Methodology for the Evaluation of Natural Ventilation in ... - Cham

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12-Oct-0313-Oct-0314-Oct-0315-Oct-0316-Oct-0317-Oct-0318-Oct-0319-Oct-0320-Oct-0321-Oct-0322-Oct-0323-Oct-0324-Oct-0325-Oct-0326-Oct-0327-Oct-0328-Oct-0329-Oct-0330-Oct-0331-Oct-031-Nov-032-Nov-033-Nov-034-Nov-035-Nov-036-Nov-037-Nov-038-Nov-039-Nov-03Temperature ( C)4035Building Average TemperatureOutside Air Temperature302520151050Figure 18. Building Average Internal and External Temperatures for WinterTable 12 summarizes the range of internal and external conditions that were recorded for eachseason in the prototype building. The spring season is described as April through May when theexternal temperatures are still relatively cool and the occupant controlled windows are notnecessarily open every day. The summer season is considered to be June through August, but theextreme heat of August 2003 was omitted from the table data set. The fall season is similar inoperation of the windows to the spring season, while the winter season assumes that all of thewindows and vents are fully closed. The building maximum temperatures occurred during middayperiods, while the minimum temperatures occurred during nighttime periods. Sample datafrom a day of extreme heat during August, 2003 is presented in Figure 19.Table 12. Internal and External Temperatures over 24-hours by SeasonTemperature Spring, ºC Summer, ºC Fall, ºC Winter, ºCBuilding Average 20.8 22.5 21.2 20.2Building Minimum 18.5 16.9 16.0 13.6Building Maximum 23.5 25.2 25.0 22.5Outside Average 11.3 17.4 13.3 5.1Outside Minimum 2.9 11.0 2.0 -2.8Outside Maximum 24.4 28.3 27.4 11.858
12:00 AM1:00 AM2:00 AM3:00 AM4:00 AM5:00 AM6:00 AM7:00 AM8:00 AM9:00 AM10:00 AM11:00 AM12:00 PM1:00 PM2:00 PM3:00 PM4:00 PM5:00 PM6:00 PM7:00 PM8:00 PM9:00 PM10:00 PM11:00 PMTemperature ( C)40353025201510Second Floor AverageGround Floor AverageFirst Floor North AverageFirst Floor South AverageOutside Air TemperatureFigure 19. Internal Temperatures from Extreme Heat Summer Day: Summer 2003Additionally, differences in temperature between the northern and southern halves of thebuilding were observed. During the summer months, the maximum temperature differencebetween the north and south floors was 4ºC; while during the winter months the difference wasas much as 8ºC. The maximum temperature difference for the summer period occurred duringthe nighttime hours, while the temperatures were similar for the north and south sides during thedaytime hours. The south side of the building tends to remain warmer than the north side due tosolar gains and thermal mass; it takes longer for the thermal mass to cool on the south side, sinceit is exposed to direct sunlight for more of the day than is the north side. This variation fromnorth to south was present and more appreciable during the winter months, with the temperaturedifference between the north and south halves remaining relatively consistent throughout theday. The solar gains had a significant impact on the south half, particularly when the sun waslower in the horizon and the solar shading devices attached to the façade were less effective. Thethermal mass retained the heat both from the solar gain and internal gains, and remained warmerduring the wintertime. During the summer months, the windows were also open, allowing moreair to flow through the building, causing a more even temperature throughout the building. Thesouth half remained somewhat warmer during the summer nighttime hours when the thermalmass released the heat stored from both internal loads and solar gain during the daytime hours.The variation from north to south for a sample period of time (late July through early August) isshown in Figure 21 and for a sample cold period (late October through beginning of November)in Figure 20.59
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Thesis Committee:Leon R. Glicksman,
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Table of ContentsTable of Contents
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7.1.3 Full Model Case .............
Page 8 and 9: Figure 41. Wind Direction Data for
Page 10 and 11: List of TablesTable 1. Energy End U
Page 12 and 13: Table 64. Comparison of Dimensionle
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1.0IntroductionEnergy consu
Page 17 and 18: insulated building envelopes with t
Page 19 and 20: energy usage and efficient design.
Page 21 and 22: Figure 3. European Patent Office Bu
Page 23: selecting boundary conditions) to e
Page 26 and 27: 2.2.1 Buoyancy-Driven VentilationVe
Page 28 and 29: Figure 7. Neutral Pressure Level fo
Page 30 and 31: Combined wind-buoyancy flow is more
Page 32 and 33: design. The depth of natural ventil
Page 34 and 35: of cooling required by 30 percent o
Page 36 and 37: considered when determining how the
Page 38 and 39: environmental conditions are examin
Page 40 and 41: As natural ventilation is prevalent
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 3.0Evaluation of Prototype
Page 45 and 46: Figure 12. Interior Atrium ViewFigu
Page 47 and 48: Table 8. Prototype Building Window
Page 49 and 50: Figure 15. HOBO® H8 Series Tempera
Page 51 and 52: Finally, airflow visualization was
Page 53 and 54: only is the airflow almost never at
Page 55 and 56: Table 10. Window Bag Device Measure
Page 57: Mon 7-21Tue 7-22Wed 7-23Thu 7-24Fri
Page 61 and 62: 27-Jul27-Jul28-Jul28-Jul29-Jul30-Ju
Page 63 and 64: A range of air exchange rates was f
Page 65 and 66: the windows on the second floor, or
Page 67 and 68: Total Electric (kWh/m2)Total Gas (k
Page 69 and 70: movement, Houghton Hall has much le
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 4.0Modeling and Visualizati
Page 73 and 74: for future design of similar type b
Page 75 and 76: lower and upper openings and natura
Page 77 and 78: the acceptable diffusion rate, or
Page 79 and 80: applications involving full-scale b
Page 81 and 82: digital camera with both manually o
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 5.0Dimensional Analysis and
Page 85 and 86: u oHgHT2uocu Hpo1Re Ar1Re Pr(5.7)(5
Page 87 and 88: X HM X HP(5.16)5.3.2 Kinematic Sim
Page 89 and 90: Radiation was found to have an impa
Page 91: height is used for the full-scale b
Page 94 and 95: 6.3 Model Descriptions6.3.1 Physica
Page 96 and 97: Figure 30. Floor Plan of the Protot
Page 98 and 99: Figure 31. North Facade of Model wi
Page 100 and 101: Monitoring data collected from the
Page 102 and 103: By default, there was no accounting
Page 104 and 105: 40-location card inserted into the
Page 106 and 107: 6.5 ExperimentsTo evaluate the mode
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modified to determine the impact of
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Figure 39. Two Heated Zone ModelWit
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minute interval, the model was assu
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Figure 42. Cross-Section of Wind-Ge
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Table 25. Wind-Assisted Ventilation
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Figure 44. Heaters and Zones for a)
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Height from Floor (m)Height from Fl
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Where V is the outlet velocity, A o
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Table 32. Conduction Heat Loss for
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a) Air Modelb) Water ModelFigure 50
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Height from Floor (m)The temperatur
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Height from Floor (m)In the atrium
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First NorthUpper Window 0.17 m/s -0
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Height from Floor (m)the column at
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Height from Floor (m)Height from Fl
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Height from Floor (m)3.53.02.52.01.
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was less than 12 percent. These val
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Table 39. Variation of Outlet Wind
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temperature of the air was the same
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3.532.521.55m/s4m/s3m/s2m/s1m/s1.5m
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3.532.521.55m/s4m/s3m/s2m/s1m/s1.5m
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The average and exhaust internal bu
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Table 43. Calculated Wind and Buoya
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In the last two lines, for both the
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Figure 80. CFD Simulation of the Te
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uoyancy case the air from the groun
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160
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windows of naturally ventilated bui
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difficult to select the boundary co
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simulations are able to do would al
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Bordass, W.T., A.K.R. Bromley and A
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Linddament, M. 1996. Why CO2? Air I
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172
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MODEL: K20-8SERIAL: 10047RECORDER_I
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2 Boiler-3 50.00 C1 N1 1.0 ON ON OF
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|PW|DESCRIP |KW |KWH|KVA|KVH|------
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2:5 ;day_ofYr17:P30 ;EOT = 0.000075
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2:3136:P30 ;DUM2 = -0.040891:-4.089
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;7:21 ;input location;8:0 ;mulptipl
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;79:P22 ;EXC w/DELAY (only for dela
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1:45 ;port5 (homeSense)2:31 ;exit l
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13:P95 ;ENDIF14:P95 ;ENDIF15:P3 ;pu
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2:20 ;RH30:P70 ;sample1:12:20 ;RH31
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194
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Five Windows Open: Upper versus Low
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One Window Open: Upper versus Lower
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25 cm / 3 m 24.33 26.62 22.68 22.93
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25 cm / 3 m 24.07 25.26 22.65 22.78
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Two Stacks Open Temperature Stratif
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Stacks Closed Temperature Stratific
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2.3 24.31 24.65 24.781.4 23.35 23.6
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0.6 20.56 20.67 20.94 21.22 21.41 2
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