Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault
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Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

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Nerve Agents117. McLeod CG Jr, Singer AW, Harrington DG. Acute neuropathology in soman poisoned rats. Neurotoxicology. 1984;5:53–57.118. Thornton KR, Fukuyama GS. Morphological Changes in the Brain of M. Mulatta Treated for VX Poisoning with Atropine,Metaraminol and P2S. Suffield Technical Paper No. 228; Canada: 1961.119. Thornton KR, Brigden EG. Morphological Changes in the Brains of Guinea Pigs Following VX Poisoning. Suffield TechnicalPaper No. 230; Canada: 1962.120. Petras JM. Neurology and neuropathology of soman-induced brain injury: an overview. J Exp Anal Behav. 1994;61:319–329.121. McDonough JH Jr, Hackley BE Jr, Cross R, Samson F, Nelson S. Brain regional glucose use during soman-inducedseizures. Neurotoxicology. 1983;4:203–210.122. McDonough JH Jr, McLeod CG Jr, Nipwoda T. Direct microinjection of soman or VX into the amygdala producesrepetitive limbic convulsions and neuropathology. Brain Res. 1987;435:123–137.123. Deshpande SS, Smith CD, Filbert MG. Assessment of primary neuronal culture as a model for soman-induced neurotoxicityand effectiveness of memantine as a neuroprotective drug. Arch Toxicol. 1995;14:384–390.124. Lallement G, Pernot-Marino I, Baubichon D, Burckhart MF, Carpentier P, Blanchet G. Modulation of soman-inducedneuropathology with an anticonvulsant regimen. Neuroreport. 1994;5:2265–2268.125. McDonough JH Jr, Dochterman LW, Smith CD, Shih TM. Protection against nerve agent-induced neuropathology, but notcardiac pathology, is associated with the anticonvulsant action of drug treatment. Neurotoxicology. 1995;15:123–132.126. Lallement G, Clarencon D, Masqueliez C, Baubichon D, Galonnier M, Burckhart MF, Peoc’h M, Mestries JC. Nerve agentpoisoning in primates: antilethal, anti-epileptic and neuroprotective effects of GK-11. Arch Toxicol. 1998;72:84–92.127. Lallement G, Clarencon D, Galonnier M, Baubichon D, Burckhart MF, Peoc’h M. Acute soman poisoning in primatesneither pretreated nor receiving immediate therapy: value of gacyclidine (GK-11) in delayed medical support. ArchToxicol. 1999;73:115–122.128. Martin LJ, Doebler JA, Shih TM, Anthony A. Protective effect of diazepam pretreatment on soman-induced brain lesionformation. Brain Res. 1985;325:287–289.129. Hayward IJ, Wall HG, Jaax NK, Wade JV, Marlow DD, Nold JB. Decreased brain pathology in organophosphate-exposedrhesus monkeys following benzodiazepine therapy. J Neurol Sci. 1990;98:99–106.130. Capacio BR, Shih TM. Anticonvulsant actions of anticholinergic drugs in soman poisoning. Epilepsia. 1991;32:604–615.131. McDonough JH Jr, Jaax NK, Crowley RA, Mays MZ, Modrow HE. Atropine and/or diazepam therapy protects againstsoman-induced neural and cardiac pathology. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1989;13:256–276.132. Clement JG, Broxup B. Efficacy of diazepam and avizafone against soman-induced neuropathology in brain of rats.Neurotoxicol. 1993;14:485–504.133. Anderson DR, Harris LW, Bowersox SL, Lennox WJ, Anders JC. Efficacy of injectable anticholinergic drugs againstsoman-induced convulsive/subconvulsive activity. Drug Chem Toxicol. 1994;17:139–148.134. McDonough JH Jr, Shih TM. Pharmacological modulation of soman-induced seizures. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1993;17:203–215.135. Philippens IH, Melchers BP, DeGroot DM, Wolthius OL. Behavioral performance, brain histology, and EEG sequelaafter immediate combined atropine/diazepam treatment of soman-intoxicated rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav.1992;42:711–719.211

Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare136. Raveh L, Weissman BA, Cohen G, Alkalay D, Rabinovitz I, Sonego H, Brandeis R. Caramiphen and scopolamine preventsoman-induced brain damage and cognitive dysfunction. Neurotoxicol. 2002;23:7–17.137. Raveh L, Brandeis R, Gilat E, Cohen G, Alkalay D, Rabinovitz I, Sonego H, Weissman BA. Anticholinergic and antiglutamatergicagents protect against soman-induced brain damage and cognitive dysfunction. Toxicol Sci. 2003;75:108–116.138. Raffaele K, Hughey D, Wenk G, Olton D, Modrow H, McDonough J. Long-term behavioral changes in rats followingorganophosphonate exposure. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1987;27:407–412.139. McDonough JH Jr, Smith RF, Smith CD. Behavioral correlates of soman-induced neuropathology: deficits in DRLacquisition. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol. 1986;8:179–187.140. Modrow HE, Jaax NK. Effect of soman exposure on the acquisition of an operant alternation task. Pharmacol BiochemBehav. 1989;32:49–53.141. Shorvon SD. Status Epilepticus: Its Clinical Features and Treatment in Children and Adults. Cambridge, England: CambridgeUniversity Press; 1994: 195–213.142. Nozaki H, Aikawa N, Fujishima S, et al. A case of VX poisoning and the difference from sarin. Lancet. 1995;346:698–699.143. Himuro K, Murayama S, Nishiyama K, et al. Distal sensory axonopathy after sarin intoxication. Neurology. 1998;51:1195–1197.144. Christensen MK, Cresthull P, Crook JW, Oberst FW, Ross RS, Umland CW 2nd. Resuscitation of dogs poisoned byinhalation of the nerve gas GB. Mil Med. 1956;119:377–386.145. Pazdernik TL, Cross RS, Giesler M, Samson FE, Nelson SR. Changes in local cerebral glucose utilization induced byconvulsants. Neuroscience. 1985;14:823–835.146. Kiss Z, Fazekas T. Arrhythmias in organophosphate poisoning. Acta Cardiol. 1979;34:323–330.147. Hassler CR, Moutvic RR, Hamlin RL. Studies of the action of chemical agents on the heart. In: Proceedings of the SixthMedical Chemical Defense Bioscience Review. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md: US Army Medical Research Institute forChemical Defense; 1987: 551–554.148. Hassler CR, Moutvic RR, Hobson DW, et al. Long-term arrhythmia analysis of primates pretreated with pyridostigmine,challenged with soman, and treated with atropine and 2-PAM. In: Proceedings of the 1989 Medical Chemical DefenseBioscience Review. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md: US Army Medical Research Institute for Chemical Defense; 1989:479–482.149. Ludomirsky A, Klein HO, Sarelli P, et al. Q-T prolongation and polymorphous (“torsade de pointes”) ventricular arrhythmiasassociated with organophosphorus insecticide poisoning. Am J Cardiol. 1982;49:1654–1658.150. Allon N, Rabinovitz I, Manistersky E, Weissman BA, Grauer E. Acute and long-lasting cardiac changes following asingle whole-body exposure to sarin vapor in rats. Toxicol Sci. 2005; 87:385–390.151. Singer AW, Jaax NK, Graham JS, McLeod CG Jr. Cardiomyopathy in soman and sarin intoxicated rats. Toxicol Lett.1987;36:243–249.152. Baze WB. Soman-induced morphological changes: an overview in the non-human primate. J Appl Toxicol. 1993;13:173–177.153. Britt JO Jr, Martin JL, Okerberg CV, Dick EJ Jr. Histopathologic changes in the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle of rhesusmacaques, ten days after exposure to soman (an organophosphorus nerve agent). Comp Med. 2000;50:133–139.212

Nerve Agents117. McLeod CG Jr, Singer AW, Harrington DG. Acute neuropathology in soman poisoned rats. Neurotoxicology. 1984;5:53–57.118. Thornton KR, Fukuyama GS. Morphological Changes in the Brain <strong>of</strong> M. Mulatta Treated for VX Poisoning with Atropine,Metaraminol and P2S. Suffield Technical Paper No. 228; Canada: 1961.119. Thornton KR, Brigden EG. Morphological Changes in the Brains <strong>of</strong> Guinea Pigs Following VX Poisoning. Suffield TechnicalPaper No. 230; Canada: 1962.120. Petras JM. Neurology and neuropathology <strong>of</strong> soman-induced brain injury: an overview. J Exp Anal Behav. 1994;61:319–329.121. McDonough JH Jr, Hackley BE Jr, Cross R, Samson F, Nelson S. Brain regional glucose use during soman-inducedseizures. Neurotoxicology. 1983;4:203–210.122. McDonough JH Jr, McLeod CG Jr, Nipwoda T. Direct microinjection <strong>of</strong> soman or VX into the amygdala producesrepetitive limbic convulsions and neuropathology. Brain Res. 1987;435:123–137.123. Deshpande SS, Smith CD, Filbert MG. Assessment <strong>of</strong> primary neuronal culture as a model for soman-induced neurotoxicityand effectiveness <strong>of</strong> memantine as a neuroprotective drug. Arch Toxicol. 1995;14:384–390.124. Lallement G, Pernot-Marino I, Baubichon D, Burckhart MF, Carpentier P, Blanchet G. Modulation <strong>of</strong> soman-inducedneuropathology with an anticonvulsant regimen. Neuroreport. 1994;5:2265–2268.125. McDonough JH Jr, Dochterman LW, Smith CD, Shih TM. Protection against nerve agent-induced neuropathology, but notcardiac pathology, is associated with the anticonvulsant action <strong>of</strong> drug treatment. Neurotoxicology. 1995;15:123–132.126. Lallement G, Clarencon D, Masqueliez C, Baubichon D, Galonnier M, Burckhart MF, Peoc’h M, Mestries JC. Nerve agentpoisoning in primates: antilethal, anti-epileptic and neuroprotective effects <strong>of</strong> GK-11. Arch Toxicol. 1998;72:84–92.127. Lallement G, Clarencon D, Galonnier M, Baubichon D, Burckhart MF, Peoc’h M. Acute soman poisoning in primatesneither pretreated nor receiving immediate therapy: value <strong>of</strong> gacyclidine (GK-11) in delayed medical support. ArchToxicol. 1999;73:115–122.128. Martin LJ, Doebler JA, Shih TM, Anthony A. Protective effect <strong>of</strong> diazepam pretreatment on soman-induced brain lesionformation. Brain Res. 1985;325:287–289.129. Hayward IJ, Wall HG, Jaax NK, Wade JV, Marlow DD, Nold JB. Decreased brain pathology in organophosphate-exposedrhesus monkeys following benzodiazepine therapy. J Neurol Sci. 1990;98:99–106.130. Capacio BR, Shih TM. Anticonvulsant actions <strong>of</strong> anticholinergic drugs in soman poisoning. Epilepsia. 1991;32:604–615.131. McDonough JH Jr, Jaax NK, Crowley RA, Mays MZ, Modrow HE. Atropine and/or diazepam therapy protects againstsoman-induced neural and cardiac pathology. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1989;13:256–276.132. Clement JG, Broxup B. Efficacy <strong>of</strong> diazepam and avizafone against soman-induced neuropathology in brain <strong>of</strong> rats.Neurotoxicol. 1993;14:485–504.133. Anderson DR, Harris LW, Bowersox SL, Lennox WJ, Anders JC. Efficacy <strong>of</strong> injectable anticholinergic drugs againstsoman-induced convulsive/subconvulsive activity. Drug Chem Toxicol. 1994;17:139–148.134. McDonough JH Jr, Shih TM. Pharmacological modulation <strong>of</strong> soman-induced seizures. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1993;17:203–215.135. Philippens IH, Melchers BP, DeGroot DM, Wolthius OL. Behavioral performance, brain histology, and EEG sequelaafter immediate combined atropine/diazepam treatment <strong>of</strong> soman-intoxicated rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav.1992;42:711–719.211

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