Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

Riot Control Agentswithout adequate ventilation for prolonged periods,deployed incorrectly, or used against those with preexistingmedical conditions. Although injuries such asburns or fragment penetration can also result from theexploding delivery device rather than from the actualagent, these injuries should not be confused. Data showthat RCAs such as OC and CS are safe when used fortheir intended purpose.REFERENCES1. Article II, Definitions and Criteria. US Chemical Weapons Convention Web site. Available at: http://www.cwc.gov/treaty/treatytext_html. Accessed November 1, 2005.2. Salem H, Ballantyne B, Katz SA. Inhalation toxicology of riot control agents. In: Salem H, Katz SA, eds. InhalationToxicology. 2nd ed. New York, NY: CRC Press; 2005.3. Sidell F. Riot control agents. In: Sidell F, Takafuji E, Franz D, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. In:Zajtchuk R, Bellamy RF, eds. Textbook of Military Medicine. Washington, DC: Department of the Army, Office of TheSurgeon General, Borden Institute; 1997: Chap 12.4. Olajos EJ, Stopford W, eds. Riot Control Agents: Issues in Toxicology, Safety, and Health. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press;2004.5. Kratschmer F. Uber Reflexe von der Nasenschleimhaut auf athmung und Kreislaub, Sitzungsber [Minutes of theproceedings of the nasal reflexes during respirations and circulation]. Akad Wiss. 1870;62:147–170.6. Allen WF. Effect on respiration, blood pressure, and carotid pulse of various inhaled and insufflated vapors whenstimulating one cranial nerve and various combinations of cranial nerves. Am J Physiol. 1928–29; 87:319–325.7. Aviado DM, Salem H. Respiratory and bronchomotor reflexes in toxicity studies. In: Salem H, ed. Inhalation Toxicology:Research Methods, Applications and Evaluation. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1987.8. Aviado DM, Guevara Aviado D. The Bezold-Jarisch reflex. A historical perspective of cardiopulmonary reflexes. AnnN Y Acad Sci. 2001;940:48–58.9. Aviado DM. Kratschmer reflex induced by inhalation of aerosol propellants. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Conferenceon Environmental Toxicology: Toxic Hazards of Halocarbon Propellants. Washington, DC: US Food and Drug Administration;1971: 63–77.10. US Department of the Army. Flame, Riot Control Agent, and Herbicide Operations. Fort Leonard Wood, Mo: DA; August19, 1996. FM 3-11.11, MCRP 3–3.7.2.11. Habanero D. A short and sordid history of pepper spray. In: Fire in the Eyes, a Chemical Weapons Primer, Earth FirstJournal. Dec/Jan 2000. Available at: http://www.nonpepperspray.org/sordid.htm. Accessed November 1, 2005.12. Steffee CH, Lantz PE, Flannagan LM, Thompson RL, Jason DR. Oleoresin capsicum (pepper) spray and “in-custody”deaths. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1995;16:185–192.13. Swearengen TF. Tear Gas Munitions—An Analysis of Commercial Riot Gas Guns, Tear Gas Projectiles, Grenades, Small ArmsAmmunition, and Related Tear Gas Devices. Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas; 1966.14. Salem H, Olajos EJ, Katz SA. Riot control agents. In: Somani SM, Romano JA Jr, eds. Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicityat Low Levels. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press; 2001.15. Chloropicrin. EXTOXNET, Extension Toxicology Network, pesticide information profiles. Web site. Available at: http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/chloropi.htm. Accessed April 13, 2007.16. Wilhelm SN. Chloropicarin as a soil fumigant. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Web site.Available at: http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/np/mba/july96/wilhel1.htm. Accessed November 1, 2005.473