Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

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Chemical Defense Equipmentdecontaminable litter (Figure 17-40) was developed toreplace the canvas litters currently in use. The decontaminablelitter is made of a monofilament polypropylenewith high tensile strength and low elasticity. Thefabric does not absorb liquid chemical agents and isnot degraded by decontaminating solutions. The fabricis flame retardant, highly rip resistant, and treated towithstand exposure to weather and sunlight. It has ahoneycomb weave, which results in a rough, no-slipsurface through which liquids easily pass (40% of thesurface is open). 40The litter’s carrying handles retract into the metalpole frame for a closed total length of 83.5 in (212.1 cm),to allow for loading the litter onto the UH-60 helicopter.The handle lengths are adjustable to conform toNATO standards as well as to allow for litter bearers’comfort. The aluminum poles are designed to providedirect gripping surfaces for litter stanchions as well.All metal parts have been painted with chemical agentresistant coating. 40SUMMARYAn integrated system of available chemical defenseequipment is necessary to adequately protect militarypersonnel. This system includes the following principalelements:• Real-time detection and warning, preferablyfrom remote sensors, to allow personnel moretime to assume the appropriate protectiveposture and provide for the identification ofthe specific agent.• Personal protective equipment consisting ofa properly fitted mask and overgarment withgloves and boots as required. This equipmentis the most critical component of chemicaldefense equipment, the first line of defense.• Collective protection, which is necessary foroptimal combat casualty care in a contaminatedenvironment, whether the casualty’sinjuries are from exposure to CB weaponsalone or are combined with injuries fromconventional weapons.• Decontamination, which is required for personneland equipment to maintain combatoperations in a contaminated environment.Although the focus of this chapter is not on themedical treatment of chemical casualties, it is criticalthat medical personnel develop a good understandingof chemical defense equipment. Some medical personnelwill need to provide care in the contaminated area,others will need to know how to operate equipmentin the patient decontamination area, and still otherswill need to know the limitations of the collectiveprotective environment. Without an adequate understandingof their protective equipment and propertraining in its use, medical personnel will becomecasualties of the same agents that have incapacitatedthose they treat.ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe authors thank the following organizations and experts for their technical assistance and generoushelp in illustrating and preparing this chapter: the Joint Program Management Office for Nuclear BiologicalChemical Collective Protection; the Joint Program Management Office—Decontamination, Marine CorpsSystem; the Joint Program Management Office—Individual Protection; Jeffrey S Hofmann, Deputy ProgramManager, Respirator Engineering and Acquisition Team, ECBC-RDECOM; SFC Jeffrey Dawson, US ArmyMedical Research Institute of Chemical Defense; SFC Larry Harris, US Army (Ret); and Peter Hurst.REFERENCES1. O’Hern MR, Dashiell TR, Tracy MF. Chemical defense equipment. In: Sidell FR, Takafuji ET, Franz DR, eds. MedicalAspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. In: Zajtchuk R, Bellamy RF, eds. Textbook of Military Medicine. Washington,DC: Department of the Army, Office of The Surgeon General, Borden Institute; 1997: Chap 16.2. US Army Armament Munitions and Chemical Command. Chemical Defensive Equipment (General Information Booklet).Rock Island, Ill: Materiel Management Directorate, HQ, US Army Armament Munitions and Chemical Command;1984.589
Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare3. Department of the Army. NBC Field Handbook. Washington, DC: DA; 1994. FM 3-7.4. Ramirez TL, Rayle ME, Crowley PA, Derringer, CV. The Thermal Effects of the Chemical Defense Ensemble on Human Performance.San Antonio, Tex: US Air Force, Human Systems Division, Brooks Air Force Base; 1988. CB-010358. ADB131710.5. Department of the Army. Chemical and Biological Contamination Avoidance. Washington, DC: DA; 1992. FM 3-3.6. Weiss RA, Weiss MP, Church JK Jr, Strawbridge JB, Decker RW II, Martin FA. Chemical warfare respiratory protection:where we were and where we are going. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md: US Army Chemical Research, Development,and Engineering Center; 1918. Unpublished report.7. Gander TJ, ed. Jane’s NBC Protection Equipment, 1992–93. Alexandria, Va: Jane’s Information Group Inc; 1992: 21–25.8. North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Industrial Advisory Group, Sub-Group 48. Basic Personal Equipment. Vol 5. In:NIAG Prefeasibility Study on a Soldier Modernisation Program. Brussels, Belgium: NATO Industrial Advisory Group;1994. NATO unclassified document NAIG-D(94)3.9. Brletich NR, Tracy MF, Dashiell TR. Worldwide NBC Mask Handbook. Edgewood, Md: Chemical Warfare/Chemical andBiological Defense Information Center; 1992.10. McHenry R, ed. The New Encyclopedia Britannica. Vol 3, Micropædia. 15th ed. Chicago, Ill: Encyclopedia Britannica,Inc; 1993: 98.11. Bender TR, MD, MPH. Director, Division of Safety Research, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for OccupationSafety and Health, Morgantown, WV. Letter to all respirator manufacturers; June 15, 1990.12. Klenke WJ. Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Service, US Army. Medical NBC Defense Staff Office, Office of The SurgeonGeneral. Personal communication, June 1996.13. Phillips YY. Colonel, Medical Corps, US Army; Chief, Department of Medicine, Walter Reed Army Medical Center,Washington, DC. Personal communication, July 1996.14. Departments of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force, and Marine Corps. Multiservice Tactics, Techniques, andProcedures for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (NBC) Protection. Washington, DC: DoD; 2003. FM 3-11.4,MCWP 3-37.2, NTTP 3-11.27, AFTTP (I) 3-2.46.15. Joint Program Management Office-Individual Protection (JPMO-IP), Quantico, Va. Telephone and email correspondence,July 2005.16. Department of the Army. Operator’s Manual for Chemical-Biological Mask: Field, M40A1. Washington, DC: DA; 1998. TM3-4240-346-l0.17. Department of the Army. Unit Maintenance Manual for Chemical-Biological Mask: Combat Vehicle, M42A2. Washington,DC: DA; 1998. TM 34240-346-20&P.18. Department of the Army. Unit Maintenance Manual for Mask Chemical-Biological: Land Warrior, M45. Washington, DC:DA; 2001. TM 3-4240-348-20&P.19. Department of the Army. Operator and Unit Maintenance Manual for Mask Chemical-Biological: Joint Service General PurposeField and Combat Vehicle, M50 / M51. Washington, DC: DA; 2006. TM 3-4240-542-12&P.20. Department of the Army. Operator and Unit Maintenance Manual for Mask Chemical-Biological: Protective, M53 Right /Left. Washington, DC: DA; 2005. TM 3-4240-541-12&P.21. US Army Natick Research, Development, and Engineering Center. Items of Combat Clothing and Equipment. Natick,Mass: US Army Natick Research, Development, and Engineering Center; 1991. Natick P-32-1.590
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The Coat of Arms1818Medical Departm
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Textbooks of Military MedicinePubli
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MEDICAL ASPECTS o fCHEMICAL WARFARE
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ContentsContributorsForeword by The
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ContributorsMICHAEL ADLER, PhDResea
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DONALD M. MAXWELL, MSResearch Chemi
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ForewordThe US military has been co
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PrefaceA significant concern for th
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PrologueThe original edition of Med
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xxii
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Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare
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Nerve AgentsChapter 5NERVE AGENTSFR
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Nerve AgentsAbout 10,000 to 30,000
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Nerve Agentsphorofluoridate (DFP) w
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Nerve AgentsFig. 5-2. This schemati
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Nerve AgentsExhibit 5-1 continuedis
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Nerve Agentsactivity but only 15% t
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Nerve AgentsTABLE 5-3CHEMICAL, PHYS
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Nerve AgentsTABLE 5-4EFFECTS OF EXP
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Nerve Agentsaffecting the other eye
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Nerve Agentsmay cause severe rhinor
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Nerve Agentsof jerks and tremor.Cen
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Nerve Agentsand they were decreased
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Nerve Agentsnerve agent toxicity on
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Nerve Agentspatient. Decontaminatio
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Nerve AgentsFig. 5-5. The Mark I ki
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Nerve Agentsadministered intramuscu
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Nerve Agentsthat hydroxamine reacti
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Nerve AgentsOral administration may
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Nerve AgentsTABLE 5-7RECOMMENDED TH
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Nerve Agentsimpairment such as whee
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Nerve Agentssuboptimal, manner. The
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Nerve Agentsthan those who did not.
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Nerve Agentssible for binding nerve
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Nerve Agentsfor comparison was not
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Nerve AgentsTABLE 5-11EFFECTS OF PY
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Nerve Agentstivity of smooth muscle
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Nerve Agents38. Grob D, Lilienthal
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Nerve Agents77. McDonough JH, Shih
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Nerve Agents117. McLeod CG Jr, Sing
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Nerve Agents154. Tryphonas l, Veino
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Nerve Agents193. Funckes AJ. Treatm
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Nerve Agents235. Suzuki T, Morita H
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Nerve Agents274. Pellegrini JE, Bak
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PROCESSMedical Aspects of Chemical
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Triage of Chemical CasualtiesChapte
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Triage of Chemical Casualtiesreceiv
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Triage of Chemical Casualtiesentran
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Triage of Chemical Casualtiescatego
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Triage of Chemical CasualtiesIn a f
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Triage of Chemical Casualtiesnose)
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Triage of Chemical CasualtiesWith n
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Triage of Chemical Casualties14. Sa
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Decontamination of Chemical Casualt
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Page 562 and 563: Decontamination of Chemical Casualt
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• Analyze using GC-MS with methan
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Abbreviations and AcronymsAbBreviat
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Abbreviations and AcronymsPADPRP: p
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