Methodology for the Evaluation of Natural Ventilation in ... - Cham

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Figure 24. Annual Energy Usage Profile of Prototype Building by CategoryTable 16. Comparison Energy Usage and Number of OccupantsGround FloorSouth1st FloorSouth1st FloorNorth2nd FloorNorthPeak Energy Usage (kW) 3.6 kW 3.1 kW 3.7 kW 2.7 kWNumber of Occupants 30 27 30 18Also, it was determined through both analysis of data and observation of occupants during sitevisits that the energy usage does not decrease at all over the lunch period, as most of theoccupants either brought their lunch or purchased items from an interior vending machine. Theground floor energy usage has a much higher base-load as compared to the other floors becauseit has additional equipment, such as the computer server room and several vending machines.These additional loads appear not only in the added energy consumption during the office hours,but also contribute to the base load, as they remain on all the time. The electric energy usage isbroken down into sub-categories based on annual energy consumption and is presented in Figure24. The daily electric energy usage for a typical weekend day, when the building is not usuallyoccupied, has very small base loads for each of the office floor areas due to several light fixturesthat are left on for safety and computers that are in stand-by mode.3.7 DiscussionThe analysis of Houghton Hall is useful to demonstrate how well it functions well as a naturallyventilated building. To further determine how this building is performing, the data are used tocompare it to benchmark data. Here the comparisons are made between Houghton Hall, variousstandards for performance (Standard and Good Practice), and other low energy buildings,including one similar in climate and configuration that is mechanically ventilated and uses achiller to provide cooling.66
Total Electric (kWh/m2)Total Gas (kWh/m2)Internal Loads (Lights andOffice Equipment, kWh/m2)Houghton HallStandard (Std.)Good Practice (GP)0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160kWh/m 2Figure 25. Comparison of Prototype to ECG019, Good Practice and Typical Natural VentilatedBuildingsThe Energy Consumption Guide 019 (Action Energy, 2003) establishes a range of energy usagefor buildings; Houghton Hall was compared to the Open Floor Plan Naturally Ventilated OfficeBuilding. Within this category, Houghton Hall overall fell in between Standard (Std) and GoodPractice (GP), with the data leaning towards the Typical side of the range. This is showngraphically in Figure 25. The energy usage is the total annual consumption for each particularcategory, and for overall electric and natural gas energy usage. Since the internal loads could notbe broken down into lighting and office equipment, these categories were combined and theresults presented. It is thought that Houghton Hall is towards the ‗Standard‘ side of lighting andoffice equipment due to the operation of the lighting and computer systems, inclusion of thecomputer server room in monitoring, and the energy usage of kitchenette areas located on eachfloor level. This inclusion increases the base line energy consumption, particularly duringoccupied and less so during unoccupied hours. It also contributes to the total annual electricenergy consumption, as there is not much other electrical energy using within the building, withthe exception of the lift. As for the natural gas consumption, the data presented was obtainedfrom the first year of occupation of the building, when some issues with the control scheme andbuilding tightness were being addressed. Originally, the louvers at the stack vents were not wellsealed, and air from the building was leaking through the louvers, drawing in additional outsideair during the winter months in other locations within the building. This caused the boilers tooperate more frequently trying to keep the building warm. This issue was addressed, and rubber67
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Thesis Committee:Leon R. Glicksman,
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Table of ContentsTable of Contents
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7.1.3 Full Model Case .............
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Figure 41. Wind Direction Data for
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List of TablesTable 1. Energy End U
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Table 64. Comparison of Dimensionle
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1.0IntroductionEnergy consu
Page 17 and 18: insulated building envelopes with t
Page 19 and 20: energy usage and efficient design.
Page 21 and 22: Figure 3. European Patent Office Bu
Page 23: selecting boundary conditions) to e
Page 26 and 27: 2.2.1 Buoyancy-Driven VentilationVe
Page 28 and 29: Figure 7. Neutral Pressure Level fo
Page 30 and 31: Combined wind-buoyancy flow is more
Page 32 and 33: design. The depth of natural ventil
Page 34 and 35: of cooling required by 30 percent o
Page 36 and 37: considered when determining how the
Page 38 and 39: environmental conditions are examin
Page 40 and 41: As natural ventilation is prevalent
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 3.0Evaluation of Prototype
Page 45 and 46: Figure 12. Interior Atrium ViewFigu
Page 47 and 48: Table 8. Prototype Building Window
Page 49 and 50: Figure 15. HOBO® H8 Series Tempera
Page 51 and 52: Finally, airflow visualization was
Page 53 and 54: only is the airflow almost never at
Page 55 and 56: Table 10. Window Bag Device Measure
Page 57 and 58: Mon 7-21Tue 7-22Wed 7-23Thu 7-24Fri
Page 59 and 60: 12:00 AM1:00 AM2:00 AM3:00 AM4:00 A
Page 61 and 62: 27-Jul27-Jul28-Jul28-Jul29-Jul30-Ju
Page 63 and 64: A range of air exchange rates was f
Page 65: the windows on the second floor, or
Page 69 and 70: movement, Houghton Hall has much le
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 4.0Modeling and Visualizati
Page 73 and 74: for future design of similar type b
Page 75 and 76: lower and upper openings and natura
Page 77 and 78: the acceptable diffusion rate, or
Page 79 and 80: applications involving full-scale b
Page 81 and 82: digital camera with both manually o
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 5.0Dimensional Analysis and
Page 85 and 86: u oHgHT2uocu Hpo1Re Ar1Re Pr(5.7)(5
Page 87 and 88: X HM X HP(5.16)5.3.2 Kinematic Sim
Page 89 and 90: Radiation was found to have an impa
Page 91: height is used for the full-scale b
Page 94 and 95: 6.3 Model Descriptions6.3.1 Physica
Page 96 and 97: Figure 30. Floor Plan of the Protot
Page 98 and 99: Figure 31. North Facade of Model wi
Page 100 and 101: Monitoring data collected from the
Page 102 and 103: By default, there was no accounting
Page 104 and 105: 40-location card inserted into the
Page 106 and 107: 6.5 ExperimentsTo evaluate the mode
Page 108 and 109: modified to determine the impact of
Page 110 and 111: Figure 39. Two Heated Zone ModelWit
Page 112 and 113: minute interval, the model was assu
Page 114 and 115: Figure 42. Cross-Section of Wind-Ge
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Table 25. Wind-Assisted Ventilation
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Figure 44. Heaters and Zones for a)
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Height from Floor (m)Height from Fl
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Where V is the outlet velocity, A o
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Table 32. Conduction Heat Loss for
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a) Air Modelb) Water ModelFigure 50
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Height from Floor (m)The temperatur
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Height from Floor (m)In the atrium
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First NorthUpper Window 0.17 m/s -0
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Height from Floor (m)the column at
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Height from Floor (m)Height from Fl
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Height from Floor (m)3.53.02.52.01.
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was less than 12 percent. These val
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Table 39. Variation of Outlet Wind
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temperature of the air was the same
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3.532.521.55m/s4m/s3m/s2m/s1m/s1.5m
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3.532.521.55m/s4m/s3m/s2m/s1m/s1.5m
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The average and exhaust internal bu
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Table 43. Calculated Wind and Buoya
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In the last two lines, for both the
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Figure 80. CFD Simulation of the Te
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uoyancy case the air from the groun
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160
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windows of naturally ventilated bui
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difficult to select the boundary co
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simulations are able to do would al
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Bordass, W.T., A.K.R. Bromley and A
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Linddament, M. 1996. Why CO2? Air I
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172
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MODEL: K20-8SERIAL: 10047RECORDER_I
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2 Boiler-3 50.00 C1 N1 1.0 ON ON OF
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|PW|DESCRIP |KW |KWH|KVA|KVH|------
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2:5 ;day_ofYr17:P30 ;EOT = 0.000075
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2:3136:P30 ;DUM2 = -0.040891:-4.089
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;7:21 ;input location;8:0 ;mulptipl
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;79:P22 ;EXC w/DELAY (only for dela
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1:45 ;port5 (homeSense)2:31 ;exit l
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13:P95 ;ENDIF14:P95 ;ENDIF15:P3 ;pu
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2:20 ;RH30:P70 ;sample1:12:20 ;RH31
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194
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Five Windows Open: Upper versus Low
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One Window Open: Upper versus Lower
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25 cm / 3 m 24.33 26.62 22.68 22.93
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25 cm / 3 m 24.07 25.26 22.65 22.78
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Two Stacks Open Temperature Stratif
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Stacks Closed Temperature Stratific
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2.3 24.31 24.65 24.781.4 23.35 23.6
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0.6 20.56 20.67 20.94 21.22 21.41 2
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