Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfareambient temperature issues, 548–550appropriate uses for military decontaminants (table), 535barrier skin creams, 530–532casualty decontamination (figure), 502chlorine exposure and, 673civilian workers and, 528–529cold shock and, 548–549cold weather and, 548–550common problems with potential decontaminants, 533Contaminated Casualty Decontamination Course, 763cyanide poisoning and, 386–387, 675decontamination methods based on ambient temperature(table), 550decontamination shelters, 544–546, 552description, 528, 551desirable traits of a skin decontaminant (exhibit), 534detection devices, 544dry decontaminants, 534, 536equipment for, 543–546, 581–584establishing a patient thorough decontamination area, 546–548field management of chemical casualties and, 497, 498–500,501–504, 505, 506glove issues, 539hypothermia and, 548–549, 677immediate level, 500, 528incapacitating agents and, 469–471, 520individual protective ensemble and, 528methods of decontamination, 532–537military and civilian decontamination procedures, 528–529minimal decontamination procedures based on agent characteristics(table), 498mustard agent and, 277, 312, 670nerve agent exposure and, 180–181objectives of, 532oxidation, 537packaged wet decontaminants, 536–537palytoxin and, 620, 621patents covering work on active topical skin protectant at theUS Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense(table), 532patient operational decontamination level, 500, 528, 529patient thorough decontamination level, 500, 539–548pediatric population, 670, 676–678placement of teams and areas, 514–516, 547purposes of, 528soap and water (hydrolysis), 533–534, 544, 551special populations and, 550–551time after exposure and, 528triage issues, 513–516, 677warming tents, 549waste water disposal, 546–547water concerns, 546–547wound decontamination, 538–539zones for, 677Decontamination sheltersfixed facilities and, 545–546uses of, 544–545Defense Medical Readiness Training InstituteCBRNE training program, 768Defense Threat Reduction AgencyDefense Nuclear Weapons School, 769medical mission, 4responsibilities, 646Deliriants. See Anticholinergic deliriantsDelivery systemsagent vaporization (figure), 134airplane smoke tanks, 120base ejection, 132bulk release, 132chemical rockets, 120, 157cluster bombs, 120, 122, 157drones, 122explosive release, 132four modes of chemical agent release (figure), 133generator clusters, 122improvised explosive devices, 130, 145, 580land mines, 120–121, 157projectors, 26, 118, 119, 123, 157rocket program, 121–122, 157spray delivery, 132, 157spray tanks, 120toxic smokes, 10–11, 134trench mortars, 26, 118, 119typical German chemical cylinder set up and ready for discharge(figure), 80vulnerability of battlefield areas, 132Demilitarization of chemical agentsoccupational safety issues, 142Russian program, 144–145US program, 141–143, 766Democratic National Convention of 2004CDC Enhanced Surveillance Program data, 622Deoxyribonucleic acidmustard agent injury and, 264–265, 312, 315–316, 718–721sample preparation procedure for sulfur mustard adducts todeoxyribonucleic acid in blood (exhibit), 722DEPMEDS. See Chemically protected deployable medical systemDermatological effects. See Skin effectsDespretz, Cesar-Mansuetesynthesis of mustard agent, 116–117, 260Detection and warning systemspoint detectors, 575–577standoff detectors, 577–579toxic industrial material detection and identification, 580–581Development of chemical weaponryearly chemical warfare agents (table), 116early history, 116–1171920s, 118–1191930s, 119–1201940s, 1201950s, 1201960s, 120–1221970s, 122–1241980s, 124–125World War I, 117–118World War II, 120Dexanabinolmechanism of action, 229–230soman-induced seizure-related brain damage treatment,229–230DFP. See Diisopropyl fluorophosphateDHS. See US Department of Homeland SecurityDiagnosticsarchived human samples from past exposure incidents and,692–693biomonitoring, 692containers for shipping, 740cyanide poisoning, 731–734documentation for containers, 740far-forward field settings and, 693labeling specimens, 740lewisite exposure, 728–731method overview, 692–693nerve agents, 693–706xxxvi