Materials Measurement Phil Bartley Shelley Begley

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Electric Field Changed DirectionEDipoles Rotate to Align with New Field DirectionIf the direction of the field changes, the water molecules will rotateand realign in the new direction. During this rotation, some of theenergy is lost to heat due to friction.When the electric field is removed, the molecules will relax andafter some finite time, resume a random orientation again.If we apply a field that is changing sinusoidally, the molecules willalign when the field is at it’s positive peak, start to relax when thefield is at its zero point, rotate to re-align with the new direction ofthe field at it’s negative peak, and start to relax again, over andover. If the period is long enough, the molecules will be able tokeep up, but as the period gets shorter, they will not be able tocompletely rotate before the field starts to change again.Eventually they will stop rotating altogether.All these properties are dependant on the structure of themolecule.16
If the Molecular Structure Changes, so do theDielectric PropertiesConsider adding sodium chloride to the water molecules. Thebonds of the salt crystals will break when added to the watercreating positive and negative ions. The ions will tend to alignthemselves with the positive or negative regions of the liquidwater. The sodium chloride will change the way the waterinteracts with the electric field.17
Page 3: Extremely Diverse Applications“Ma
Page 6 and 7: Maxwell’s Equations∇× E=−∂
Page 8 and 9: Permittivity and Permeability Defin
Page 10 and 11: Definition of Dielectric Constant o
Page 12 and 13: Dielectric MechanismsIonic Polariza
Page 14 and 15: Consider Dipole RotationRandom Orie
Page 18 and 19: Small and Large MoleculesMany mater
Page 20 and 21: ε rε' '',r6040Debye Relaxation fo
Page 22 and 23: Cole-Cole Plot Explanation"ε r3020
Page 24 and 25: Other Empirical ModelsταβOnly fe
Page 26 and 27: Dielectric Properties (at 3 GHz)100
Page 28 and 29: Which Technique is Best? Frequency
Page 30 and 31: Impedance Analyzers and FixturesHer
Page 32 and 33: Measurement Techniques that use a V
Page 34 and 35: Transmission LineMaterial assumptio
Page 36 and 37: Transmission Algorithms in 85071EOp
Page 38 and 39: Problems with N-R Model• This set
Page 40 and 41: NIST Model• Technique uses all fo
Page 42 and 43: Transmission (Fast) Model• This t
Page 44 and 45: Weakness of both the NIST and Trans
Page 46 and 47: Transmission Line Measurement Error
Page 48 and 49: Typical Errors Caused By Air GapsPe
Page 50 and 51: Transmission Line Technique Summary
Page 52 and 53: Non-Contacting method for High or L
Page 54 and 55: 40 - 60GHz Free Space System54
Page 56 and 57: Free Space W-band SystemHere is a p
Page 58 and 59: Free Space Quasi-Optical SystemHere
Page 60 and 61: Before a Measurement Can be Made…
Page 62 and 63: TRL CalibrationThruReflectMove the
Page 64 and 65: Gated Reflect Line (GRL) Calibratio
Page 66 and 67:
MUT and GRL Error AdaptersAfter 2-P
Page 68 and 69:
MUT and GRL Error AdaptersAfter O11
Page 70 and 71:
GRL Thru Standard (Air)A 11 =A 22 =
Page 72 and 73:
QO System SchematicAdditional infor
Page 74 and 75:
Measurement Results0.03Imaginary pa
Page 76 and 77:
Measurement with NRL Arch andoption
Page 78:
Free Space LabWith u-band calibrati
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Materials Measurement Phil Bartley Shelley Begley

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