Methodology for the Evaluation of Natural Ventilation in ... - Cham

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Figure 41. Wind Direction Data for Summer: Luton, UK (US DOE, 2004) .............................. 113Figure 42. Cross-Section of Wind-Generating Device ............................................................... 114Figure 43. PHOENICS Model with Boundary Conditions for Combined Wind-Buoyancy ...... 115Figure 44. Heaters and Zones for a) single zone case, b) two zone case, and c) full model ...... 118Figure 45. Single Zone Scaled Temperature Distribution Scaled for Full Building, SevenWindow, Three Stack Open Case: At Column ........................................................................... 120Figure 46. Single Zone Scaled Temperature Stratification Scaled for Full Building, SevenWindow, Three Stack Open Case: In the Middle of the Heated Zone ....................................... 120Figure 47. Single Zone Scaled Temperature Stratification Scaled for Full Building, SevenWindow, Three Stack Open Case: In Atrium ............................................................................. 121Figure 48. Airflow Patterns for Single Heated Zone Case from Airflow Visualization in theModel: a) Lower Windows, b) Upper Windows ........................................................................ 124Figure 49. Comparison of Single Zone CFD Model without and with Heat Loss through AtriumWalls ........................................................................................................................................... 125Figure 50. Comparison of Reduced-Scale a) Air Model and b) Water Model at a WindowOpening ....................................................................................................................................... 126Figure 51. Two-Zone Stacks Open Airflow Patterns.................................................................. 127Figure 52. Two Zone Scaled Temperature Stratification for Full-Scale Building: Ground FloorHeated Zone ................................................................................................................................ 127Figure 53. Two Zone Scaled Temperature Stratification for Full-Scale Building: Ground FloorColumn ........................................................................................................................................ 128Figure 54. Two Zone Scaled Temperature Stratification for Full-Scale Building: First FloorHeated Zone ................................................................................................................................ 129Figure 55. Two Zone Scaled Temperature Stratification for Full-Scale Building: First Floor atColumn ........................................................................................................................................ 130Figure 56. Two Zone Scaled Temperature Stratification for Full-Scale Building: In Atrium ... 131Figure 57. Airflow Patterns and Velocities for Stacks Open Case ............................................. 132Figure 58. Full Model Scaled Temperature Stratification for Full-Scale Building: Ground FloorHeated Zone ................................................................................................................................ 133Figure 59. Full Model Scaled Temperature Stratification for Full-Scale Building: Ground Floorat Column .................................................................................................................................... 133Figure 60. Full Model Scaled Temperature Stratification for Full-Scale Building: First FloorSouth at Column ......................................................................................................................... 134Figure 61. Full Model Scaled Temperature Stratification for Full-Scale Building: First FloorSouth Heated Zone ...................................................................................................................... 135Figure 62. Full Model Scaled Temperature Stratification for Full-Scale Building: First FloorNorth at Column ......................................................................................................................... 136Figure 63. Full Model Scaled Temperature Stratification for Full-Scale Building: First FloorNorth Heated Zone ...................................................................................................................... 136Figure 64. Full Model Scaled Temperature Stratification for Full-Scale Building: Second Floor atColumn ........................................................................................................................................ 137Figure 65. Full Model Scaled Temperature Stratification for Full-Scale Building: Second FloorHeated Zone ................................................................................................................................ 138Figure 66. Temperature Distribution for Buoyancy Case: Full Model with Stacks Open ......... 138Figure 67. Airflow Patterns for the Buoyancy Case: Full Model with Stacks Open .................. 1398
Figure 68. Percent of Air Exiting Through Stacks versus Windows for Range of Applied WindVelocities for Combined Wind-Buoyancy Case ......................................................................... 141Figure 69. Temperature Distribution for Combined Wind-Buoyancy Driven Flow at 0.5 m/s.. 143Figure 70. Airflow Patterns for Reduced-Scale Air Model with Stacks Open: Combined Wind-Buoyancy Case............................................................................................................................ 144Figure 71. Airflow Patterns for Combined Wind-Buoyancy Driven Flow at 0.5 m/s ............... 145Figure 72. Combined Wind-Buoyancy Full Model Ground Floor Scaled TemperatureStratification at Column .............................................................................................................. 145Figure 73. Combined Wind-Buoyancy Full Model Ground Floor Heated Zone ScaledTemperature Stratification .......................................................................................................... 146Figure 74. Combined Wind-Buoyancy Full Model First Floor South Scaled TemperatureStratification at Column .............................................................................................................. 146Figure 75. Combined Wind-Buoyancy Full Model First Floor South Heated Zone ScaledTemperature Stratification .......................................................................................................... 147Figure 76. Combined Wind-Buoyancy Full Model First Floor North Scale TemperatureStratification at Column .............................................................................................................. 147Figure 77. Combined Wind-Buoyancy Full Model First Floor North Heated Zone ScaledTemperature Stratification .......................................................................................................... 148Figure 78. Combined Wind-Buoyancy Full Model Second Floor Scaled TemperatureStratification at Column .............................................................................................................. 148Figure 79. Combined Wind-Buoyancy Full Model Second Floor Heated Zone ScaledTemperature Stratification .......................................................................................................... 149Figure 80. CFD Simulation of the Temperature Distributions for Full-Scale Model: BuoyancyDriven Flow with Stacks Open ................................................................................................... 156Figure 81. CFD Simulation of Temperature Distribution for Reduced-Scale Air Model:Buoyancy Driven Flow with Stacks Open .................................................................................. 156Figure 82. CFD Simulation of the Airflow Patterns for Full-Scale Building: Buoyancy DrivenFlow with Stacks Open ............................................................................................................... 157Figure 83. CFD Simulation of Airflow Patterns for Reduced-Scale Air Model: Buoyancy DrivenFlow with Stacks Open ............................................................................................................... 157Figure 84. Influence of Railings on Temperature Distribution for Reduced-Scale CFDSimulation; a) without railings, b) with railings. ........................................................................ 158Figure 85. Detailed Full-Scale CFD Simulation of Flow Reversal on First Floor South-Buoyancy-Driven Flow ............................................................................................................... 1599
Page 2 and 3: Thesis Committee:Leon R. Glicksman,
Page 4 and 5: Table of ContentsTable of Contents
Page 6 and 7: 7.1.3 Full Model Case .............
Page 10 and 11: List of TablesTable 1. Energy End U
Page 12 and 13: Table 64. Comparison of Dimensionle
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1.0IntroductionEnergy consu
Page 17 and 18: insulated building envelopes with t
Page 19 and 20: energy usage and efficient design.
Page 21 and 22: Figure 3. European Patent Office Bu
Page 23: selecting boundary conditions) to e
Page 26 and 27: 2.2.1 Buoyancy-Driven VentilationVe
Page 28 and 29: Figure 7. Neutral Pressure Level fo
Page 30 and 31: Combined wind-buoyancy flow is more
Page 32 and 33: design. The depth of natural ventil
Page 34 and 35: of cooling required by 30 percent o
Page 36 and 37: considered when determining how the
Page 38 and 39: environmental conditions are examin
Page 40 and 41: As natural ventilation is prevalent
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 3.0Evaluation of Prototype
Page 45 and 46: Figure 12. Interior Atrium ViewFigu
Page 47 and 48: Table 8. Prototype Building Window
Page 49 and 50: Figure 15. HOBO® H8 Series Tempera
Page 51 and 52: Finally, airflow visualization was
Page 53 and 54: only is the airflow almost never at
Page 55 and 56: Table 10. Window Bag Device Measure
Page 57 and 58: Mon 7-21Tue 7-22Wed 7-23Thu 7-24Fri
Page 59 and 60:
12:00 AM1:00 AM2:00 AM3:00 AM4:00 A
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27-Jul27-Jul28-Jul28-Jul29-Jul30-Ju
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A range of air exchange rates was f
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the windows on the second floor, or
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Total Electric (kWh/m2)Total Gas (k
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movement, Houghton Hall has much le
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Chapter 4.0Modeling and Visualizati
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for future design of similar type b
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lower and upper openings and natura
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the acceptable diffusion rate, or
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applications involving full-scale b
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digital camera with both manually o
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Chapter 5.0Dimensional Analysis and
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u oHgHT2uocu Hpo1Re Ar1Re Pr(5.7)(5
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X HM X HP(5.16)5.3.2 Kinematic Sim
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Radiation was found to have an impa
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height is used for the full-scale b
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6.3 Model Descriptions6.3.1 Physica
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Figure 30. Floor Plan of the Protot
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Figure 31. North Facade of Model wi
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Monitoring data collected from the
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By default, there was no accounting
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40-location card inserted into the
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6.5 ExperimentsTo evaluate the mode
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modified to determine the impact of
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Figure 39. Two Heated Zone ModelWit
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minute interval, the model was assu
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Figure 42. Cross-Section of Wind-Ge
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Table 25. Wind-Assisted Ventilation
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Figure 44. Heaters and Zones for a)
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Height from Floor (m)Height from Fl
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Where V is the outlet velocity, A o
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Table 32. Conduction Heat Loss for
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a) Air Modelb) Water ModelFigure 50
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Height from Floor (m)The temperatur
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Height from Floor (m)In the atrium
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First NorthUpper Window 0.17 m/s -0
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Height from Floor (m)the column at
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Height from Floor (m)Height from Fl
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Height from Floor (m)3.53.02.52.01.
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was less than 12 percent. These val
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Table 39. Variation of Outlet Wind
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temperature of the air was the same
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3.532.521.55m/s4m/s3m/s2m/s1m/s1.5m
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3.532.521.55m/s4m/s3m/s2m/s1m/s1.5m
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The average and exhaust internal bu
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Table 43. Calculated Wind and Buoya
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In the last two lines, for both the
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Figure 80. CFD Simulation of the Te
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uoyancy case the air from the groun
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160
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windows of naturally ventilated bui
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difficult to select the boundary co
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simulations are able to do would al
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Bordass, W.T., A.K.R. Bromley and A
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Linddament, M. 1996. Why CO2? Air I
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172
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MODEL: K20-8SERIAL: 10047RECORDER_I
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2 Boiler-3 50.00 C1 N1 1.0 ON ON OF
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|PW|DESCRIP |KW |KWH|KVA|KVH|------
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2:5 ;day_ofYr17:P30 ;EOT = 0.000075
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2:3136:P30 ;DUM2 = -0.040891:-4.089
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;7:21 ;input location;8:0 ;mulptipl
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;79:P22 ;EXC w/DELAY (only for dela
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1:45 ;port5 (homeSense)2:31 ;exit l
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13:P95 ;ENDIF14:P95 ;ENDIF15:P3 ;pu
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2:20 ;RH30:P70 ;sample1:12:20 ;RH31
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194
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Five Windows Open: Upper versus Low
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One Window Open: Upper versus Lower
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25 cm / 3 m 24.33 26.62 22.68 22.93
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25 cm / 3 m 24.07 25.26 22.65 22.78
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Two Stacks Open Temperature Stratif
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Stacks Closed Temperature Stratific
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2.3 24.31 24.65 24.781.4 23.35 23.6
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0.6 20.56 20.67 20.94 21.22 21.41 2
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