Methodology for the Evaluation of Natural Ventilation in ... - Cham

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7.1.3 Full Model Case .................................................................................................. 1317.2 Wind-Driven Ventilation Results ............................................................................... 1397.2.1 Wind-Only Case.................................................................................................. 1397.2.2 Combined Wind-Buoyancy Driven Case............................................................ 1407.2.3 Summary of Wind Experiments.......................................................................... 1497.2.4 Calculating Archimedes Number (Ar) ................................................................ 1497.3 Measurements and Results for the Prototype Building............................................... 1507.4 Comparison to Full-Scale and Prototype Building ..................................................... 1527.5 Model Details .............................................................................................................. 157Chapter 8.0 Summary, Conclusions and Future Research Work ................................. 1618.1 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 1618.2 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 1638.3 Future Research Work ................................................................................................ 165References .................................................................................................................................. 167Appendix A: Data Logger Parameter Files ............................................................................ 173K-20 Data Logger Files .......................................................................................................... 173CR10X Weather Station Files ................................................................................................. 178Appendix B: Additional Experimental Results ...................................................................... 195Single Heated Zone Results .................................................................................................... 195Seven Windows Open: Upper versus Lower Window Location ........................................ 195Five Windows Open: Upper versus Lower Window Location ........................................... 196Two Windows Open: Upper versus Lower Window Location .......................................... 197One Window Open: Upper versus Lower Window Location ............................................. 198Single Heated Zone Model vs Building: Lower Windows Open ....................................... 199Single Heated Zone Model vs Building: Upper Windows Open ........................................ 201Two Heated Zone Results ....................................................................................................... 203One Stack Open Temperature Stratification ....................................................................... 203Two Stacks Open Temperature Stratification ..................................................................... 204Three Stacks Open Temperature Stratification ................................................................... 205Stacks Closed Temperature Stratification ........................................................................... 206Full-Model Experimental Temperature Data .......................................................................... 207Buoyancy-Driven Flow ....................................................................................................... 207Combined Wind-Buoyancy Driven Flow ........................................................................... 2096
List of FiguresFigure 1. BRE Office Building Facade with Stacks ..................................................................... 20Figure 2. Building Interior ............................................................................................................ 20Figure 3. European Patent Office Building Exterior .................................................................... 21Figure 4. Interior View of Windows ............................................................................................. 21Figure 5. Edinburgh Gate Office Building Exterior Facade ......................................................... 21Figure 6. Interior View of Window .............................................................................................. 21Figure 7. Neutral Pressure Level for Buoyancy Driven Ventilation ............................................ 28Figure 8. Wind Driven Ventilation: Airflow Direction and Pressure versus Height .................... 29Figure 9. Combined Wind-Buoyancy Ventilation: Airflow Direction and Pressure versus Height....................................................................................................................................................... 30Figure 10. Prototype Building Design Characteristics ................................................................. 35Figure 11. Building First Floor (a) Plan and (b) Section .............................................................. 44Figure 12. Interior Atrium View ................................................................................................... 45Figure 13. Atrium Stack Vent and Fan ......................................................................................... 45Figure 14. Exterior View of Southern Facade of Prototype Building .......................................... 45Figure 15. HOBO® H8 Series Temperature and Relative Humidity Data Logger Locations in aSample Half Floor Area.. .............................................................................................................. 49Figure 16. Window Bag Device for Measuring Airflow Through Awning-Type Window ......... 53Figure 17. Building Average Internal and External Temperatures for Summer........................... 57Figure 18. Building Average Internal and External Temperatures for Winter ............................. 58Figure 19. Internal Temperatures from Extreme Heat Summer Day: Summer 2003 ................... 59Figure 20. Fall Average Building Internal Temperature by Orientation: North versus South ..... 60Figure 21. North versus South Average Building Temperature: Summer Conditions ................. 61Figure 22. Internal Building Carbon Dioxide Levels: Summer versus Winter Conditions .......... 64Figure 23. Airflow Patterns Observed in Prototype Building Field Measurements ..................... 65Figure 24. Annual Energy Usage Profile of Prototype Building by Category ............................. 66Figure 25. Comparison of Prototype to ECG019, Good Practice and Typical Natural VentilatedBuildings ....................................................................................................................................... 67Figure 26. Fogging Machine and Set-up For Airflow Visualization ............................................ 81Figure 27. Section of the Prototype Building with Outline of Area Modeled .............................. 94Figure 28. Reduced-Scale Model and Test Chamber Section View and Dimensions .................. 94Figure 29. Test Chamber Plan View with Dimensions................................................................. 95Figure 30. Floor Plan of the Prototype Building with Outline of Area Modeled ......................... 96Figure 31. North Facade of Model with Dimensions and Spacing ............................................... 98Figure 32. South Facade of Model with Dimensions and Spacing ............................................... 98Figure 33. Plan View of Top of Reduced-Scale Air Model with Stack Vents ............................ 99Figure 34. Floor Plan and Dimensions of Model, Aluminum Plates, and Heaters ....................... 99Figure 35. PHOENICS Scale Model Geometry ......................................................................... 101Figure 36. Test Chamber HVAC Computer Interface Control Panel ......................................... 103Figure 37. Full Model with Isolation of Single Heated Zone, with Blocked-Off Zones Shaded 107Figure 38. Single Heated Zone Model Cross-Section with Thermocouple Locations ............... 109Figure 39. Two Heated Zone Model ........................................................................................... 110Figure 40. Plan View of Floor with Stratification Thermocouple Locations ............................. 1117
Page 2 and 3: Thesis Committee:Leon R. Glicksman,
Page 4 and 5: Table of ContentsTable of Contents
Page 8 and 9: Figure 41. Wind Direction Data for
Page 10 and 11: List of TablesTable 1. Energy End U
Page 12 and 13: Table 64. Comparison of Dimensionle
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1.0IntroductionEnergy consu
Page 17 and 18: insulated building envelopes with t
Page 19 and 20: energy usage and efficient design.
Page 21 and 22: Figure 3. European Patent Office Bu
Page 23: selecting boundary conditions) to e
Page 26 and 27: 2.2.1 Buoyancy-Driven VentilationVe
Page 28 and 29: Figure 7. Neutral Pressure Level fo
Page 30 and 31: Combined wind-buoyancy flow is more
Page 32 and 33: design. The depth of natural ventil
Page 34 and 35: of cooling required by 30 percent o
Page 36 and 37: considered when determining how the
Page 38 and 39: environmental conditions are examin
Page 40 and 41: As natural ventilation is prevalent
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 3.0Evaluation of Prototype
Page 45 and 46: Figure 12. Interior Atrium ViewFigu
Page 47 and 48: Table 8. Prototype Building Window
Page 49 and 50: Figure 15. HOBO® H8 Series Tempera
Page 51 and 52: Finally, airflow visualization was
Page 53 and 54: only is the airflow almost never at
Page 55 and 56: Table 10. Window Bag Device Measure
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Mon 7-21Tue 7-22Wed 7-23Thu 7-24Fri
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12:00 AM1:00 AM2:00 AM3:00 AM4:00 A
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27-Jul27-Jul28-Jul28-Jul29-Jul30-Ju
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A range of air exchange rates was f
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the windows on the second floor, or
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Total Electric (kWh/m2)Total Gas (k
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movement, Houghton Hall has much le
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Chapter 4.0Modeling and Visualizati
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for future design of similar type b
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lower and upper openings and natura
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the acceptable diffusion rate, or
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applications involving full-scale b
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digital camera with both manually o
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Chapter 5.0Dimensional Analysis and
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u oHgHT2uocu Hpo1Re Ar1Re Pr(5.7)(5
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X HM X HP(5.16)5.3.2 Kinematic Sim
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Radiation was found to have an impa
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height is used for the full-scale b
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6.3 Model Descriptions6.3.1 Physica
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Figure 30. Floor Plan of the Protot
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Figure 31. North Facade of Model wi
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Monitoring data collected from the
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By default, there was no accounting
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40-location card inserted into the
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6.5 ExperimentsTo evaluate the mode
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modified to determine the impact of
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Figure 39. Two Heated Zone ModelWit
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minute interval, the model was assu
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Figure 42. Cross-Section of Wind-Ge
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Table 25. Wind-Assisted Ventilation
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Figure 44. Heaters and Zones for a)
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Height from Floor (m)Height from Fl
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Where V is the outlet velocity, A o
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Table 32. Conduction Heat Loss for
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a) Air Modelb) Water ModelFigure 50
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Height from Floor (m)The temperatur
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Height from Floor (m)In the atrium
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First NorthUpper Window 0.17 m/s -0
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Height from Floor (m)the column at
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Height from Floor (m)Height from Fl
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Height from Floor (m)3.53.02.52.01.
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was less than 12 percent. These val
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Table 39. Variation of Outlet Wind
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temperature of the air was the same
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3.532.521.55m/s4m/s3m/s2m/s1m/s1.5m
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3.532.521.55m/s4m/s3m/s2m/s1m/s1.5m
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The average and exhaust internal bu
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Table 43. Calculated Wind and Buoya
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In the last two lines, for both the
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Figure 80. CFD Simulation of the Te
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uoyancy case the air from the groun
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160
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windows of naturally ventilated bui
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difficult to select the boundary co
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simulations are able to do would al
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Bordass, W.T., A.K.R. Bromley and A
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Linddament, M. 1996. Why CO2? Air I
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172
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MODEL: K20-8SERIAL: 10047RECORDER_I
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2 Boiler-3 50.00 C1 N1 1.0 ON ON OF
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|PW|DESCRIP |KW |KWH|KVA|KVH|------
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2:5 ;day_ofYr17:P30 ;EOT = 0.000075
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2:3136:P30 ;DUM2 = -0.040891:-4.089
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;7:21 ;input location;8:0 ;mulptipl
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;79:P22 ;EXC w/DELAY (only for dela
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1:45 ;port5 (homeSense)2:31 ;exit l
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13:P95 ;ENDIF14:P95 ;ENDIF15:P3 ;pu
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2:20 ;RH30:P70 ;sample1:12:20 ;RH31
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194
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Five Windows Open: Upper versus Low
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One Window Open: Upper versus Lower
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25 cm / 3 m 24.33 26.62 22.68 22.93
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25 cm / 3 m 24.07 25.26 22.65 22.78
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Two Stacks Open Temperature Stratif
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Stacks Closed Temperature Stratific
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2.3 24.31 24.65 24.781.4 23.35 23.6
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0.6 20.56 20.67 20.94 21.22 21.41 2
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Methodology for the Evaluation of Natural Ventilation in ... - Cham

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