Methodology for the Evaluation of Natural Ventilation in ... - Cham

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warmest temperatures of all of the occupied office spaces. The stratification was most prevalentduring the summer months, when the external conditions were relied upon for cooling. Duringthe winter months, the internal temperature is controlled by thermostats for the perimeter (trench)heating system, and therefore tends to be uniform throughout the building (Figure 18). In somecases, the warm air left through the second floor occupied space, especially on days with highwind and/or rain, either of which would cause the louvers in the atrium stacks to close. Thoughimpacted by the external environment, the internal conditions for the most part remained withincomfort regions.Table 11. Temperature Data at Two Locations per Floor: August Workday Occupied HoursGF-1 GF-2 FFS-1 FFS-2 FFN-1 FFN-2 SF-1 SF-210:00 AM 23.63 23.63 24.79 24.4 25.95 25.17 28.7 27.9110:15 AM 24.01 23.63 24.79 24.79 26.34 25.56 29.1 29.110:30 AM 24.01 23.63 25.17 25.17 26.34 25.56 29.1 28.710:45 AM 24.01 24.01 25.17 25.17 26.73 25.95 29.1 28.711:00 AM 24.4 24.01 25.56 25.17 27.12 25.95 29.5 28.711:15 AM 24.79 24.4 25.56 25.56 27.12 26.34 29.5 28.711:30 AM 24.79 24.4 25.95 25.56 27.52 26.34 29.5 28.711:45 AM 25.17 24.79 25.95 25.95 27.91 26.73 29.5 28.712:00 PM 25.56 24.79 26.34 25.95 27.91 27.52 29.5 29.112:15 PM 25.56 25.17 26.34 26.34 28.31 27.52 29.9 29.112:30 PM 25.95 25.17 26.34 26.34 28.31 27.52 29.9 29.112:45 PM 25.95 25.56 26.73 26.73 28.31 27.52 29.9 29.11:00 PM 26.34 25.56 26.73 26.73 28.7 27.91 30.31 29.51:15 PM 26.34 25.56 27.12 26.73 28.7 27.91 30.31 29.51:30 PM 26.34 25.95 27.12 27.12 28.7 28.31 30.31 29.51:45 PM 26.73 25.95 27.12 27.12 28.7 30.31 30.31 29.92:00 PM 26.73 26.34 27.52 27.12 29.1 31.12 30.31 29.92:15 PM 27.12 26.34 27.91 27.52 29.1 33.59 30.31 29.92:30 PM 27.12 26.34 27.91 27.52 29.5 34.85 30.31 29.92:45 PM 27.52 26.34 27.91 27.52 29.5 33.59 30.31 29.93:00 PM 27.52 26.34 28.31 27.91 29.9 31.12 30.31 29.9Neglecting the August 2003 data, which reflected record heat in the United Kingdom, themaximum temperatures within the building were on the second floor at 25.2ºC. Even during therecord heat, when the external temperature reached 37ºC, the average internal temperature withinthe building was 30.7ºC, or almost 6ºC cooler than the outside. Sample data for the summerperiod, with the average occupied space temperature (Building Average Temperature) andoutside air temperature are presented in Figure 17. One of the exceptions to this performancewas on the weekends; when the heating was turned off during the winter months (except for frostprotection) and the large occupant controlled windows were closed during spring, summer, andfall months. This led to cool interior temperatures in the wintertime and temperatures closer to orabove the external temperature in the summertime.56
Mon 7-21Tue 7-22Wed 7-23Thu 7-24Fri 7-25Sat 7-26Sun 7-27Mon 7-28Tue 7-29Wed 7-30Thu 7-31Fri 8-01Sat 8-02Sun 8-03Mon 8-04Tue 8-05Wed 8-06Thu 8-07Fri 8-08Sat 8-09Sun 8-10Mon 8-11Tue 8-12Wed 8-13Thu 8-14Temperature ( C)Temperature ( F)40Building Average TemperatureOutside Air Temperature1023592308225722015621052542032Figure 17. Building Average Internal and External Temperatures for Summer57
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Thesis Committee:Leon R. Glicksman,
Page 4 and 5:
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
Page 6 and 7: 7.1.3 Full Model Case .............
Page 8 and 9: Figure 41. Wind Direction Data for
Page 10 and 11: List of TablesTable 1. Energy End U
Page 12 and 13: Table 64. Comparison of Dimensionle
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1.0IntroductionEnergy consu
Page 17 and 18: insulated building envelopes with t
Page 19 and 20: energy usage and efficient design.
Page 21 and 22: Figure 3. European Patent Office Bu
Page 23: selecting boundary conditions) to e
Page 26 and 27: 2.2.1 Buoyancy-Driven VentilationVe
Page 28 and 29: Figure 7. Neutral Pressure Level fo
Page 30 and 31: Combined wind-buoyancy flow is more
Page 32 and 33: design. The depth of natural ventil
Page 34 and 35: of cooling required by 30 percent o
Page 36 and 37: considered when determining how the
Page 38 and 39: environmental conditions are examin
Page 40 and 41: As natural ventilation is prevalent
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 3.0Evaluation of Prototype
Page 45 and 46: Figure 12. Interior Atrium ViewFigu
Page 47 and 48: Table 8. Prototype Building Window
Page 49 and 50: Figure 15. HOBO® H8 Series Tempera
Page 51 and 52: Finally, airflow visualization was
Page 53 and 54: only is the airflow almost never at
Page 55: Table 10. Window Bag Device Measure
Page 59 and 60: 12:00 AM1:00 AM2:00 AM3:00 AM4:00 A
Page 61 and 62: 27-Jul27-Jul28-Jul28-Jul29-Jul30-Ju
Page 63 and 64: A range of air exchange rates was f
Page 65 and 66: the windows on the second floor, or
Page 67 and 68: Total Electric (kWh/m2)Total Gas (k
Page 69 and 70: movement, Houghton Hall has much le
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 4.0Modeling and Visualizati
Page 73 and 74: for future design of similar type b
Page 75 and 76: lower and upper openings and natura
Page 77 and 78: the acceptable diffusion rate, or
Page 79 and 80: applications involving full-scale b
Page 81 and 82: digital camera with both manually o
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 5.0Dimensional Analysis and
Page 85 and 86: u oHgHT2uocu Hpo1Re Ar1Re Pr(5.7)(5
Page 87 and 88: X HM X HP(5.16)5.3.2 Kinematic Sim
Page 89 and 90: Radiation was found to have an impa
Page 91: height is used for the full-scale b
Page 94 and 95: 6.3 Model Descriptions6.3.1 Physica
Page 96 and 97: Figure 30. Floor Plan of the Protot
Page 98 and 99: Figure 31. North Facade of Model wi
Page 100 and 101: Monitoring data collected from the
Page 102 and 103: By default, there was no accounting
Page 104 and 105: 40-location card inserted into the
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6.5 ExperimentsTo evaluate the mode
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modified to determine the impact of
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Figure 39. Two Heated Zone ModelWit
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minute interval, the model was assu
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Figure 42. Cross-Section of Wind-Ge
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Table 25. Wind-Assisted Ventilation
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Figure 44. Heaters and Zones for a)
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Height from Floor (m)Height from Fl
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Where V is the outlet velocity, A o
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Table 32. Conduction Heat Loss for
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a) Air Modelb) Water ModelFigure 50
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Height from Floor (m)The temperatur
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Height from Floor (m)In the atrium
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First NorthUpper Window 0.17 m/s -0
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Height from Floor (m)the column at
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Height from Floor (m)Height from Fl
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Height from Floor (m)3.53.02.52.01.
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was less than 12 percent. These val
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Table 39. Variation of Outlet Wind
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temperature of the air was the same
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3.532.521.55m/s4m/s3m/s2m/s1m/s1.5m
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3.532.521.55m/s4m/s3m/s2m/s1m/s1.5m
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The average and exhaust internal bu
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Table 43. Calculated Wind and Buoya
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In the last two lines, for both the
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Figure 80. CFD Simulation of the Te
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uoyancy case the air from the groun
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160
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windows of naturally ventilated bui
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difficult to select the boundary co
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simulations are able to do would al
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Bordass, W.T., A.K.R. Bromley and A
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Linddament, M. 1996. Why CO2? Air I
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172
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MODEL: K20-8SERIAL: 10047RECORDER_I
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2 Boiler-3 50.00 C1 N1 1.0 ON ON OF
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|PW|DESCRIP |KW |KWH|KVA|KVH|------
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2:5 ;day_ofYr17:P30 ;EOT = 0.000075
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2:3136:P30 ;DUM2 = -0.040891:-4.089
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;7:21 ;input location;8:0 ;mulptipl
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;79:P22 ;EXC w/DELAY (only for dela
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1:45 ;port5 (homeSense)2:31 ;exit l
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13:P95 ;ENDIF14:P95 ;ENDIF15:P3 ;pu
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2:20 ;RH30:P70 ;sample1:12:20 ;RH31
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194
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Five Windows Open: Upper versus Low
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One Window Open: Upper versus Lower
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25 cm / 3 m 24.33 26.62 22.68 22.93
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25 cm / 3 m 24.07 25.26 22.65 22.78
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Two Stacks Open Temperature Stratif
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Stacks Closed Temperature Stratific
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2.3 24.31 24.65 24.781.4 23.35 23.6
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0.6 20.56 20.67 20.94 21.22 21.41 2
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