Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

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History of the Chemical ThreatChapter 4History of the Chemical Threat,Chemical Terrorism, and itsImplications for Military MedicineJeffery K. Smart, MA*; Al Mauroni, MS † ; BENJAMIN A. HILL Jr, DO, MS, MEd ‡ ; a n d Allart B. Kok, MS §IntroductionDevelopment of Chemical WeaponryHistory of chemical TerrorismChemical Warfare CapabilitiesChemical Weapons AgreementsPresent and Future Implications for Military MedicineSummary*Command Historian, US Army Research, Development, and Engineering Command, 5183 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland21010-5424† Senior Policy Analyst, Northrop-Grumman Information Technology, 8211 Terminal Road, Suite 1000, Lorton, Virginia 22079‡ Lieutenant Colonel, US Army Medical Corps; Physician Faculty, Chemical Casualty Care Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of ChemicalDefense, 3100 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5400§ Biomedical Scientist, Science Applications International Corporation, 3465 Box Hill Corporate Center Drive, Abingdon, Maryland 21085115
Medical Aspects of Chemical WarfareIntroductionThis chapter is the third in the series of historicalinvestigations into the use of chemicals as weapons,following Chapter 2, History of Chemical Warfare,which focuses on the history of chemical warfare onthe battlefield, and Chapter 3, History of the MedicalManagement of Chemical Casualties, which describesthe organizational management of the resultantcasualties. Over the last 20 years, the nature of thechemical threat dramatically changed. This chapteroutlines the historical progression of chemicalweapon development, summarizes how conventionaland unconventional agents may be delivered in thecontexts of conventional conflict and terrorism, andaddreses the status of current chemcial warfare capabilitiesin relation to the evolution and implementaionof international chemical warfare agreements.Development of Chemical WeaponryBefore World War I, the United States knew littleabout the potential of chemical warfare, particularlyin terms of preparing soldiers for future wars. By theend of the war, the large-scale chemical warfare usedby and against American soldiers on the battlefield haddrastically changed the situation (Figure 4-1).Early HistoryFew of the chemical agents first used in combat duringWorld War I were 20th-century discoveries. Manyof the key agents (Table 4-1) were already known tochemists; they were actually discovered during the18th and 19th centuries and could have been used onearlier battlefields. The 18th-century finds includedchlorine (Cl 2), discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele,a Swedish chemist, in 1774. Scheele also determinedthe properties and composition of hydrogen cyanide(HCN; North American Treaty Organization [NATO]designation: AC) in 1782. In the 19th century, CharlesA Wurtz first discovered cyanogen chloride (NATOdesignation: CK), which was synthesized in 1802by a French chemist, Comte Claude-Louis Berthollet.In 1812 phosgene (NATO designation: CG) wassynthesized by a British chemist, Sir Humphry Davy.Dichlorethylsulphide (commonly known as mustardagent, H, or HS) was synthesized by Cesar-MansueteTable 4-1Early Chemical Warfare AgentsUS Army CodeAgentFig. 4-1. The German 150-mm T-Shell, which mixed xylylbromide with an explosive charge. The explosive charge wasin the front and the chemical agent in the rear compartment.This design is similar to the one proposed in 1862 by JohnDoughty during the American Civil War.Reproduced from: Army War College. German Methods ofOffense.Vol 1. In: Gas Warfare. Washington, DC: War Department;1918: 59.CyanideACHydrogen cyanideCKCyanogen chlorideLung agentsCG (phosgene) Carbonyl chlorideDP (diphosgene) Trichloromethyl chloroformateVesicantsHD (mustard) bis-2-Chloroethyl sulfideTear gasCN2-Chloro-1-phenylethanoneCS2-ChlorobenzalmalononitrileVomiting gasDM (adamsite) 10-Chloro-5,10-dihydrophenarsazine116
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The Coat of Arms1818Medical Departm
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Textbooks of Military MedicinePubli
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MEDICAL ASPECTS o fCHEMICAL WARFARE
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ContentsContributorsForeword by The
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ContributorsMICHAEL ADLER, PhDResea
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DONALD M. MAXWELL, MSResearch Chemi
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ForewordThe US military has been co
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PrefaceA significant concern for th
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PrologueThe original edition of Med
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Nerve Agentsactivity but only 15% t
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Nerve AgentsTABLE 5-3CHEMICAL, PHYS
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Nerve AgentsTABLE 5-4EFFECTS OF EXP
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Nerve Agentsaffecting the other eye
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Nerve Agentsmay cause severe rhinor
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Nerve Agentsof jerks and tremor.Cen
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Nerve Agentsand they were decreased
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Nerve Agentsnerve agent toxicity on
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Nerve Agentspatient. Decontaminatio
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Nerve AgentsFig. 5-5. The Mark I ki
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Nerve Agentsadministered intramuscu
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Nerve Agentsthat hydroxamine reacti
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Nerve AgentsOral administration may
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Nerve AgentsTABLE 5-7RECOMMENDED TH
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Nerve Agentsimpairment such as whee
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Nerve Agentssuboptimal, manner. The
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Nerve Agentsthan those who did not.
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Nerve Agentssible for binding nerve
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Nerve Agentsfor comparison was not
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Nerve AgentsTABLE 5-11EFFECTS OF PY
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Nerve Agentstivity of smooth muscle
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Nerve Agents38. Grob D, Lilienthal
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Nerve Agents77. McDonough JH, Shih
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Nerve Agents117. McLeod CG Jr, Sing
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Nerve Agents154. Tryphonas l, Veino
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Nerve Agents193. Funckes AJ. Treatm
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Nerve Agents235. Suzuki T, Morita H
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Nerve Agents274. Pellegrini JE, Bak
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PROCESSMedical Aspects of Chemical
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Triage of Chemical CasualtiesChapte
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Triage of Chemical Casualtiesreceiv
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Triage of Chemical Casualtiescatego
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Triage of Chemical CasualtiesIn a f
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Triage of Chemical Casualtiesnose)
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Triage of Chemical CasualtiesWith n
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Triage of Chemical Casualties14. Sa
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Decontamination of Chemical Casualt
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• Analyze using GC-MS with methan
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Abbreviations and AcronymsAbBreviat
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Abbreviations and AcronymsPADPRP: p
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