Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault
Share Embed Flag
Download ePaper

Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

documents.blackvault.com
from documents.blackvault.com More from this publisher
13.07.2015 Views

Cyanide PoisoningChapter 11CYANIDE POIsONINGSteven I. Baskin, PhD*; James B. Kelly † ; Beverly I. Maliner, DO, MPH ‡ ; Gary A. Rockwood, PhD § ; a n dCsaba K. Zoltani, PhD ¥IntroductionHistorical UseBiochemical Basis for PoisoningDetection of Cyanide and Cyanide MetabolitesClinical Presentation and Management of CasualtiesCyanide-caused cardiac toxicityNeurological/ Psychological Responses to Cyanide and itsCountermeasuresSpecific AntidotesSummary* Deputy Research Coordinator, Cyanide Medical Countermeasures, Analytical Toxicology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of ChemicalDefense, 3100 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5400† Research Chemist, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 3100 Ricketts Point Road, Room 92, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland21010-5400‡ Colonel, Medical Corps, US Army; Director, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, US Army Center for Health Promotion andPreventive Medicine, 5158 Blackhawk Road, Building E1930, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5403§Research Coordinator, Cyanide Medical Countermeasures, Analytical Toxicology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense,3100 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5400¥Research Physicist, Army Research Laboratory, Building 394, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005371

Medical Aspects of Chemical WarfareIntroductionCyanide has been used as a poison for thousandsof years. In World War I, however, possibly because ofinefficient delivery, cyanide was not highly successfulas a chemical warfare agent. The effects of high-dosecyanide are quick, and death occurs within minutes.Antidotes are effective if administered in time (althoughantidotes are unlikely to be available in timewith high-dose exposures).Cyanide is ubiquitous. It is present in some foodsand in the products of combustion of synthetic materials,and it is widely used in industry. The cyanidesof military interest are the volatile liquids hydrocyanicacid (or hydrogen cyanide [HCN], North AtlanticTreaty Organization [NATO] designation: AC) andcyanogen chloride (NATO designation: CK); however,a great number of cyanide compounds actually releaseactive cyanide. Cyanides are stored and used in eitherliquid form or as solid salts (Table 11-1).HISTORICAL USEDiscovery and Ancient Use of CyanideSince the time of ancient Egypt, plants containingcyanide derivatives, such as bitter almonds, cherry laurelleaves, peach pits, and cassava, have been used aslethal poisons. 1,2 Peach pits used in judicial executionsby the ancient Egyptians are on display in the LouvreMuseum, Paris, and an Egyptian papyrus refers tothe “penalty of the peach.” 2 The Romans used cherrylaurel leaves as a method of execution (also knownTABLE 11-1CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CYANIDESProperties Hydrogen Cyanide (AC) Cyanogen Chloride (CK)Chemical and PhysicalBoiling Point 25.7°C 12.9°CVapor Pressure 740 mm Hg 1,000 mg HgDensityVapor 0.99 at 20°C 2.1Liquid 0.68 g/mL at 25°C 1.18 g/mL at 20°CSolid na crystal: 0.93 g/mL at –40°CVolatility 1.1 × 10 6 mg/m 3 at 25°C 2.6 × 10 6 mg/m 3 at 12.9°CAppearance and Odor Gas: Odor of bitter almonds or peach kernals Bitter almonds scent; colorless gas orliquid; irritating to upper airway, eyesSolubilityIn water complete at 25°C 6.9 g/100 mL at 20°CIn other solvents completely miscible in almost all organic Most organic solvents (mixtures aresolventsunstable)Environmental and BiologicalDetection ICAD; M254A1 kit m256A1 kitPersistencyIn soil < 1 h nonpersistentOn material low nonpersistentSkin Decontamination Water; soap and water water; soap and waterBiologically Effective AmountVapor (mg•min/m 3 )Liquid (mg/kg)LC t : 2,500–5,000 (time-dependent)50lD (skin): 10050LC t : 11,00050lD (skin): 10050ICAD: individual chemical agent detectorLCt 50: the vapor or aerosol exposure (concentration • time) lethal to 50% of the exposed populationLD 50: the dose lethal to 50% of the exposed populationNA: not applicable372

Cyanide PoisoningChapter 11CYANIDE POIsONINGSteven I. Baskin, PhD*; James B. Kelly † ; Beverly I. Maliner, DO, MPH ‡ ; Gary A. Rockwood, PhD § ; a n dCsaba K. Zoltani, PhD ¥IntroductionHistorical UseBiochemical Basis for PoisoningDetection <strong>of</strong> Cyanide and Cyanide MetabolitesClinical Presentation and Management <strong>of</strong> CasualtiesCyanide-caused cardiac toxicityNeurological/ Psychological Responses to Cyanide and itsCountermeasuresSpecific AntidotesSummary* Deputy Research Coordinator, Cyanide <strong>Medical</strong> Countermeasures, Analytical Toxicology Division, US Army <strong>Medical</strong> Research Institute <strong>of</strong> <strong>Chemical</strong>Defense, 3100 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5400† Research Chemist, US Army <strong>Medical</strong> Research Institute <strong>of</strong> <strong>Chemical</strong> Defense, 3100 Ricketts Point Road, Room 92, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland21010-5400‡ Colonel, <strong>Medical</strong> Corps, US Army; Director, Department <strong>of</strong> Occupational and Environmental Medicine, US Army Center for Health Promotion andPreventive Medicine, 5158 <strong>Black</strong>hawk Road, Building E1930, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5403§Research Coordinator, Cyanide <strong>Medical</strong> Countermeasures, Analytical Toxicology Division, US Army <strong>Medical</strong> Research Institute <strong>of</strong> <strong>Chemical</strong> Defense,3100 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5400¥Research Physicist, Army Research Laboratory, Building 394, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005371

logo

products

Resources

Company

Terms of service
Privacy policy
Cookie policy
Cookie settings
Imprint
Change language
Made with love in Switzerland
© 2024 Yumpu.com all rights reserved

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!