production and management of solid industrial hazardous waste in ...

Table 1: Production activity categories based on the chapters of European WasteCatalogueE.W.C. CHAPTERSCATEGORIES OFPRODUCTION ACTIVITYE.W.C. CHAPTERSCATEGORIES OFPRODUCTION ACTIVITY03 Wastes from woodprocessing and theproduction of paper,cardboard, pulp, panelsand furniture04 Wastes from theleather, fur and textileindustries05 Wastes frompetroleum refining,natural gas purificationand pyrolytic treatmentof coal06 & 07 Wastes frominorganic and organicchemical processes08 Wastes from themanufacture,formulation, supply anduse (MFSU) ofcoatings (paints,varnishes and vitreousenamels), adhesives,sealants and printinginksWood and furnitureindustryPulp and paper industryLeather industryPetroleum industryPesticides and fertilizersindustryPlastics and syntheticrubber industryOther organic andinorganic chemicalsindustryProduction units withwastes from the use ofpaints, varnishes andprinting inks10 Inorganic wastesfrom thermalprocesses11 Inorganic metalcontainingwastesfrom metal treatmentand the coating ofmetals, and nonferroushydrometallurgy12 Wastes fromshaping and surfacetreatment of metalsand plastics16 Wastes nototherwise specifiedin the list19 Wastes fromwaste treatmentfacilities, off-sitewaste watertreatment plants andthe water industryIndustry of production andprocessing of ferrous andnon ferrous metals andglassProduction units withwastes from the surfacetreatment and coating ofmetalsProduction units withwastes from the shapingand mechanical surfacetreatment of metalsProduction units withwastes from recycling oflead batteriesWastes from mineral oilregeneration units3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION3.1. Data availability and geographical distribution of industrial unitsThe 142 industrial units studied are located in 15 distinct municipalities of the Prefectureof Thessaloniki. From these, 43 units reported hazardous waste production, 81 units didnot and no data were available for 18 units (figure 1). The data on hazardous wasteproduction, presented below in this study, are referred to these 43 industrial units. Thirtyfiveper cent (35%) of the 124 (=142-18) industrial units, that were further studied,presented incomplete data with significant omissions about productivity, generated wastequantities and types or applied management methods.The 142 industrial units are distributed in 15 municipalities, whereas the fifty-five per cent(55% or 78 cases) of the total number are located at the municipality of Echedoros, at thewestern side of the Prefecture (figure 2).A-740

Figure 4: Productive capacity ( ) in thousand tonnes/year and percent ( ) hazardouswaste production (% of the total estimated quantity) per production activity category.The most “productive” category is ‘Ferrous and non Ferrous Metals and GlassProduction’, which generates 2005 tonnes/yr of solid hazardous waste (62.3% of the total,figure 4). Other activities with increased quantities of solid hazardous waste are‘Petroleum Industry’, which generates 505 tonnes/yr, ‘Chemical Industry’ with a quantityof 420 tonnes/yr and ‘Surface Treatment and Coating of Metals’ with 268 tonnes/yr(14.8%, 12.3% and 7.8% of the total respectively, figure 4).Figure 5: Total ( ) hazardous waste production per category, ( ) sludge, ( ) slag frommetalworking, ( ) filter cakes and other solid waste from air emission treatment, ( ) usedoil, ( ) spent catalysts and ( ) other hazardous solid by-products in tonnes/year perproduction activity category.A-743

Table 5: Comparison of different studies.COMMONCOMMONINDUSTRIALSECTORCURRENTREPORTMINISTERIALDECISION14312/1302/2000 1 MINISTERIALDECISION8668/2007 2 Nakos et al.,2005 3Oil Refineries 505 8.020 - -Mineral OilRegeneration0 500 - -Steelworks 2004 11.500 - -Surface Treatment OfMetals268 70 - -Fertilizing Industry 15 30.000 - -Chemical Industry 420 3.000 - -Synthetic WoodIndustry0 4 8.250 - -Tanning Industry 11 860 - -TOTALS 3.410 62.200 42.030 12.1261 Waste quantities along this column correspond to the year 19982 Waste quantities along this column correspond to the year 2004 for the district of Central Macedonia3 The aggregate quantity in this column corresponds to the year 20034 One Industrial Unit of the Synthetic Wood Industry sector was examined in this survey, for which no data abouthazardous waste production came upThere is an evident difference between the total estimate of this study and those of theCommon Ministerial Decisions. The quantities published in the CMD14312/1302/2000 [7]concerning hazardous waste production in the Prefecture of Thessaloniki, is almost 20times higher. In addition, the quantity estimated by the recently published CMD8668/2007 [8], concerning the district of Central Macedonia as a whole, is 12 times higherthan this study’s estimate and by 20.000 tonnes lower than the previous official estimatepublished in CMD 14312/1302/2000. On the contrary the hazardous waste generationconcerning the Prefecture of Thessaloniki published by Nakos et al. 2005 is only by 4times higher than this study’s estimate and from 3,5 to 35 times lower than those of theCMDs of 2007 and 2000, respectively. These are major differences which indicate thenecessity that the results of this kind of studies should be reevaluated and, nonetheless,carefully interpreted. Such results also indicate that the estimated hazardous wastequantities reported in Environmental Impact Statements and related reports may be to agreat extent unreliable and/or misleading.6. CONCLUSIONSIn most cases studied, the failure of tracking, identifying and monitoring hazardous wastesystems was realized. This concerns both waste producers and the designatedauthorities. The lack in infrastructure and treatment facilities also, may create potentiallyserious environmental problems.The fact that hazardous waste management in the Prefecture of Thessaloniki is mainlyimplemented by the temporary storage, is a risky situation, since it favors potentialaccidents and makes difficult the work of inspection and audit by the local authorities,because of the spreading of a large number of industrial facilities over a large area. Inaddition, significant energy and material resources in the waste remain unexploited.The comparison between this and similar studies indicated that the results on hazardouswaste production have to be reevaluated and, nonetheless, carefully interpreted, as majordifferences arose. The results also indicated that the estimated hazardous wastequantities in Environmental Impact Statements and related reports may be to a greatextent unreliable and/or misleading. Finally the total amount of hazardous waste whichA-745

was estimated and recorded in this study, could only be an evaluation of an annualgenerated quantity of solid hazardous waste by the examined industrial units, for a tenyearperiod (1994-2004), as stated in their technical reports, filed with the EnvironmentAgency of the Prefecture of Thessaloniki.REFERENCES1. Nakos X., Papadopoulos S., Radou M., Hristoforou S. (2005) ‘Management of hazardouswaste’, Report of Technical Chamber of Greece – Department of Central Macedonia,Thessaloniki (in Greek).2. European Council (1991) ‘Decision 689/EEC of 12 December 1991 on hazardous waste’, OJL 377, 20–27.3. Common Ministerial Decision 13588/725 (2006) ‘Measures, conditions and restrictions onhazardous waste management in accordance with the European Council Decision91/689/EEC ‘on hazardous waste’ of the 12 th December 1991. Replacement of commonministerial decision 19396/1546/1997 ‘measures and conditions on hazardous wastemanagement’, FEK 383B, 28-03-2006, 4693-4724 (in Greek).4. Voudrias E.A. (2001) ‘Hazardous Waste Management’, Democritus University of Thrace,Xanthi (in Greek).5. Common Ministerial Decision 69269/5387 (1990) ‘Technical projects and activitiesclassification in categories, content of the Environmental Impact Statement, determination ofcontent of the Special Environmental Impact Assessment and other coherent applications,according to leg. 1650/1986’, FEK 678B, 25-10-1990, 8941-8156 (in Greek).6. European Community (EC) (2000) ‘Commission Decision 2000/532/EC of 3 May 2000replacing Decision 94/3/EC establishing a list of wastes pursuant to Article 1(a) of CouncilDirective 75/442/EEC on waste and Council Decision 94/904/EC establishing a list ofhazardous waste pursuant to Article 1(4) of Council Directive 91/689/EEC on hazardouswaste’, Official Journal of European Community, L226, 6-9-2000, 3-24.7. Common Ministerial Decision 14312/1302 (2000) ‘Completion and particularization of C.M.D.113944/1997 ‘National solid waste management plan (general solid waste managementstrategy)’, FEK 723B, 9-6-2000, 9799-9906 (in Greek).8. Common Ministerial Decision 8668 (2007) ‘Authorization of National Hazardous WasteManagement Plan, according to Article 5 (A) of C.M.D. 13588/725 ‘Measures, conditions andrestrictions on hazardous waste management etc.’ (383B) and Article 7 (1) of CouncilDecision 91/156/EC of 18 March 1991. Amendment of C.M.D 13588/725 Measures,conditions and restrictions on hazardous waste management etc.’ (383B) and of C.M.D.24944/1159/206 ’Authorization of general technical specifications on hazardous wastemanagement’ (791B)’, FEK 287B, 2-3-2007, 7089-7116.A-746