Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

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Riot Control Agentswithout adequate ventilation for prolonged periods,deployed incorrectly, or used against those with preexistingmedical conditions. Although injuries such asburns or fragment penetration can also result from theexploding delivery device rather than from the actualagent, these injuries should not be confused. Data showthat RCAs such as OC and CS are safe when used fortheir intended purpose.REFERENCES1. Article II, Definitions and Criteria. US Chemical Weapons Convention Web site. Available at: http://www.cwc.gov/treaty/treatytext_html. Accessed November 1, 2005.2. Salem H, Ballantyne B, Katz SA. Inhalation toxicology of riot control agents. In: Salem H, Katz SA, eds. InhalationToxicology. 2nd ed. New York, NY: CRC Press; 2005.3. Sidell F. Riot control agents. In: Sidell F, Takafuji E, Franz D, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. In:Zajtchuk R, Bellamy RF, eds. Textbook of Military Medicine. Washington, DC: Department of the Army, Office of TheSurgeon General, Borden Institute; 1997: Chap 12.4. Olajos EJ, Stopford W, eds. Riot Control Agents: Issues in Toxicology, Safety, and Health. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press;2004.5. Kratschmer F. Uber Reflexe von der Nasenschleimhaut auf athmung und Kreislaub, Sitzungsber [Minutes of theproceedings of the nasal reflexes during respirations and circulation]. Akad Wiss. 1870;62:147–170.6. Allen WF. Effect on respiration, blood pressure, and carotid pulse of various inhaled and insufflated vapors whenstimulating one cranial nerve and various combinations of cranial nerves. Am J Physiol. 1928–29; 87:319–325.7. Aviado DM, Salem H. Respiratory and bronchomotor reflexes in toxicity studies. In: Salem H, ed. Inhalation Toxicology:Research Methods, Applications and Evaluation. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1987.8. Aviado DM, Guevara Aviado D. The Bezold-Jarisch reflex. A historical perspective of cardiopulmonary reflexes. AnnN Y Acad Sci. 2001;940:48–58.9. Aviado DM. Kratschmer reflex induced by inhalation of aerosol propellants. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Conferenceon Environmental Toxicology: Toxic Hazards of Halocarbon Propellants. Washington, DC: US Food and Drug Administration;1971: 63–77.10. US Department of the Army. Flame, Riot Control Agent, and Herbicide Operations. Fort Leonard Wood, Mo: DA; August19, 1996. FM 3-11.11, MCRP 3–3.7.2.11. Habanero D. A short and sordid history of pepper spray. In: Fire in the Eyes, a Chemical Weapons Primer, Earth FirstJournal. Dec/Jan 2000. Available at: http://www.nonpepperspray.org/sordid.htm. Accessed November 1, 2005.12. Steffee CH, Lantz PE, Flannagan LM, Thompson RL, Jason DR. Oleoresin capsicum (pepper) spray and “in-custody”deaths. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1995;16:185–192.13. Swearengen TF. Tear Gas Munitions—An Analysis of Commercial Riot Gas Guns, Tear Gas Projectiles, Grenades, Small ArmsAmmunition, and Related Tear Gas Devices. Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas; 1966.14. Salem H, Olajos EJ, Katz SA. Riot control agents. In: Somani SM, Romano JA Jr, eds. Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicityat Low Levels. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press; 2001.15. Chloropicrin. EXTOXNET, Extension Toxicology Network, pesticide information profiles. Web site. Available at: http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/chloropi.htm. Accessed April 13, 2007.16. Wilhelm SN. Chloropicarin as a soil fumigant. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Web site.Available at: http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/np/mba/july96/wilhel1.htm. Accessed November 1, 2005.473
Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare17. Sofia gas poisoning was accident, police say. April 9, 2004. Bulgarian News Network Web site. Available at: http://www.bgnewsnet.com/story.php?sid=4519. Accessed November 1, 2005.18. Forty hurt in Sofia gas accident. April 9, 2004. BBC Web site. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3613979.stm. Accessed November 1, 2005.19. Brooks J. Chemical warfare on the West Bank? July 5, 2004. Palestine.monitor [serial online]. Available at: http://www.palestinemonitor.org/new_web/chemical_warfare_westbank.htm. Accessed November 1, 2005.20. Brooks J. The Israeli poison gas attacks: a preliminary investigation. June 27, 2004. Vermonters for a Just Peace in PalestineWeb site. Available at: http://www.vtjp.org/report/The_Israeli_Poison_Gas_Attacks_Project.htm. AccessedNovember 1, 2005.21. Royer J, Gainet F. Ocular effects of ethyl bromoacetate tear gas. Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr. 1973;73:1165-1171.22. Atkinson JM. Advanced Chemical Weapons. Available at: http://www.tscm.com/mace.html. Accessed November 1,2005.23. The history of pepper spray. Safety Gear HQ Web site. Available at: http://www.safetygearhq.com/pepper-sprayfacts.htm#1.Accessed November 1, 2005.24. Corson BB, Stoughton RW. Reactions of alpha, beta-unsaturated dinitriles. J Am Chem Soc. 1928;50:2825–2837.24. Davis SL. Riot control weapons for the Vietnam War. Historical monograph. Edgewood Arsenal, Md: US Army MunitionsCommand; 1970.26. Cucinell SA, Swentzel KC, Biskup R, et al. Biochemical interactions and metabolic fate of riot control agents. Fed Proc.1971;30:86–91.27. McNamara BP, Owens EJ, Weimer JT, Ballard TA, Vocci FJ. Toxicology of Riot Control Chemicals—CS, CN, and DM.Edgewood Arsenal, Md: US Army Biomedical Laboratory; 1969. Technical Report EATR 4309.28. Kluchinsky TA Jr, Savage PB, Fitz R, Smith PA. Liberation of hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen chloride during hightemperaturedispersion of CS riot control agent. AIHA J (Fairfax, Va). 2002;63:493–496.29. Kluchinsky TA Jr, Savage PB, Sheely MV, Thomas RJ, Smith PA. Identification of CS-derived compounds formed duringheat-dispersion of CS riot control agent. J Microcolumn. Sep. 2001;13(5):186–190.30. Kluchinsky TA, Sheely MV, Savage PB, Smith PA. Formation of 2-chlorobenzylidenemalonolnitrile (CS riot controlagent) thermal degradation products at elevated temperatures. J Chromatogr. 2002;952:205–213.31. Smith PA, Kluchinsky TA Jr., Savage PB, et al. Traditional sampling with laboratory analysis and solid phase microextractionsampling with field gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry by military industrial hygienists. AIHA J (Fairfax,Va). 2002;63(3):284–292.32. Katz SA, Salem H. Synthesis and chemical analysis of riot control agents. In: Olajos EJ, Stopford W, eds. Riot ControlAgents: Issues in Toxicology, Safety, and Health. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press; 2004: Chap 3.33. Abdo K. NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of CS2 (94% o-chlorobenzalmalononitrile, CASNo. 2698-41-1) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice. Research Triangle Park, NC: US Department of Health and HumanServices, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health; 1990. NTP TR 377, NIH Publication No. 90-2832.34. Ditter JM, Heal CS. Application and use of riot control agents. In: Olajos EJ, Stopford W, eds. Riot Control Agents: Issuesin Toxicology, Safety, and Health. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press; 2004: Chap 2.35. Beswick FW, Holland P, Kemp KH. Acute effects of exposure to orthochlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) and thedevelopment of tolerance. Br J Ind Med. 1972;29:298–306.474
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The Coat of Arms1818Medical Departm
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Textbooks of Military MedicinePubli
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MEDICAL ASPECTS o fCHEMICAL WARFARE
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ContentsContributorsForeword by The
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ContributorsMICHAEL ADLER, PhDResea
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DONALD M. MAXWELL, MSResearch Chemi
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ForewordThe US military has been co
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PrefaceA significant concern for th
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PrologueThe original edition of Med
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xxii
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Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare
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Nerve AgentsChapter 5NERVE AGENTSFR
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Nerve AgentsAbout 10,000 to 30,000
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Nerve Agentsphorofluoridate (DFP) w
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Nerve AgentsFig. 5-2. This schemati
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Nerve AgentsExhibit 5-1 continuedis
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Nerve Agentsactivity but only 15% t
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Nerve AgentsTABLE 5-3CHEMICAL, PHYS
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Nerve AgentsTABLE 5-4EFFECTS OF EXP
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Nerve Agentsaffecting the other eye
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Nerve Agentsmay cause severe rhinor
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Nerve Agentsof jerks and tremor.Cen
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Nerve Agentsand they were decreased
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Nerve Agentsnerve agent toxicity on
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Nerve Agentspatient. Decontaminatio
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Nerve AgentsFig. 5-5. The Mark I ki
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Nerve Agentsadministered intramuscu
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Nerve Agentsthat hydroxamine reacti
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Nerve AgentsOral administration may
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Nerve AgentsTABLE 5-7RECOMMENDED TH
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Nerve Agentsimpairment such as whee
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Nerve Agentssuboptimal, manner. The
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Nerve Agentsthan those who did not.
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Nerve Agentssible for binding nerve
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Nerve Agentsfor comparison was not
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Nerve AgentsTABLE 5-11EFFECTS OF PY
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Nerve Agentstivity of smooth muscle
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Nerve Agents38. Grob D, Lilienthal
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Nerve Agents77. McDonough JH, Shih
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Nerve Agents117. McLeod CG Jr, Sing
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Nerve Agents154. Tryphonas l, Veino
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Nerve Agents193. Funckes AJ. Treatm
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Nerve Agents235. Suzuki T, Morita H
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Nerve Agents274. Pellegrini JE, Bak
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PROCESSMedical Aspects of Chemical
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Page 445 and 446: Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare
Page 495: Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare
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Triage of Chemical CasualtiesWith n
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Triage of Chemical Casualties14. Sa
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Decontamination of Chemical Casualt
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• Analyze using GC-MS with methan
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Abbreviations and AcronymsAbBreviat
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Abbreviations and AcronymsPADPRP: p
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