Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

Medical Aspects of Chemical WarfareThe network first became operational in 1999 in accordancewith Presidential Decision Directive 39 under theDHHS and CDC. 1 The network brings together expertsfrom various agencies to coordinate sample testing andto increase laboratory capability. Agencies participatingin this program include the CDC, the DHS, the USEnvironmental Protection Agency, the US Departmentof Agriculture, the US Food and Drug Administration,the DoD, the DHHS, and other federal agencies,as well as international, state, and local public healthlaboratories. There are currently over 100 laboratoriesparticipating in the network. 33Laboratories are categorized according to their capabilitiesand responses into sentinel, reference, andnational laboratories. Sentinel laboratories processsamples for routine diagnostic purposes and determineif the samples should be shipped to reference and nationallaboratories. Reference laboratories (there are approximately140) are federal, military, and internationallaboratories that specialize in veterinary, agricultural,food, water, or soil testing. National laboratories (eg,the CDC or military labs) perform definitive testingwhen required. 33 Some examples of these tests includecholinesterase testing done at USACHPPM, thiodiglycoltesting at USAMRICD, and several biological testsperformed at the CDC and USAMRIID.Chemical Preparedness Programs and InitiativesIn 1985 Congress mandated destroying all the USchemical agent and munitions stockpiles. The originaldate of completion for this project was 1994; however,the date was extended to 2007 after the US Senateratified the destruction of chemical weapons duringthe Chemical Weapons Convention in April 1997.Congress also directed that the well being and safetyof the environment and the general public be protectedin and around the areas of the eight chemical weaponsstorage sites. This direction led to the ChemicalStockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP),established in 1988 and revised in 1995. 34A memorandum of understanding (MOU), issued inMarch 2004, directs the Department of the Army andDHS (through FEMA) to identify their respective rolesand efforts in emergency response preparedness in theareas surrounding the remaining seven stockpile sitesof chemical munitions. 35,36 The Army is the custodianfor these stockpiles and FEMA provides guidance,funding, resources, and training. Other agencies lendsupport as needed through expert consultants. Theseagencies include the US Environmental ProtectionAgency and the DHHS. Currently the Army stockpilessites are:• Anniston Chemical Activity (Anniston, Alabama)• Blue Grass Chemical Activity (Richmond,Kentucky)• Newport Chemical Depot (Newport, Indiana)• Pine Bluff Chemical Activity (Pine Bluff Arsenal,Arkansas)• Pueblo Chemical Depot (Pueblo, Colorado)• Tooele Chemical Activity (Tooele Army Depot,Utah)• Umatilla Chemical Depot (Hermiston, Oregon)The risk to the local communities in and aroundthe seven chemical storage sites in the United Statesremains. The greatest risk is a natural or humanmadeevent that causes the release of chemical agentsfrom these storage facilities. There is a direct linkbetween destroying the stockpiles under the chemicaldemilitarization program (see Chapter 4, Historyof the Chemical Threat, Chemical Terrorism, and ItsImplications for Military Medicine) and the emergencypreparedness plan. Officials in states and countieswhere these demilitarization sites are located musthave emergency preparedness initiatives in placebefore destruction operations begin. Budgeting andfunding for CSEPP are primarily approved throughthe Army after funding requirements are outlined bythe states and counties. The Army, FEMA, and stateand local communities need a constant, proactiveapproach to disaster preparedness. Several areas ofcontinuous improvement are crucial to the success ofthe demilitarization program, such as applying lessonslearned, having better relations with state and localcommunities, and providing assistance and guidanceto states on technical assistance and leadership. 36These chemical depot communities exercise preparednessand assess the effectiveness and capabilitiesof federal, state, and local response organizations.CSEPP exercises consist of two types: federally managedexercises and alternative year exercises. Federallymanaged exercises, led by Army and FEMA codirectors,involve mobilization of emergency facilities,command posts, and communications centers and arefederally mandated evaluations of a community’s capabilityto respond to a chemical accident or incident.The alternative year exercise is used by the communityto assess its training needs, review standard operatingprocedures, and evaluate resources, equipment, andpersonnel. Other exercises include tabletop reme-766