Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare (2008) - The Black Vault

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History of the Medical Management of Chemical CasualtiesFor North American medicine, the leap from thefirst stage to the second was the most difficult, becauseit required a change in professional modesof thinking: the medical educator (if not the averagepractitioner) had to come to understand andaccept the importance of the scientific method forthe advancement of medical knowledge. Attainmentof the fourth stage, medicine’s “final victory,”required as well a change in American socialvalues: the average citizen had to perceive theproducts of scientific investigation as important—indeed necessary. 86There is still much to learn about medically managingchemical casualties. Past lessons must be combinedwith current research and future predictions to bestprepare military medical personnel for a chemical attack.The United States has not seen chemical warfarein any sizable scale since World War I, but its militarymedical personnel must continually be ready to respondin the event of an attack.REFERENCES1. Gilchrist H. Instructor notes from Gilchrist’s lecture on the history of chemical warfare. Science. 1929;70:113–117.2. Mueller U. Die Chemische Waffe IM WeltKrieg Und Jetzt [The Chemical Weapon in the World War and Now]. Berlin, Germany:Verlag Chemie; 1932: W10.3. Mayor A. Greek Fire, Poison Arrows and Scorpion Bombs. New York, NY: Overlook; 2003.4. Thucydides. The History of the Peloponnesian War. Crawley R, trans. New York, NY: Modern Library; 1934.5. Laffout R. The Ancient Age of Warfare: 1300b c–1650a d. Vol 1. New York, NY: Time-Life; 1966: 45--46.6. McWilliams JL, Steel RJ. Gas! The Battle for Ypres, 1915. St Catharine’s, Ontario, Canada: Vanwell Publishing Ltd;1985.7. Foulkes CH. Gas! The Story of the Special Brigade. London, England: W Blackwood and Sons: 1934: 345.8. Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918: Sommer und Herbst 1915 [The World War 1914 to 1918: Summer and Autumn 1915]. Vol 8.Berlin, Germany: Im Auftrage des Reichskriegsministeriums, Mittler und Sohn; 1932: 34–49.9. Legg J, Parker G. The Great War Web site. Ypres Salient page. Available at: www.greatwar.co.uk/westfront/ypsalient/.Accessed January 9, 2008.10. Duguid AF. History of the Canadian Forces in the Great War, 1914–1919. Vol I. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: King’s Printer;1947.11. Les Armées Françaises dans la Grande Guerre [French Armies in the Large War]. Ministere de la guerre, etat-major de l’armee[Director of the Large War, Army Chief of Staff]: Librairie Payet; 1913. Appendix no. 1392.12. British Military Operations: France and Belgium 1915. London, England: Macmillan and Co Ltd; 1927.13. Zapotoczny Walter S. The use of poison gas in World War I and the effect on society [Walter S Zapotoczny Web site].Available at: http://wzaponline.com/PoisonGas.pdf. Accessed March 18, 2008.14. Cushing H. From a Surgeon’s Journal, 1915–1918. Boston, Mass: Little, Brown and Company; 1936.15. Cochrane R. The First Division at Cantigny, May 1918. In: U.S. Army Chemical Corps Historical Studies, Gas Warfare inWorld War I. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief Chemical Officer, US Army Chemical Corps Historical Office; 1958.Study Number 11.16. Prentiss AM. Chemicals in War: a Treatise on Chemical War. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1937.17. Gabriel RA, Metz KS. From the Renaissance through modern times (contributions in military studies). Vol. 2. In: AHistory of Military Medicine. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press; 1992: 245.109
Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare18. Ashburn PM. A History of the Medical Department of the United States Army. Boston, Mass: Houghton-Mifflin; 1929:334.19. Gilchrist H. A Comparative Study of World War Casualties from Gas and Other Weapons. Edgewood Arsenal, Md: US ArmyChemical Warfare School; 1928.20. Fries AA. Gas in Attack and Gas in Defense. Fort Leavenworth, Kan: Army Command and General Staff College CombinedArms Research Library; 1919: 14.21. Army War College. Methods of Defense Against Gas Attacks. Vol 2. In: Gas Warfare. Washington, DC: War Department;1918.22. US Department of the Army, Historical Division. Table 4, “Technical and Administration Services (Gas Service).” In:General Orders, General Headquarters, American Expeditionary Forces, General Order No. 8, July 5, 1917: Organization,of Headquarters, American Expeditionary Forces. In: United States Army in the World War, 1917–1919. Vol. 16.Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 1948: 23.23. Chemical Warfare Service. Report of the Director of Chemical Warfare Service. Washington, DC: Government PrintingOffice; 1919: 33–34.24. Bancroft WD, Bradley HC, Eyster JAE, et al. Medical Aspects of Gas Warfare. In: Lynch C, Weed F, McAfee L, eds. TheMedical Department of the United States Army in the World War. Vol. 14. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office;1926.25. Fries AA. History of Chemical Warfare. Letter. Carlisle Barracks, Pa: US Army Military History Institute; 1919.26. Fries AA, West CJ. Chemical Warfare. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1921: 34.27. Heller, CE. Chemical Warfare in World War I: The American Experience, 1917–1918 [US Army Command and GeneralStaff College Web site]. Available at: http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/Heller/HELLER.asp. AccessedJanuary 25, 2008.28. Report of Medical Department activities, Fifth Division, American Expeditionary Forces. Part 3. In: Lynch C, Ford J,Weed F. Field Operations. Vol 8. In: The Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War. Washington,DC: Government Printing Office; 1925: 149.29. Report of Medical Department activities, 42nd Division, American Expeditionary Forces. Part I. In: Lynch C, Ford J,Weed F. Field Operations. Vol 8. In: The Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War. Washington, DC:Government Printing Office; 1925.30. Persons EE. US Army Ambulance Service, with the Italian Army. In: Lynch C, Ford J, Weed F. Field Operations. Vol 8.In: The Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office;1925: 944.31. Spencer EW. The History of Gas Attacks Upon the American Expeditionary Force During the World War. Book 1, Part I.Carlisle Barracks, Pa: Military Historical Institute; 1928. Bound typescript.32. Grissinger JW. Medical field service in France. Mil Surg. 1927:61–63.33. US Department of the Army, Historical Division. General Orders, American Expeditionary Forces, General Order No.144, August 29, 1918. In: United States Army in the World War, 1917–1919. Vol. 16. Washington, DC: US GovernmentPrinting Office; 1948: 429–432.34. US Department of the Army, Historical Division. General Headquarters, American Expeditionary Forces, GeneralOrders No. 1, May 26, 1917. In: United States Army in the World War, 1917–1919. Vol. 16. Washington, DC: US GovernmentPrinting Office; 1992: 1.110
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The Coat of Arms1818Medical Departm
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Textbooks of Military MedicinePubli
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MEDICAL ASPECTS o fCHEMICAL WARFARE
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ContentsContributorsForeword by The
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ContributorsMICHAEL ADLER, PhDResea
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DONALD M. MAXWELL, MSResearch Chemi
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ForewordThe US military has been co
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PrefaceA significant concern for th
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PrologueThe original edition of Med
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xxii
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Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare
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Page 178 and 179: Nerve AgentsChapter 5NERVE AGENTSFR
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Nerve Agentsphorofluoridate (DFP) w
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Nerve AgentsFig. 5-2. This schemati
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Nerve AgentsExhibit 5-1 continuedis
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Nerve Agentsactivity but only 15% t
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Nerve AgentsTABLE 5-3CHEMICAL, PHYS
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Nerve AgentsTABLE 5-4EFFECTS OF EXP
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Nerve Agentsaffecting the other eye
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Nerve Agentsmay cause severe rhinor
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Nerve Agentsof jerks and tremor.Cen
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Nerve Agentsand they were decreased
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Nerve Agentsnerve agent toxicity on
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Nerve Agentspatient. Decontaminatio
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Nerve AgentsFig. 5-5. The Mark I ki
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Nerve Agentsadministered intramuscu
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Nerve Agentsthat hydroxamine reacti
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Nerve AgentsOral administration may
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Nerve AgentsTABLE 5-7RECOMMENDED TH
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Nerve Agentsimpairment such as whee
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Nerve Agentssuboptimal, manner. The
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Nerve Agentsthan those who did not.
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Nerve Agentssible for binding nerve
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Nerve Agentsfor comparison was not
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Nerve AgentsTABLE 5-11EFFECTS OF PY
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Nerve Agentstivity of smooth muscle
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Nerve Agents38. Grob D, Lilienthal
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Nerve Agents77. McDonough JH, Shih
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Nerve Agents117. McLeod CG Jr, Sing
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Nerve Agents154. Tryphonas l, Veino
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Nerve Agents193. Funckes AJ. Treatm
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Nerve Agents235. Suzuki T, Morita H
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Nerve Agents274. Pellegrini JE, Bak
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PROCESSMedical Aspects of Chemical
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Triage of Chemical CasualtiesChapte
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Triage of Chemical Casualtiesreceiv
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Triage of Chemical Casualtiesentran
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Triage of Chemical Casualtiescatego
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Triage of Chemical CasualtiesIn a f
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Triage of Chemical Casualtiesnose)
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Triage of Chemical CasualtiesWith n
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Triage of Chemical Casualties14. Sa
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Decontamination of Chemical Casualt
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• Analyze using GC-MS with methan
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Abbreviations and AcronymsAbBreviat
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Abbreviations and AcronymsPADPRP: p
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