Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

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Chemical Defense EquipmentChapter 17CHEMICAL DEFENSE EQUIPMENTLAUKTON Y. RIMPEL*; DANIEL E. BOEHM † ; MICHAEL R. O’HERN ‡ ; THOMAS R. DASHIELL § ; a n dMARY FRANCES TRACY ¥INTRODUCTIONINDIVIDUAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTRespiratory ProtectionProtective ClothingPsychological FactorsDETECTION AND WARNINGPoint DetectorsStandoff DetectorsTOXIC INDUSTRIAL MATERIAL PROTECTIONIndividual ProtectionDetection and IdentificationDECONTAMINATION EQUIPMENTPersonnel DecontaminationEquipment DecontaminationDecontamination Methods in DevelopmentCOLLECTIVE PROTECTIONChemically Protected Deployable Medical SystemCollectively Protected Expeditionary Medical SupportChemical and Biological Protected ShelterM20 Simplified Collective Protection EquipmentModular General Purpose Tent System Chemical-Biological Protective Liner SystemADDITIONAL PATIENT PROTECTION AND TRANSPORT EQUIPMENTPatient Protective WrapIndividual Chemical Patient Resuscitation DeviceDecontaminable LitterSUMMARY* Sergeant First Class, US Army (Retired); Consultant, Battelle Scientific Program Office, 50101 Governors Drive, Suite 110, Chapel Hill, North Carolina27517† Field Medical Education Specialist, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 3100 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground,Maryland 21010-5400‡ Sergeant First Class, US Army (Retired); PO Box 46, Aberdeen, Maryland 21010; formerly, Noncommissioned Officer in Charge, Chemical CasualtyCare Office, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5425§ Formerly, Director, Environmental and Life Sciences, Office of the Director of Defense Research, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Department ofDefense, Washington, DC; Deceased¥Research Scientist, Chemical, Biological, Radiological & Nuclear Defense Information Analysis Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5425559
Medical Aspects of Chemical WarfareINTRODUCTIONA number of countries around the world havethe capability to use chemical weapons, and terroristgroups around the world display great interestin these weapons and the willingness to use them.Within the past 2 decades, incidents of chemicalweapons use in armed conflict, most notably duringthe Iran-Iraq War, have been well documented. Themost recent threat of such use was during the PersianGulf War, when US forces were possibly exposed toboth chemical and biological agents. 1 However, thethreat is no longer restricted to the battlefield. Recentevents such as the September 11, 2001, terrorist attackon the World Trade Center in New York City and thePentagon in Washington, DC, and subsequent nationalthreat warnings, have raised fears of a future terroristincident involving chemical agents. An essential partof preparedness to ensure continued operations in achemical environment, whether in armed conflict orduring a terrorist attack, is adequate equipment. Suchequipment must encompass detection and warning,personal protection, decontamination, and treatment.Only an integrated approach to these aspects of protectioncan ensure an effective response in a chemicalwarfare environment with a minimum degradation inhuman performance. 1,2The primary item of protection is the personal respirator,designed to protect individuals against volatileagents and aerosols. The respirator must be carefullyfitted to ensure minimal leakage, and individuals mustbe well trained in donning masks (a maximum timeof ≤ 9 sec is desirable). In addition to the respiratoryhazard, many chemical agents are dermally active,requiring that a proper overgarment, usually containingan activated charcoal layer to adsorb chemicalagent, be donned, along with protective glovesand footwear. The complete ensemble can seriouslydegrade individual performance; a 50% reduction inmission-related task performance has routinely beenmeasured in tests. In addition to physical performancedegradation, psychological problems in someindividuals wearing the complete ensemble, owing toits claustrophobic effects, have been reported. 3 Thissubject is discussed separately in the attachment atthe end of this chapter.The rapid “detection and warning” of chemicalagent use is critical to force protection. 4,5 Usually, thechemical agent will be delivered via an aerial or missileattack, or in an upwind release causing a cloudof agent to pass over a troop concentration. Becausethe effects of agents can sometimes occur in lessthan a minute, timely detection is required to permitall potentially exposed forces to adopt an adequateposture. Detection equipment is also used to confirmagent hazard reduction, which facilitates reducingthe mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP)level and removal of protection equipment—the “allclear” signal.Decontamination of equipment, facilities, andpersonnel is also required after an attack if effectivemilitary operations are to be maintained. Some ofthis decontamination burden can be mitigated bythe use of effective collective protection equipment,which can allow continuing operations, such ascommunications and medical care, within protectedfacilities.This chapter is not intended as an all-encompassingoverview of chemical defense equipment; rather,it will describe the items and operations of greatestinterest to the medical community. The followingsections address in detail each of the protection areasdescribed above. Current equipment items are featured,and items in development that are designedto overcome the deficiencies of current equipmentare briefly described. Sufficient technical data areincluded to allow healthcare professionals to becomefamiliar with the equipment’s operation, components,and the limitations. Several sources that provide additionaldetail are available, including the writtenreferences and expert consultants to this chapter.Possibly of more value to the healthcare professionalare chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear(CBRN) officers who are an integral part of eachcombat element and can provide detailed advice aswell as hands-on assistance.One criterion for the selection of protective equipmentitems is suitability for joint service use; differencesbetween the missions of air and ground crewsmust be accommodated. As new and better chemicaldefense equipment is developed and made availableto the forces, several principles must be followed foran optimal outcome:• Intelligence must continually identify newagents that may be used against combat forcesand ensure that the defense equipment meetsthe new threats.• A viable, active training program must bemaintained.• Medical input into operations while participantsare wearing protective equipment is vitalto maintenance of a combat operation. Plannedrest periods consonant with work loads andMOPP gear will allow continuing operationseven in a contaminated environment.560
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The Coat of Arms1818Medical Departm
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Textbooks of Military MedicinePubli
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MEDICAL ASPECTS o fCHEMICAL WARFARE
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ContentsContributorsForeword by The
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ContributorsMICHAEL ADLER, PhDResea
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DONALD M. MAXWELL, MSResearch Chemi
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ForewordThe US military has been co
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PrefaceA significant concern for th
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PrologueThe original edition of Med
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Nerve AgentsChapter 5NERVE AGENTSFR
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Nerve AgentsAbout 10,000 to 30,000
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Nerve Agentsphorofluoridate (DFP) w
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Nerve AgentsFig. 5-2. This schemati
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Nerve AgentsExhibit 5-1 continuedis
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Nerve Agentsactivity but only 15% t
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Nerve AgentsTABLE 5-3CHEMICAL, PHYS
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Nerve AgentsTABLE 5-4EFFECTS OF EXP
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Nerve Agentsaffecting the other eye
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Nerve Agentsmay cause severe rhinor
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Nerve Agentsof jerks and tremor.Cen
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Nerve Agentsand they were decreased
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Nerve Agentsnerve agent toxicity on
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Nerve Agentspatient. Decontaminatio
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Nerve AgentsFig. 5-5. The Mark I ki
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Nerve Agentsadministered intramuscu
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Nerve Agentsthat hydroxamine reacti
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Nerve AgentsOral administration may
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Nerve AgentsTABLE 5-7RECOMMENDED TH
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Nerve Agentsimpairment such as whee
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Nerve Agentssuboptimal, manner. The
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Nerve Agentsthan those who did not.
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Nerve Agentssible for binding nerve
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Nerve Agentsfor comparison was not
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Nerve AgentsTABLE 5-11EFFECTS OF PY
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Nerve Agentstivity of smooth muscle
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Nerve Agents38. Grob D, Lilienthal
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Nerve Agents77. McDonough JH, Shih
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Nerve Agents117. McLeod CG Jr, Sing
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Nerve Agents154. Tryphonas l, Veino
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Nerve Agents193. Funckes AJ. Treatm
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Nerve Agents235. Suzuki T, Morita H
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Nerve Agents274. Pellegrini JE, Bak
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PROCESSMedical Aspects of Chemical
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Page 531 and 532: Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare
Page 534 and 535: Triage of Chemical CasualtiesChapte
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• Analyze using GC-MS with methan
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Abbreviations and AcronymsAbBreviat
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Abbreviations and AcronymsPADPRP: p
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