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Malkapur24X7WaterSupplyProjectEnsuringeficientwatersupplyFebruary2012GovernanceKnowledgeCentrePromotedbyDepartmentofAdministrativeReformsandPublicGrievancesMinistryofPersonnel,PublicGrievancesandPensions,GovernmentofIndiahtp:/indiagovernance.gov.in/ResearchedandDocumentedbyOneWorldFoundationIndiawww.oneworld.net.inowsa@oneworld.net

Governance Knowledge CentrePromoted by Department of Administrative Reforms and Public GrievancesMinistry of Personnel, Public Grievances and PensionsGovernment of IndiaCase StudyWater and SanitationMalkapur 24*7 water supply ProjectFebruary 2012Malkapur 2Transparency and AccountabilityTable of ContentsExecutive Summary ..............................................................................................................................................................2Methodology ............................................................................................................................................................................3Background ...............................................................................................................................................................................3Objective .....................................................................................................................................................................................4Project Design ..........................................................................................................................................................................4Key Stakeholders .......................................................................................................................................................4Work Flow .....................................................................................................................................................................5Financial Model ..........................................................................................................................................................7Achievements ..........................................................................................................................................................................7Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................................................9References ................................................................................................................................................................101Researched and documented byOneWorld Foundation India

Governance Knowledge CentrePromoted by Department of Administrative Reforms and Public GrievancesMinistry of Personnel, Public Grievances and PensionsGovernment of IndiaCase StudyWater and SanitationMalkapur 24*7 water supply ProjectFebruary 2012Malkapur 2Transparency and AccountabilityExecutive SummaryA large proportion of the Indian population, mainly those inhabiting rural areas, do not haveaccess to safe drinking water. According to the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) 65 thround survey in 2008-09, 09, even though chemical contamination of drinking water is beingtackled today in the National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP), bacterialcontamination, which is more dangerous as well as more prevalent, continues to be in need ofsystematic measurement and tackling. Slightly more than 30 percent of rural households in thecountry source their drinking water from taps that are more convenient, saving time andlabour, particularly of women and children. However, this widely varies from less than 5percent in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar to more than 80 percent in Tamil Nadu and HimachalPradesh.A large number of successful models for ensuring clean water supply to villages have beenexperimented throughout the country. Most of these initiatives are initiated/operated by theprivate sector. The Malkapur 24X7 water supply project is the first public sector initiative tohave successfully provided water to the entire town. Launched in 2010, the scheme isimplemented jointly by the Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran and the Malkapur NagarPanchayat.The scheme involves the use of a variety of innovative features. Firstly, it uses the design of theWaterGEMS software to design the system. Secondly, the use of High Density Polyethylenepipes that requires fewer joints makes for a more durable system as well as reduces the loss ofwater through leakages. Thirdly, the use of Automatic Meter Reading system has led toeffective water auditing possible at any point of time and with cent per cent accuracy. Fourthly,the successful implementation of the telescopic tariff has meant that tariff recovery is linked tothe volume transported over distances travelled. A uniformity has been created in the rate ofwater charges through the introduction of a volumetric tariff system.Currently, the Malkapur 24X7 water supply system is successfully supplying water round theclock to the entire town with 110 litres per capita per day (lpcd), having reduced theconsumption of water by nearly 30 percent. The operational cost of the system has decreased byINR 75,000 per month. The quality of water supplied under the system has consistently beenadjudged 100 percent potable. Revenue generation has drastically increased to show a surplusof INR 4 lakh per annum instead of hitherto existing deficit of INR 30 lakh. The project receivedthe Prime Minister’s Award for Excellence in Public Administration in 2009-2010 and the UrbanWater Awards for Technical Innovations awarded by the Ministry of Urban Development(MoUD), Government of India in December 2011.2Researched and documented byOneWorld Foundation India

Governance Knowledge CentrePromoted by Department of Administrative Reforms and Public GrievancesMinistry of Personnel, Public Grievances and PensionsGovernment of IndiaCase StudyWater and SanitationMalkapur 24*7 water supply ProjectFebruary 2012Malkapur 2Transparency and AccountabilityMethodologyThe Malkapur 24X7 water supply project has provided an efficient, sustainable and high impactsystem for continuous water supply to the entire town. It is the first such initiative in thecountry to have provided water to an entire town on a continuous basis. It is unique andnoteworthy since it combines a range of systematic interventions, management processes,human resource development, new technologies, policy and financial measures, citizen friendlyservices, services to the poor and better coverage and communication strategies. The initiativehas proven that water supply around the clock is an actual possibility in a town with limitedresources and presents a replicable model. It has substantially improved service deliverystandards for the poor and public health benefits.These factors suggest the project’s suitability as a best practice in public service delivery, atlarge, and in water supply more specifically. In order to understand the project’s context,motivation and functioning, the Governance Knowledge Centre (GKC) team carried outextensive secondary research. A set of unique features and benefits was thus identified andshortcomings were explored.BackgroundThe Malkapur water supply system is the first public sector initiative in India that operates toprovide water on a round the clock basis. Malkapur is known for its enterprising farmers andan efficient cooperative sector for managing sugar mills, lift irrigation systems, milkproduction, and collection and selling. It is a fast growing area whose population increased atthe rate of 58 percent in 1981-91 and 275 percent in 1991-2001. The piped water supply schemethat was commissioned for the village in 1988 was designed for an expected population of14,000 in 2010 on the basis of 40 litres per capita per day (lpcd). However, the population ofMalkapur reached approximately 23,000 in 2001 itself; this placed immense pressure on theexisting water supply system, leading to acute shortages in water supply even when the grampanchayat (GP) operated the pumping system for all hours when electricity was available.Further, there were no fixed hours for water supply to the citizens, ranging from two to threehours daily. This forced residents to resort to use of water from tankers and bore wells. All ofthese together amounted to the GP registering a poor rate of recovery of water charges.Additional expenses enses were incurred on energy utilised to draw water from 11 bore wells withpower pumps that the GP depended on to cover shortfall in water supply.The situation necessitated augmentation of the water supply system in Malkapur. In December2002, the Government of Maharashtra approved a new water supply system for Malkapur,aiming to provide 55 lpcd to a projected population of 67,000 by 2030. The project was to utilise3Researched and documented byOneWorld Foundation India

Governance Knowledge CentrePromoted by Department of Administrative Reforms and Public GrievancesMinistry of Personnel, Public Grievances and PensionsGovernment of IndiaCase StudyWater and SanitationMalkapur 24*7 water supply ProjectFebruary 2012Malkapur 2Transparency and AccountabilityWork FlowThe main components of the project include:i. WaterGEMS hydraulic modelii. Telescopic tariff systemiii. Automatic meter readingiv. Robust monitoring mechanismThe project encompasses two simultaneous processes. The first involves water abstraction fromthe perennial river Koyna, followed by disinfection and treatment of water that is, then,transferred to the master reservoir. The second process involves distribution of the treatedwater that is 100 percent potable. The treated and disinfected water from the master reservoir istransferred to five service reservoirs that cover six zones of distribution. Under the project, it ismainly the improvement of the distribution network that has been focused upon with the aimof providing around the clock water supply to all households, minimising water consumptionand wastage, and curtailing evasion of water usage charges.The Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran (MJP) was responsible for introducing the 24X7 watersupply approach and garner support for it from the Malkapur gram panchayat as well ascommunity members. Elected representatives from the GP and MJP engineers formed teamsand conducted ward wise meeting of consumers, focusing on women, and explained thebenefits of 24X7 water supply. A micro detailing of demand from each household wassurveyed and future developments were predicted and incorporated in project design.Awareness campaignsExtensive engagement with internal and external stakeholders has ensured the success of theproject. The internal stakeholders include officials of MJP and MNP. The MJP team extensivelydiscussed the need for continuous water supply with the employees, the benefits it can bring tothe citizens and the strategy best suited for operationalising the system. MJP has provided thenecessary technical knowledge, skills and guidance needed for achieving improvements to itsstaff. Extensive discussions have also been held with external stakeholders like citizens, media,welfare associations, and prominent citizen groups, since the beginning of the project. The stategovernment was also consulted about the developments on a regular basis.A comprehensive Information Education Communication (IEC) campaign was undertaken toreach out to all the residents of Malkapur as well as other stakeholders of the programme. Thiswas done to enlist their support and involvement by explaining to them the objectives,5Researched and documented byOneWorld Foundation India

Governance Knowledge CentrePromoted by Department of Administrative Reforms and Public GrievancesMinistry of Personnel, Public Grievances and PensionsGovernment of IndiaCase StudyWater and SanitationMalkapur 24*7 water supply ProjectFebruary 2012Malkapur 2Transparency and Accountabilitystrategies and benefits of the project. The campaign was also utilised to promote waterconservation among consumers.WaterGEMS hydraulic modelMJP extensively adopted new technologies for improving efficiency and transparency inMalkapur water supply operations. The distribution system was designed using a hydraulicmodel based on acutting-edge software called ‘WaterGEMS’. This software models the systemaccording cording to the given pattern of usage of water at different times of the day. WaterGEMSsoftware has been used to create a modelling process to analyse the data, describe the realworld networking system, test maps, and synchronise with a Geographical Information System(GIS). GIS based maps with household survey data and hydraulic model have been theinnovative interventions that have made available spatial information for better decisionmaking. The approach has not been used often in water utilities in India.The complex hydraulic model required the modelling of entire city’s water distribution systemand its operations pattern. The use of High Density Polyethylene (HDP) pipes in thedistribution system has resulted in reduction of water losses and has increased the durability ofthe network. HDP pipe system is of a high quality and durability together with electrofusionfittings for leak free jointing. Earlier, the old water system that was installed in 1988 was losing35 percent of the treated water through leaks and was no longer adequate to cater to the needsof the growing population of this sugarcane-producing region. With an expected lifecycle ofhundred years, the HDP system outperforms most traditional pipe materials. 1Telescopic tariff system and automated meter readingA significant financial innovation in the project has been that of identification of all customersthrough a consumer survey in the initial stages of the project. Illegal connections were thusidentified and regularised. A volumetric tariff structure 2 and well targeted subsidies 3 were1 ‘Borouge helps secure fresh water to every house in Malkapur village, India’. Borealis. 24 June. 2008.Web. 23 March. 2012. .2 Under volumetric tariff system, all water units are priced the same independent of the use andconsumers pay proportionally to their water consumption. With this type of tariff, all kinds of consumers(domestic, industrial and commercial) pay the same unit rate and their water bill corresponds directly tothe number of units consumed. Prerequisite for setting a uniform volumetric charge is that consumershave a metered connection to the water system.3 A 15 per cent discount on the tariff is provided to those consumers who use 55 lpcd or less, therebybringing down the total amount of water consumed.6Researched and documented byOneWorld Foundation India

Governance Knowledge CentrePromoted by Department of Administrative Reforms and Public GrievancesMinistry of Personnel, Public Grievances and PensionsGovernment of IndiaCase StudyWater and SanitationMalkapur 24*7 water supply ProjectFebruary 2012Malkapur 2Transparency and Accountabilityintroduced. To complement this tariff structure, the Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) system isa highly accurate mechanism for making the billing procedures transparent. The AMR enabledwater meters can be read remotely by driving through the streets using a handheld device andradio frequency. As such, the meter reading procedure has been greatly simplified. It ispossible for the officials to now read the consumers’ water meters even when the door is lockedand no direct interaction with the consumers takes place. In comparison with manualoperations, data collected under the AMR system is largely free of errors. The annual billingcycle followed under the previous system has been replaced by a monthly billing cycle.Customer friendly services like SMS alerts for details like water charges, water consumptionand payment due have improved efficiency and ensured better revenues. As a result,transparency in operations and trust among the stakeholders have increased manifold.TrainingSkill development programmes for employees have been conducted at different levels to makevarious innovations in the project a reality. The entire initiative was driven by augmentinginternal human resource capacities.Financial ModelThe Malkapur 24X7 water supply project was completed at the cost of INR 13 crore. 90 per centof this cost was borne by the Government of Maharashtra and the remaining amount wasmobilised by the Malkapur Nagar Panchayat (MNP) through a surcharge on property tax.Funding support was extended by the Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme(MPLADS) 4 fund of the present Chief Minister and the Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA)from the Malkapur area.AchievementsThe Malkapur water supply project is the first in India to provide high quality, potabledrinking water to an entire town on a 24X7 basis. It has brought about transparency andaccountability in water supply operations.4 Under the MPLADS, each MP has the choice to suggest to the District Collector for local areadevelopment work to be taken up in her/his constituency. The upper limit of the cost of such work is INR5 crore per annum. The Member of Parliament Local Area Development elopment Division (MPLADD) has issuedthe guidelines on scheme concept, implementation and monitoring. For more details, refer tohttp://mplads.nic.in/.7Researched and documented byOneWorld Foundation India

Governance Knowledge CentrePromoted by Department of Administrative Reforms and Public GrievancesMinistry of Personnel, Public Grievances and PensionsGovernment of IndiaCase StudyWater and SanitationMalkapur 24*7 water supply ProjectFebruary 2012Malkapur 2Transparency and AccountabilityOver time, it has proven to be a replicable model. This has been borne by the fact that in theurban sector, around the clock water system implementation has been started in Badlapur,Amravati, Yavatmal, Nagpur, Navi Mumbai, and Sangli. Among the rural areas, the system isin operation in Jalochi (Pune), Thangaon (Nasik), Tambave, and Kapil (Satara).People’s participation in different stages of the project has ensured ownership of initiativesenhances the community’s confidence and improved the performance of the system.The scheme is sustainable physically and financially. Since it utilises water in the river Koyna,where the availability of water is sufficient, the system capacity is sufficient to handlefluctuations in demand for another 10-1515 years. Financially, the scheme is sustainable as theoperations cost and the revenue match closely. In order to maintain the sustainability, theMunicipal Corporation has plans to increase the rates every year.ParameterPre ProjectPost ProjectContinuity ofwater supplyCoverage2-3 hours every second dayPartialPressurised continuous water supply toall citizensCompleteUrban poor and slum households wereUrban poor were dependentServices to theprovided with individual tap connectionon public stand posts withpoorat a subsidized rate and with continuousunreliable water supplywater supplySystem losses40% unaccounted for water 12% unaccounted for waterSaving of power19-20 hours of pumping;13-14 hours of pumping;citizens were using pumpsDue to better pressure, the need to pumpto lift water from groundwater has been eliminatedlevel to overhead tankImprovement inwater qualityNon compliance to waterquality standardsThird party inspection results showscompliance with water quality standardsPublic health -Evidence of reduction in water bornediseasesAutomated operation of pumps, WTP andCost of-head works has resulted in reducing costsoperationof operation.ManpowerValve operation became redundant andLarge number of valvewere redeployed for other municipaloperatorsservicesWith AMR and computerization ofBilling andManual billingbilling, efficiency has improvedcollectionsubstantiallyRecovery of costs 60%80%8Researched and documented byOneWorld Foundation India