Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

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Chemical Defense Equipmentabjoint service lightweight integrated suit technology(JSLIST) type VII users to protect the head and neckfrom exposure to agents, because these suits lack ahood. An audio frequency amplifier and microphoneassembly (microphone and microphone adapter) areprovided for amplified voice communication. Eachfacepiece assembly has serial number bar code as wellas human-readable lot and serial numbers located onthe filter mount assembly. 14,15Protective ClothingAn overgarment can be made to protect skin fromchemical agents by either physical or chemical means,depending on the type of fabric:• the fabric may be impermeable to most molecules,even to air and water vapor, or• the fabric may be permeable to most moleculesbut chemically alters or physically removeschemical agents before they reach the skin.An overgarment made of the first type of fabric,which can be butyl rubber or an impermeable plastic,offers complete protection against threat agents butplaces a significant heat load on the wearer and limitsmovement. Because the individual’s skin does notcontact the outside air, sweating does not cool the bodyand heat is retained. Most fielded military garmentsFig. 17-11. (a) The M53 chemical-biological protective mask ispositive-pressure capable and provides an internal variableresistance exhalation unit for operations with self-contained,closed-circuit and powered-air breathing systems. (b) Illustrationof the M53 mask front facepiece assembly.Photograph (a): Courtesy of the Chemical Casualty CareDivision, US Army Medical Research Institute of ChemicalDefense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. Drawing (b): Courtesyof the Respirator Engineering and Acquisition Team,ECBC-RDECOM, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.utilize the second type of fabric technology, whichallows some limited air exchange through the fabricbut filters the air through a charcoal lining, which alsoabsorbs agent.The decision to place a service member into fullchemical protective equipment—mask, overgarment,gloves, and boots—must take into account not onlythe provided protection but also the added heat stressand potential for dehydration. 1 To guard against dehydration,personnel must begin a drinking regimenbefore encapsulation. The physical burden of a fullensemble can add 5 to 7 lbs to a normal load; this addedweight combined with heat stress, dehydration, andphysical exertion can cause significant impairmentto any mission. Because of these factors, the militarydeveloped MOPP levels to stratify the levels of requiredprotection based on the anticipated threat risk(Figure 17-12). There are seven MOPP levels; Exhibit17-1 describes each level in detail. More informationon the applications of the various MOPP levels can befound in Field Manual 3-11.4, Multiservice Tactics, andProcedures for NBC Protection. 14 The MOPP level mustbe coordinated with the workload if personnel areto remain effective. Overgarments are continuouslyredesigned to reduce heat stress, reduce weight andbulk, and provide increased comfort as well as reducethe logistical burden.569
Medical Aspects of Chemical WarfareFig. 17-12. Mission-oriented protective posture gear, from left to right: levels 1, 2, 3, and 4.Photograph: Courtesy of the Chemical Casualty Care Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense,Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.EXHIBIT 17-1LEVELS OF MISSION-ORIENTED PROTECTIVE POSTUREMOPP ReadyApplies to US Army/Marine Corps only. Personnel carry their protective masks with their loadcarryingequipment. Individual mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP) gear is labeled andstored no farther back than a logistics site (eg, brigade support area) and is ready to be broughtforward to the individual when needed. The time necessary to bring the MOPP gear forward shouldnot exceed 2 hours. Units at MOPP ready are highly vulnerable to persistent agent attacks and willautomatically upgrade to MOPP 0 when they determine or are notified that chemical, biological,radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) weapons have been used or that the threat exists for CBRN weaponsuse. When a unit is at MOPP ready, personnel have field-expedient items, such as wet weather gear,identified for use in the event of an unanticipated CBRN attack. Additionally, Air Force personnelstationed in or deployed to CBRN medium- and high-threat areas are issued individual protectiveequipment (IPE) capable of bringing them to the MOPP 4 level of protection. Therefore, when thetheater commander declares MOPP ready, Air Force personnel will automatically assume MOPP 0as opposed to MOPP ready.(Exhbit 17-1 continues)570
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The Coat of Arms1818Medical Departm
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Textbooks of Military MedicinePubli
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MEDICAL ASPECTS o fCHEMICAL WARFARE
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ContentsContributorsForeword by The
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ContributorsMICHAEL ADLER, PhDResea
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DONALD M. MAXWELL, MSResearch Chemi
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ForewordThe US military has been co
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PrefaceA significant concern for th
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PrologueThe original edition of Med
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xxii
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Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare
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Nerve AgentsChapter 5NERVE AGENTSFR
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Nerve AgentsAbout 10,000 to 30,000
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Nerve Agentsphorofluoridate (DFP) w
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Nerve AgentsFig. 5-2. This schemati
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Nerve AgentsExhibit 5-1 continuedis
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Nerve Agentsactivity but only 15% t
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Nerve AgentsTABLE 5-3CHEMICAL, PHYS
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Nerve AgentsTABLE 5-4EFFECTS OF EXP
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Nerve Agentsaffecting the other eye
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Nerve Agentsmay cause severe rhinor
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Nerve Agentsof jerks and tremor.Cen
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Nerve Agentsand they were decreased
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Nerve Agentsnerve agent toxicity on
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Nerve Agentspatient. Decontaminatio
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Nerve AgentsFig. 5-5. The Mark I ki
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Nerve Agentsadministered intramuscu
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Nerve Agentsthat hydroxamine reacti
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Nerve AgentsOral administration may
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Nerve AgentsTABLE 5-7RECOMMENDED TH
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Nerve Agentsimpairment such as whee
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Nerve Agentssuboptimal, manner. The
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Nerve Agentsthan those who did not.
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Nerve Agentssible for binding nerve
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Nerve Agentsfor comparison was not
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Nerve AgentsTABLE 5-11EFFECTS OF PY
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Nerve Agentstivity of smooth muscle
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Nerve Agents38. Grob D, Lilienthal
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Nerve Agents77. McDonough JH, Shih
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Nerve Agents117. McLeod CG Jr, Sing
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Nerve Agents154. Tryphonas l, Veino
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Nerve Agents193. Funckes AJ. Treatm
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Nerve Agents235. Suzuki T, Morita H
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Nerve Agents274. Pellegrini JE, Bak
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PROCESSMedical Aspects of Chemical
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Triage of Chemical CasualtiesChapte
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Triage of Chemical Casualtiesreceiv
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Triage of Chemical Casualtiesentran
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Triage of Chemical Casualtiescatego
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• Analyze using GC-MS with methan
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Abbreviations and AcronymsAbBreviat
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Abbreviations and AcronymsPADPRP: p
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