Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

Medical Aspects of Chemical WarfareFig. 4-10. The M23 VX land mine. Most of the interior wasintended to be filled with the nerve agent VX.Photograph: Courtesy of Research, Development and EngineeringCommand Historical Research and Response Team,Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland.multiple rocket launcher, its range was over 6 miles.Each launcher held 45 rockets that could be firedsimultaneously. The Army initially approved 40,000sarin-filled and 20,000 VX-filled rockets, but manymore were actually filled. 23For middle-range tactical support, the corps standardizedthe M79 sarin warhead for the 762-mm“Honest John” rocket in 1960 (Figure 4-12). The rockethad a range of 16 miles and the warhead held 356M135 4.5-in spherical bomblets, each containing about1 lb of sarin. A smaller warhead was standardizedin 1964 for the 318-mm “Little John” rocket, whichcontained 52 of the improved M139 bomblets, eachholding 1.3 lb of sarin (Figure 4-13). The first longrangerocket warhead was standardized the sameyear for the Sergeant missile system. The missile hada range of 75 miles and the warhead held 330 M139sarin bomblets. Additional developmental projectsadded chemical warheads to other long-range missiles,such as the Pershing missile, which had a rangeof over 300 miles. 24In addition to the rocket program, the corps examinedseveral drones for chemical agent delivery. TheSD-2 drone was a slow (300 knots), remote controlled,recoverable drone that could hold over 200 lb of nerveagent. It had a range of about 100 knots and could disperseagent over about 5 to 10 knots. The SD-5 was animprovement that used a jet engine to achieve speedsof over Mach .75 and a range of over 650 knots. Theadded horsepower allowed it to hold about 1,260 lbof chemical agent that was discharged through a tailnozzle. 25Fig. 4-11. The M55 115-mm rocket could hold the nerve agentsVX or sarin, but the aluminum warhead began leaking soonafter production.Photograph: Courtesy of Research, Development and EngineeringCommand Historical Research and Response Team,Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland.The BZ (3-quinuclidinyl benzilate) incapacitantprogram also reached weaponization status in the1960s. In 1962 the corps standardized the M43 750-lbBZ bomb cluster and the M44 175-lb BZ generatorcluster. The M43 held 57 M138 BZ bomblets. The M44held three 50-lb thermal generators, each containing42 BZ canisters. 25The 1970s: Emergence of Binary WeaponsThe end of the chemical weapons production program,as ordered by President Richard Nixon in 1969,stopped all production but left one type of chemical retaliatoryweapon still in development: binary weapons,which the Army first investigated in the 1950s. Untilthat time, chemical weapons were unitary chemicalmunitions, meaning that the agent was produced at aplant, put into the munitions, and then stored ready122