Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

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Neuroprotection as a Treatment for Nerve Agent SurvivorsReferences1. Solberg Y, Belkin M. The role of excitotoxicity in organophosphorous nerve agents central poisoning. Trends PharmacolSci. 1997;18:183–185.2. Shih TM, Duniho SM, McDonough JH. Control of nerve agent-induced seizures is critical for neuroprotection andsurvival. Toxicol Appl Pharm. 2003;188:69–80.3. DeLorenzo RJ. Management of status epilepticus. Va Med Q. 1996;123:103–111.4. DeLorenzo RJ, Hauser WA, Towne AR, et al. A prospective, population-based epidemiologic study of status epilepticusin Richmond, Virginia. Neurology. 1996;46:1029–1035.5. Newmark J. The birth of nerve agent warfare: lessons from Syed Abbas Foroutan. Neurology. 2004;62:1590–1596.6. Sidell FR. Nerve Agents. In: Sidell FR, Takafuji ET, Franz DR, eds. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare.In: Zajtchuk R, Bellamy RF, eds. Textbook of Military Medicine. Washington, DC: Department of the Army, Office of TheSurgeon General, Borden Institute; 1997: Chap 5.7. Lipp JA. Effect of diazepam upon soman-induced seizure activity and convulsions. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol.1972;32:557–560.8. Lipp JA. Effect of benzodiazepine derivatives on soman-induced seizure activity and convulsions in the monkey. ArchInt Pharmacodyn Ther. 1973;202:244–251.9. McDonough JH Jr, Jaax NK, Crowley RA, Mays MZ, Modrow HE. Atropine and/or diazepam therapy protects againstsoman-induced neural and cardiac pathology. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1989;13:256–276.10. McDonough JH Jr, Shih TM. Pharmacological modulation of soman-induced seizures. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1993;17:203–215.11. Shih TM. Anticonvulsant effects of diazepam and MK-801 in soman poisoning. Epilepsy Res. 1990;7:105–116.12. Shih TM, Koviak TA, Capacio BR. Anticonvulsants for poisoning by the organophosphorus compound soman: pharmacologicalmechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1991;15:349–362.13. Capacio BR, Shih TM. Anticonvulsant actions of anticholinergic drugs in soman poisoning. Epilepsia. 1991;32:604–615.14. Philippens IH, Melchers BP, de Groot DM, Wolthuis OL. Behavioral performance, brain histology, and EEG sequelaafter immediate combined atropine/diazepam treatment of soman-intoxicated rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav.1992;42:711–719.15. Sparenborg S, Brennecke LH, Beers ET. Pharmacological dissociation of the motor and electrical aspects of convulsivestatus epilepticus induced by the cholinesterase inhibitor soman. Epilepsy Res. 1993;14:95–103.16. Harris LW, Gennings C, Carter WH, Anderson DR, Lennox WJ, Bowersox SL, Solana RP. Efficacy comparison of scopolamine(SCP) and diazepam (DZ) against soman-induced lethality in guinea pigs. Drug Chem Toxicol. 1994;17:35–50.17. Shih T, McDonough JH Jr, Koplovitz I. Anticonvulsants for soman-induced seizure activity. J Biomed Sci. 1999;6:86–96.18. Lallement G, Renault F, Baubichon D, et al. Compared efficacy of diazepam or avizafone to prevent soman-inducedelectroencephalographic disturbances and neuropathology in primates: relationship to plasmatic benzodiazepinepharmacokinetics. Arch Toxicol. 2000;74:480–486.19. McDonough JH Jr, Zoeffel LD, McMonagle J, Copeland TL, Smith CD, Shih TM. Anticonvulsant treatment of nerveagent seizures: anticholinergic versus diazepam in soman-intoxicated guinea pigs. Epilepsy Res. 2000;38:1–14.233
Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare20. Clement JG, Broxup B. Efficacy of diazepam and avizafone against soman-induced neuropathology in brain of rats.Neurotoxicology. 1993;14:485–504.21. Hayward IJ, Wall HG, Jaax NK, Wade JV, Marlow DD, Nold JB. Decreased brain pathology in organophosphate-exposedrhesus monkeys following benzodiazepine therapy. J Neurol Sci. 1990;98:99–106.22. McDonough JH Jr, Dochterman LW, Smith CD, Shih TM. Protection against nerve agent-induced neuropathology, but notcardiac pathology, is associated with the anticonvulsant action of drug treatment. Neurotoxicology. 1995;16:123–132.23. Baze WB. Soman-induced morphological changes: an overview in the non-human primate. J Appl Toxicol. 1993;13:173–177.24. Olney JW, de Gubareff T, Labruyere J. Seizure-related brain damage induced by cholinergic agents. Nature. 1983;301:520–522.25. Sloviter RS. “Epileptic” brain damage in rats induced by sustained electrical stimulation of the perforant path. I. Acuteelectrophysiological and light microscopic studies. Brain Res Bull. 1983;10:675–697.26. Meldrum BS. Concept of activity-induced cell death in epilepsy: historical and contemporary perspectives. ProgressBrain Res. 2002;135:3–11.27. Fanzone JF, Levine ES, Hursh SR. Nerve Agent Bioscavenger Pretreatment Against Chemical Warfare Agents: Challenge,Casualty, and Intervention Modeling Support. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md: US Army Medical Research and MaterielCommand. Interim Report. Contract No. DAMD17-98-D-0022; 2002.28. DeLorenzo RJ, Waterhouse EJ, Towne AR, et al. Persistent nonconvulsive status epilepticus after the control of convulsivestatus epilepticus. Epilepsia. 1998;39:833–840.29. Petras JM. Soman neurotoxicity. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1981;1:242.30. Lemercier G, Carpentier P, Sentenac-Roumanou H, Morelis P. Histological and histochemical changes in the centralnervous system of the rat poisoned by an irreversible anticholinesterase organophosphorus compound. Acta Neuropathol(Berl). 1983;61:123–129.31. McLeod CG Jr, Singer AW, Harrington DG. Acute neuropathology in soman poisoned rats. Neurotoxicology. 1984;5:53–57.32. Carpentier P, Delamanche IS, Le Bert M, Blanchet G, Bouchaud C. Seizure-related opening of the blood-brain barrierinduced by soman: possible correlation with the acute neuropathology observed in poisoned rats. Neurotoxicology.1990;11:493–508.33. Kadar T, Cohen G, Sahar R, Alkalai D, Shapira S. Long-term study of brain lesions following soman, in comparisonto DFP and metrazol poisoning. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1992; 11:517–523.34. McDonough JH Jr, McLeod CG Jr, Nipwoda MT. Direct microinjection of soman or VX into the amygdala producesrepetitive limbic convulsions and neuropathology. Brain Res. 1987;435:123–137.35. Pazdernik TL, Cross R, Giesler M, Nelson S, Samson F, McDonough J Jr. Delayed effects of soman: brain glucose useand pathology. Neurotoxicology. 1985;6:61–70.36. Petrali JP, Maxwell DM, Lenz DE, Mills KR. Effect of an anticholinesterase compound on the ultrastructure and functionof the rat blood-brain barrier: a review and experiment. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol. 1991;23:331–338.37. Petras JM. Neurology and neuropathology of soman-induced brain injury: an overview. J Exp Anal Behav. 1994;61:319–329.38. Ballough GP, Martin LJ, Cann FJ, et al. Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2): a sensitive marker of seizure-relatedbrain damage. J Neurosci Methods. 1995;61:23–32.234
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The Coat of Arms1818Medical Departm
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Textbooks of Military MedicinePubli
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MEDICAL ASPECTS o fCHEMICAL WARFARE
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ContentsContributorsForeword by The
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ContributorsMICHAEL ADLER, PhDResea
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DONALD M. MAXWELL, MSResearch Chemi
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ForewordThe US military has been co
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PrefaceA significant concern for th
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PrologueThe original edition of Med
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xxii
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Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare
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Nerve AgentsChapter 5NERVE AGENTSFR
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Nerve AgentsAbout 10,000 to 30,000
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Nerve Agentsphorofluoridate (DFP) w
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Nerve AgentsFig. 5-2. This schemati
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Nerve AgentsExhibit 5-1 continuedis
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Nerve Agentsactivity but only 15% t
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Nerve AgentsTABLE 5-3CHEMICAL, PHYS
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Nerve AgentsTABLE 5-4EFFECTS OF EXP
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Nerve Agentsaffecting the other eye
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Nerve Agentsmay cause severe rhinor
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Nerve Agentsof jerks and tremor.Cen
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Nerve Agentsand they were decreased
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Nerve Agentsnerve agent toxicity on
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Nerve Agentspatient. Decontaminatio
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Page 240 and 241: Nerve Agents235. Suzuki T, Morita H
Page 242: Nerve Agents274. Pellegrini JE, Bak
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PROCESSMedical Aspects of Chemical
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Triage of Chemical CasualtiesChapte
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Triage of Chemical Casualtiesreceiv
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Triage of Chemical Casualtiesentran
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Triage of Chemical Casualtiescatego
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Triage of Chemical CasualtiesIn a f
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Triage of Chemical Casualtiesnose)
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Triage of Chemical CasualtiesWith n
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Triage of Chemical Casualties14. Sa
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Decontamination of Chemical Casualt
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• Analyze using GC-MS with methan
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Abbreviations and AcronymsAbBreviat
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Abbreviations and AcronymsPADPRP: p
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