Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfarestocked in several emergency departments across thecountry. 112 It has become the “standard of care” in theUnited States and abroad. This system is recommendedin textbooks such as Emergency Medicine and PediatricEmergency Medicine and by the American Heart Association’sPediatric Advanced Life Support Course. 113 Ithas been validated in several studies that have proventhat the weights estimated from the measuring tapecorrelate with the actual weight of children up to 25kg, and the system improves the ability to estimate apediatric patient’s weight over visual inspection orage-based equations. 114,115 Being able to obtain an accurateweight is critical to appropriately calculatingmedication doses. The system’s color-coded chart hasalso been shown to improve the ability to select theright size intubation supplies and nasogastric tubesand to reduce the time to make those selections. 116 Itreduces error, facilitates task completion, and savestime and resources (Figure 21-4). 111 The tools of theBroselow-Luten system, based on core conceptssuch as color-coding, arm bands, and chart stickers,are demonstrated visually in the chemical warfareantidote drug card for pediatric dosing of atropine(Figure 21-5). The system is being implemented inAfghanistan and Iraq to evaluate its effectiveness in aforward situation.Meeting the Specific Needs of Children in a ChemicalDisasterDepending on the level of care, a provider maybe involved in the ordering phase (physicians), thepreparation and administration phase (nurses), orin both (prehospital personnel). With this in mind,tools need to be developed that are appropriate forboth phases.Drug cards and posters that contain color-coded,precalculated doses of antidotes to chemical agentsand summary information on the particular needs ofexposed children often give doses and drug volumesfor IV, intraosseous, and IM drug administration (seeFigure 21-4). Although 2-PAM Cl is recommendedfor both IV and IM use, the package insert onlygives reconstitution directions for IV use. The insertrecommends dilution of the 1 gm vial with 20 mL ofsterile water to obtain a concentration of 50 mg/mLfor injection. 117 No mention is made of a more concentrateddilution for IM use. However, sources haverecommended 2-PAM Cl doses for both the IV andIM routes 33 because it is highly water-soluble. 118 Sidelldescribed the preparation of a 30% solution of 2-PAMCl for IM use, 119 implying that a dilution of 1 gm in3 mL water (300 mg/mL) is a reasonable method ofpreparing 2-PAM Cl for IM delivery. This is critical informationfor safe administration to pediatric patientsin which fluid overload could lead to toxicity.The other route for administration is via autoinjector.Two options have recently been recommendedfor the use of adult autoinjectors in children. They donot address the potential morbidity from the injectorneedle, which is unknown, so the recommendationsare based on theoretical assumptions and thereforelack supporting clinical data. Option 1 is based on themilligram-per-kilogram dose of atropine and 2-PAM ClDecide on dose1 - Estimation of weight - E2 - Recall of dose - E3 - Calculation of dosage - E4 - Communication of dosage (verbal orders, handwritten) - F/E5 - Obtaining the correct concentration - F/EE = Eliminate stepF = Facilitate error free completion of the step6 - Calculating the correct drug volume - E7 - Rechecking the drug volume calculation - E8 - Administering the dose correctly - F9 - Administering the dose to the correct patient - F10 - Documenting accurately - EPatient receives intended medicationFig. 21-4. Steps involved in administering a dose of medication. Using the Broselow-Luten color-coded standard dosingsystem can eliminate problematic areas such as calculations, and, if not totally eliminate, at least facilitate the error-freecompletion of other steps.682