Kingdom Animalia - Evolution of Form and Function

8. What synapomorphies are exhibited by each of the previous three phyla that sets themapart from the hypothetical common ancestor and from each other.a. Phylum Echinodermatab. Phylum Hemichordatac. Phylum ChordataC. Practical Applications1. A drug called lufenuron (Program) interferes with the activity of an enzyme known aschitinase, which is involved in the normal formation of chitin. Lufenuron preventsnormal maturation of animals that use chitin as structural support. Which of thefollowing do you think would most likely be adversely affected by medicating aninfected host mammal with lufenuron?a. fleas d. heartworm (a nematode) e. tapewormsb. ear mites e. ringworm fungus f. ticksc. leeches f. liver flukes g. caterpillars2. It turns out that although lufenuron is effective against insects, it will not kill ticks.What could be a possible reason for this?3. Animal phyla have long been classified into putatively monophyletic assemblages onthe basis of their body plans. Unfortunately, as we are now discovering with moresophisticated identification techniques such as DNA sequencing and metabolic studies,this can sometimes create artificial taxa that are para- or polyphyletic. Consider thefollowing phylogenetic trees. The one on the left shows a classification based uponmolecular (DNA sequencing) data. The one on the right shows a "traditional"classification based upon body plans and morphology.