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Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

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<strong>Medical</strong> <strong>Aspects</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Chemical</strong> <strong>Warfare</strong>55. Punte CL, Weimer JT, Ballard TA, Wilding JL. Toxicologic studies on o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile. Toxicol ApplPharmacol. 1962;4:656–662.56. Rietveld EC, Delbressine LP, Waegemaekers TH, Seutter-Berlage F. 2-Chlorobenzylmercapturic acid, a metabolite <strong>of</strong>the riot control agent 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) in the rat. Arch Toxicol. 1983;54:139–144.57. von Daniken A, Friederich U, Lutz W, Schlatter C. Tests for mutagenicity in Salmonella and covalent binding to DNAand protein in the rat <strong>of</strong> the riot control agent o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS). Arch Toxicol. 1981;49:15–27.58. Wild D, Eckhardt K, Harnasch D, King MT. Genotoxicity study <strong>of</strong> CS (Ortho-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile) inSalmonella, Drosophila, and mice. Failure to detect mutagenic effects. Arch Toxicol. 1983;54:167–170.59. Zeiger E, Anderson B, Haworth S, Lawlor T, Mortelmans K, Speck W. Salmonella mutagenicity tests III. Results fromthe testing <strong>of</strong> 225 chemicals. Environ Mutagen. 1987;9:1–109.60. National Research Council, Committee on Toxicology. Cholinesterase Reactivators, Psychochemicals, and Irritants andVesicants. Vol 2. In: Possible Long-Term Health Effects <strong>of</strong> Short-Term Exposure to <strong>Chemical</strong> Agents. Washington, DC: NationalAcademy Press; 1984: 221–119.61. Ballantyne B, Callaway S. Inhalation toxicology and pathology <strong>of</strong> animals exposed to o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile(CS). Med Sci Law. 1972;12:43–65.62. Weimer JT, Wilding JL, Ballard TA, Lawson L, Punte CL. A Study <strong>of</strong> the Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity <strong>of</strong> Aerosols <strong>of</strong> CSin Small Laboratory Animals (U). Edgewood Arsenal, Md: US Army <strong>Chemical</strong> <strong>Warfare</strong> Laboratories, 1960. TechnicalReport CWLR 2360.63. Marrs TC, Colgrave HF, Cross NL, Gazzard MF, Brown RF. A repeated dose study <strong>of</strong> the toxicity <strong>of</strong> inhaled 2-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile (CS) aerosol in three species <strong>of</strong> laboratory animal. Arch Toxicol. 1983;52:183–198.64. McNamara BP, Renne RA, Rozmiarek H, Ford DF, Owens EJ. CS: A Study <strong>of</strong> Carcinogenicity. Aberdeen Proving Ground,Md: US Army Biomedical Laboratory; 1973. Edgewood Arsenal Technical Report, EATR 4760.65. Abdo K. Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies <strong>of</strong> CS2 (94% o-Chlorobenzalmalononitrile) CAS No. 2698-41-1) in F344/NRats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies). Research Triangle Park, NC: National Toxicology Program; 1990. NTIS-PB90256280, Technical Report Series No. 377.66. Gongwer LE, Ballard TA, Gutentag PJ, et al. <strong>The</strong> Comparative Effectiveness <strong>of</strong> Four Riot Control Agents. Edgewood Arsenal,Md: US Army <strong>Chemical</strong> <strong>Warfare</strong> Laboratories; 1958. Technical Memorandum CWL-TM- 24-18.67. Owens EJ, Punte CL. Human respiratory and ocular irritation studies utilizing o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile.Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1963;May-Jun;4:262–264.68. Cole TJ, Cotes JE, Johnson GR, Martin HD, Reed JW, Saunders JE. Ventilation, cardiac frequency and pattern <strong>of</strong> breathingduring exercise in men exposed to o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) and ammonia gas in low concentrations.Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci. 1977;62:341–351.69. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Pocket Guide to <strong>Chemical</strong> Hazards. Washington, DC: USGovernment Printing Office; 2005. Department <strong>of</strong> Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionWeb site. Available at: www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/idhlview.html. Accessed November 2, 2005.70. Heinrich U. Possible lethal effects <strong>of</strong> CS tear gas on Branch Davidians during the FBI raid on the Mount Carmel compoundNear Waco, Texas April 19, 1993. Available at: http://www.veritagiustizia.it/docs/gas_cs/CS_Effects_Waco.pdf. Accessed August 21, 2007.71. Blain PG. Tear gases and irritant incapacitants. 1-chloroacetophenone, 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile anddibenz[b,f]-1,4-oxazepine. Toxicol Review. 2003;22(2):103–110.72. Weigand DA. Cutaneous reaction to the riot control agent CS. Mil Med. 1969;134: 437–440.476

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