Bordass, W.T., A.K.R. Bromley and A.J. Leaman. 1993. User and Occupant Controls <strong>in</strong> OfficeBuild<strong>in</strong>gs. ASHRAE Conference Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs—Build<strong>in</strong>g Deisng, Technology, and OccupantWell-Be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Temperate Climate. Brussels, Belgium. P. 12-17.Boutet, T.S. 1987. Controll<strong>in</strong>g Air Movement: A Manual <strong>for</strong> Architects and Builders. McGraw-Hill. New York. 1987.Brager, G.S, R. de Dear. 2000. A Standard <strong>for</strong> <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>Ventilation</strong>. ASHRAE Journal. October2000.Chandra, S., P.W. Fairey III, and M.M. Houston. 1986. Cool<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>Ventilation</strong>. Florida SolarEnergy Center, Solar Technical In<strong>for</strong>mation Program. SERI/SP-273-2966.Chandra, S., K. Ruberg, and A. Kerestecioglu. 1983. Outdoor Test<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Small Scale <strong>Natural</strong>lyVentilated Models. Build<strong>in</strong>g and Environment, v. 18, No. 1/2. 1983.Daniels, Klaus. 2003. Advanced Build<strong>in</strong>g Systems: A Technical Guide <strong>for</strong> Architects andEng<strong>in</strong>eers. Translated by Elizabeth Schwaiger. Boston. Birkhauser-Publishers <strong>for</strong> Architecture.2003.Dean, B.N. 2000. <strong>Natural</strong>ly Ventilated Build<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> Europe: August 2000 Trip Report.Massachusetts Institute <strong>of</strong> Technology. http://cmiserver.mit.edu/natvent/Department <strong>of</strong> Trade and Industry (DTI). 2004. The Digest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United K<strong>in</strong>gdom EnergyStatistics 2004. The Stationary Office, Norwich. 2004.Dutt, A.J., R.J. de Dear, and P. Krishnan. 1992. Full Scale and Model Investigation <strong>of</strong> <strong>Natural</strong><strong>Ventilation</strong> and Thermal Com<strong>for</strong>t <strong>in</strong> a Build<strong>in</strong>g. Journal <strong>of</strong> W<strong>in</strong>d Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g and IndustrialAerodynamics, v. 41-44. 1992.Egan, J. 1998. Reth<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g Construction.Emmerich, S.J., W.SW. Dols, and J.W. Axley. 2001. <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>Ventilation</strong> Review and Plan <strong>for</strong>Design and Analysis Tools. National Institute <strong>of</strong> Standards and Technology. August 2001.Environmental Monitor<strong>in</strong>g Services. 2004. www.ems-onl<strong>in</strong>e.co.uk.E<strong>the</strong>ridge, D.W. 2002. Nondimensional Methods <strong>for</strong> <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>Ventilation</strong> Design. Build<strong>in</strong>g andEnvironment:33. p. 1057-1072.E<strong>the</strong>ridge, D, M. Sandberg. 1996. Build<strong>in</strong>g <strong>Ventilation</strong>-Theory and Measurement, Chapter 14.New York. John Wiley & Sons. 1996.Fisk, W.J., M.J. Mendell, J.M. Daisey, D. Faulkner, A.T. Hodgson, M. Nematollahi, and J.M.Macher. 1993. Phase 1 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cali<strong>for</strong>nia Healthy Build<strong>in</strong>g Study: A Summary. Indoor Air. V. 3p.246-254.168
Flourentzou, F., J. Van der Maas, and C.-A. Roulet. 1998. <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>Ventilation</strong> <strong>for</strong> PassiveCool<strong>in</strong>g: Measurements <strong>of</strong> Discharge Coefficients. Energy and Build<strong>in</strong>gs. V. 27, pp. 283-292.Fracastoro, G.V., G. Mutani, and M. Per<strong>in</strong>o. 2002. Experimental and Theoretical Analysis <strong>of</strong><strong>Natural</strong> <strong>Ventilation</strong> by W<strong>in</strong>dows Open<strong>in</strong>g. Energy and Build<strong>in</strong>gs. V.34, pp. 817-827.Gladstone, C. and A. W.Woods. 2001. On Buoyancy-Driven <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>Ventilation</strong> <strong>of</strong> a Room witha Heated Floor. Journal <strong>of</strong> Fluid Mechanics: 441. p 293-314.Hagstrom, K. 2002. Influence <strong>of</strong> K<strong>in</strong>etic Energy Sources and Internal Obstructions on Room AirCondition<strong>in</strong>g Strategy, Efficiency <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ventilation</strong> and Room Velocity Conditions. PhDDissertation, Hels<strong>in</strong>ki University <strong>of</strong> Technology.Heiselberg, P. 1998. International Energy Agency Annex 35 HybVent. Hybrid <strong>Ventilation</strong> <strong>in</strong>New and Retr<strong>of</strong>itted Office Build<strong>in</strong>gs. 44th IEA BCS Executive Committee Meet<strong>in</strong>g, Brussels,Belgium. 1998.Heiselberg, P., H. Dam, L.C. Sorensen, P.V. Nielsen, K. Svidt. 1999. Characteristics <strong>of</strong> Air Flowthrough W<strong>in</strong>dows. HybVent Forum ‘99. September 1999.Heiselberg, P., K. Svidt, P.V. Nielsen. 2001. Characteristics <strong>of</strong> Airflow from Open W<strong>in</strong>dows.Build<strong>in</strong>g and Environment, v.36, pp. 859-869. 2001.Hous<strong>in</strong>g Transfer Manual 2003 Programme. Office <strong>of</strong> Deputy Prime M<strong>in</strong>ister: London. March2003.Incropera, F.P. and D.P. DeWitt. 1996. Introduction to Heat Transfer, 3 rd Ed. Chapters 12 and13. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 1996.Jiang, Y. and Q. Chen. 2002. Buoyancy-Driven <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>Ventilation</strong> <strong>in</strong> Build<strong>in</strong>gs: Experimentaland Numerical Studies. 8 th International Conference on Air Distribution <strong>in</strong> Rooms, RoomVent2002.Jones, J. and A.W. West. 2001. <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>Ventilation</strong> and Collaborative Design. ASHRAE Journal.P. 46-51. November 2001.Karava, P., T. Stathopoulos, and A.K Athienitis. 2004. W<strong>in</strong>d Driven Flow through Open<strong>in</strong>gs-AReview <strong>of</strong> Discharge Coefficients. The International Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ventilation</strong>. V.3, No. 3. pp. 255-266. December 2004.Lechner, N. 1991. Heat<strong>in</strong>g, Cool<strong>in</strong>g, Light<strong>in</strong>g: Design Methods <strong>for</strong> Architects. John Wiley &Sons, New York.Levermore, G.J. 2000. Build<strong>in</strong>g Energy Management Systems: Applications to low-energyHVAC and natural ventilation control. Spon Press. 2000.Li, Y., A. Delsante, and J. Symons. 2000. Prediction <strong>of</strong> <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>Ventilation</strong> <strong>in</strong> Build<strong>in</strong>gs withLarge Open<strong>in</strong>gs. Build<strong>in</strong>g and Environment, v. 35, pp. 191-206. 2000.169
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Thesis Committee:Leon R. Glicksman,
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Table of ContentsTable of Contents
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7.1.3 Full Model Case .............
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Figure 41. Wind Direction Data for
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List of TablesTable 1. Energy End U
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Table 64. Comparison of Dimensionle
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Chapter 1.0IntroductionEnergy consu
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insulated building envelopes with t
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energy usage and efficient design.
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Figure 3. European Patent Office Bu
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selecting boundary conditions) to e
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2.2.1 Buoyancy-Driven VentilationVe
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Figure 7. Neutral Pressure Level fo
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Combined wind-buoyancy flow is more
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design. The depth of natural ventil
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of cooling required by 30 percent o
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considered when determining how the
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environmental conditions are examin
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As natural ventilation is prevalent
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Chapter 3.0Evaluation of Prototype
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Figure 12. Interior Atrium ViewFigu
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Table 8. Prototype Building Window
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Figure 15. HOBO® H8 Series Tempera
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Finally, airflow visualization was
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only is the airflow almost never at
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Table 10. Window Bag Device Measure
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Mon 7-21Tue 7-22Wed 7-23Thu 7-24Fri
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12:00 AM1:00 AM2:00 AM3:00 AM4:00 A
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27-Jul27-Jul28-Jul28-Jul29-Jul30-Ju
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A range of air exchange rates was f
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the windows on the second floor, or
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Total Electric (kWh/m2)Total Gas (k
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movement, Houghton Hall has much le
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Chapter 4.0Modeling and Visualizati
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for future design of similar type b
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lower and upper openings and natura
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the acceptable diffusion rate, or
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applications involving full-scale b
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digital camera with both manually o
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Chapter 5.0Dimensional Analysis and
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u oHgHT2uocu Hpo1Re Ar1Re Pr(5.7)(5
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X HM X HP(5.16)5.3.2 Kinematic Sim
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Radiation was found to have an impa
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height is used for the full-scale b
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6.3 Model Descriptions6.3.1 Physica
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Figure 30. Floor Plan of the Protot
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Figure 31. North Facade of Model wi
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Monitoring data collected from the
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By default, there was no accounting
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40-location card inserted into the
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6.5 ExperimentsTo evaluate the mode
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modified to determine the impact of
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Figure 39. Two Heated Zone ModelWit
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minute interval, the model was assu
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Figure 42. Cross-Section of Wind-Ge
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Table 25. Wind-Assisted Ventilation
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- Page 120 and 121: Height from Floor (m)Height from Fl
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- Page 126 and 127: a) Air Modelb) Water ModelFigure 50
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- Page 134 and 135: Height from Floor (m)the column at
- Page 136 and 137: Height from Floor (m)Height from Fl
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- Page 140 and 141: was less than 12 percent. These val
- Page 142 and 143: Table 39. Variation of Outlet Wind
- Page 144 and 145: temperature of the air was the same
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- Page 148 and 149: 3.532.521.55m/s4m/s3m/s2m/s1m/s1.5m
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- Page 174 and 175: MODEL: K20-8SERIAL: 10047RECORDER_I
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- Page 178 and 179: |PW|DESCRIP |KW |KWH|KVA|KVH|------
- Page 180 and 181: 2:5 ;day_ofYr17:P30 ;EOT = 0.000075
- Page 182 and 183: 2:3136:P30 ;DUM2 = -0.040891:-4.089
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- Page 196 and 197: Five Windows Open: Upper versus Low
- Page 198 and 199: One Window Open: Upper versus Lower
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- Page 202 and 203: 25 cm / 3 m 24.07 25.26 22.65 22.78
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