R - University of Wisconsin MM5 Real Time Forecast and Forecast ...

∆R=How might adjoints be used?R∂R∂x( x + x′) − R( x′) = ⋅ x′+ H . O Tf f ff .f∂R∂R∂R∆ R ≅ δR = ⋅x′f = , x′f = , Px′0∂x∂x∂xfffadjoint modelδRT ∂R= P , x′∂xf0input perturbationAn adjoint model is useful in the estimation of a changein response function associated with arbitrary, but smallchanges in the input to the linearized model.