Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

Medical Diagnostics25. Noort D, Hulst AG, Platenburg DH, Polhuijs M, Benschop H. Quantitative analysis of O-isopropyl methylphosphonicacid in serum samples of Japanese citizens allegedly exposed to sarin: estimation of internal dosage. Arch Toxicol.1998;72:671–675.26. Katagi M, Nishikawa M, Tatsuno M, Tsuchihashi H. Determination of the main hydrolysis products of organophosphorusnerve agents, methylphosphonic acids, in human serum by indirect photometric detection ion chromatography.J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1997;698:81–88.27. Suzuki T, Morita H, Ono K, Maekawa K, Nagai R, Yazaki Y. Sarin poisoning in Tokyo subway. Lancet. 1995;345:980.28. Polhuijs M, Langenberg JP, Noort D, Hulst AG, Benschop HP. Retrospective detection of exposure to organophosphates:analyses in blood of human beings and rhesus monkeys. In: Sohns T, Voicu VA, eds. NBC risks: Current Capabilities andFuture Perspectives for Protection. Dordrecht, Holland, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1999:513–521.29. Polhuijs M, Langenberg JP, Benschop HP. New method for retrospective detection of exposure to organophosphorusanticholinesterases: application to alleged sarin victims of Japanese terrorists. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1997;146:156–161.30. Heilbronn E. The effect of sodium fluoride on sarin inhibited blood cholinesterase. Acta Chem Scand. 1964;18:2410.31. Heilbronn E. Action of fluoride on cholinesterase. II. In vitro reactivation of cholinesterases inhibited by organophosphoruscompounds. Biochem Pharmacol. 1965;14:1363–1373.32. Albanus L, Heilbeonn E, Sundwall A. Antidote effect of sodium fluoride in organophosphorus anticholinesterasepoisoning. Biochem Pharmacol. 1965;14:1375–1381.33. Jakubowski EM, Heykamp LS, Durst HD, Thompson SA. Preliminary studies in the formation of ethyl methylphosphonofluoridatefrom rat and human serum exposed to VX and treated with fluoride ion. Anal Lett. 2001;34:727–737.34. Jakubowski EM, McGuire JM, Evans RA, et al. Quantitation of fluoride ion released sarin in red blood cell samplesby gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry using isoptope dilution and large-volume injection.J Anal Toxicol. 2004;28:357–363.35. Adams TK, Capacio BR, Smith JR, Whalley CE, Korte WD. The application of the fluoride reactivation process to thedetection of sarin and soman nerve agent exposures in biological samples. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2004;27:77–91.36. Black RM, Harrison JM, Read RW. The interaction of sarin and soman with plasma proteins: the identification of anovel phosphonylation site. Arch Toxicol. 1999;73:123–126.37. DeJong LP, van Dijk C. Formation of soman (1,2,2-trimethylpropyl-methylphosphonofluoridate) via fluoride-inducedreactivation of soman-inhibited aliesterase in rat plasma. Biochem Pharmacol. 1984;33:663–669.38. Clement JG. Importance of aliesterase as a detoxification mechanism for soman (pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate)in mice. Biochem Pharmacol. 1984;33:3807–3811.39. Clement JG, Benschop HP, DeJong LP, Wolthuis OL. Stereoisomers of soman (pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate):inhibition of serum carboxylic ester hydrolase and potentiation of their toxicity by CBDP (2-2-methylphenoxy)-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin-2-oxide) in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1987;89:141–143.40. Maxwell DM, Brecht KM, O’Neill BL. The effect of carboxylesterase inhibition on interspecies differences in somantoxicity. Toxicol Lett. 1987;39:35–42.41. Maxwell DM, Brecht KM. Carboxylesterase: specificity and spontaneous reactivation of an endogenous scavenger fororganophosphorus compounds. J Appl Toxicol. 2001;21(suppl 1):S103–S107.42. Nagao M, Takatori T, Matsuda Y, et al. Detection of sarin hydrolysis products from sarin-like organophosphorusagent-exposed human erythrocytes. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1997;701:9–17.743