strong>of</strong> an incapacitating agent against Chechens, 413HC smoke. See Hexachloroethane smokeHCN. See Hydrogen cyanideHD. See Mustard agentHealth Service Support in a Nuclear, <strong>Chemical</strong> and Biological Environment(FM 4-07.7), 609Health Service Support in a <strong>The</strong>ater <strong>of</strong> Operations, 512Heart rateeffects <strong>of</strong> nerve agent exposure, 180Heat injuriesacclimatization and, 604heat stress physiological monitoring for chemical agent workers,603–604individual protective ensemble and, 528, 541–543, 569moderating strategies, 603training and, 603Heat strokedifferential diagnosis <strong>of</strong> incapacitating agent intoxication, 428Hebb seizure-related brain damage research, 226Hefazi, M.mustard exposure research, 313Heinrich, U.2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile research, 450Hellreich, A.2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile research, 450Hematologic effectsparalytic shellfish poisoning, 626Hemodialysissaxitoxin treatment, 627tetrodotoxin treatment, 627Henderson, Dr. Yandelltoxic gas research, 89Henderson, NVaccidental release <strong>of</strong> chlorine, 131Hesse, isolation <strong>of</strong> physostigmine, 46, 156Heston, W.E.mustard exposure research, 313Hexachloroethane smokecomposition <strong>of</strong>, 358toxic effects <strong>of</strong> exposure, 324, 327, 358–359Higginbottom, R.dibenz[b,f]-1,4-oxazepine research, 467, 468Hill, A.R.2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile research, 452Himsworth, H.2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile research, 452Historical backgroundchemical attacks involving children, 656–657chemical terrorism, 125–130chemical warfare capabilities, 130–136chemical weapons agreements, 136–145cyanide use, 372–373development <strong>of</strong> chemical weaponry, 116–125early military uses <strong>of</strong> toxins, 10–11, 78–79incapacitating agents, 412–414, 443medical management <strong>of</strong> chemical casualties, 78–109xli

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